Countries In Asian Region Research Articles

Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Dengan Inflasi Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Di Negara ASEAN 4

This research aims to analyze the influence of investment and economic growth on labor absorption and the impact of inflation in moderating investment and economic growth on labor absorption. This study uses quantitative methods and panel data in its calculations and includes data on ASEAN, which has the most significant level of industrialization. Using panel data and cross-section for 12 years and time series in 4 ASEAN countries, calculations using multiple linear regression analysis. The findings of this study show that in advanced industrial countries in ASEAN Region 4, economic growth has a positive and significant influence on labor absorption. In contrast, investment has a negative and significant influence on labor absorption. Inflation can also strengthen investment toward labor absorption with positive and important results, but inflation cannot moderate economic growth toward labor absorption with negative and insignificant results.

Oral health situation analysis and integration of Massive Open Online Course Modules on Oral Health Promotion in WHO SEAR Countries: A Comprehensive Report

Background: Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) modules are deemed to be novel educational models to optimize learning. They can be useful in delivering oral health education to primary health care workers to strengthen the oral health care delivery system. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the current oral health situation analysis of the South East Asia region countries and to assess areas where the MOOC modules can be integrated as oral health training material. Methodology: A focus group discussion was held virtually with 70 participants from SEAR. The MOOC modules were developed as learning activities to facilitate the application of the material learned, in public settings. The themes for the situation analysis were based on oral health policy, barriers to dental treatment needs and action plan for implementation of the MOOC modules in each SEAR country. Results: Results highlighted the importance of formulating and implementing oral health policy at the national level among the participating countries. Nepal, Maldives, Timor–Leste reported on existing gaps regarding the unmet dental treatment needs. The inclusion of helath care workers in conducting dental procedures was observed in Bhutan. Global school health promoting initiatives were recorded in Maldives. The participating SEAR countries reported on the sensitization of primary healthcare workers through the developed MOOC modules. Conclusion: The developed massive open online course module was acknowledged to be an improved and interactive tool for primary health care workers by the country's oral health officers for oral health promotion and networking.

Systematic review on school health program and health-promoting schools in Southeast Asian region countries

Introduction: Studying the process and impact of interventions like Health Promoting Schools (HPS) is important for sustenance and policy changes. This calls for gathering evidence on the current status of school health programs at a larger level so as to identify barriers and opportunities to strengthen their implementation. Methodology: Systematic research using selected databases led to identification of 18 eligible studies (from 1979 to 2019). Results: The studies were from India (n = 12), Indonesia (n = 3), Thailand (n = 2), and Nepal (n = 1). Collectively, studies have assessed health services under domains of health education (n = 2), health services (n = 3), nutrition services (n = 6), healthy school environment (n = 4), disease control and prevention (n = 6), school and community collaboration (n = 5), risk factor management (n = 6), life skills education, mental health and well-being (n = 7), and health promotion for school staff (n = 1). Health promotion services provided under similar domains were not similar kind in all studies. Five studies reported student, teacher, administration, and parental level facilitators and barriers to service provision under school health/health-promoting interventions/programs. Lack of time, overburdening, poor support by parents, unhealthy behavior in schools, etc., were some of the barriers. Cooperation by stakeholders and behavior reinforcement and parental trust in school activities reflected potential facilitators. Conclusion: Implementation of global standards of health-promoting schools (HPSs) is variable. Service provision is not essentially under the school health program and is mostly restricted to school children only. The study can serve as baseline for the implementation of standards in Southeast Asian Region countries. Countries should build on this information. Recommendations: Policies may be framed to include global standards of HPSs, understanding that little change can bring about a larger impact.

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF BORDER GUARDS IN PROFILING PERSONS

The author of the paper explores the content of the qualification improvement course “Profiling, Interviewing, Identification” implemented in the State Border Guard College of the Republic of Latvia, the questionnaires given to the course participants in order to develop the guidelines for more effective training of border guards in the field of profiling and provides his point of view, taking into account training on profiling delivered in national and international context and level. The paper is aimed to identify the possibilities of improving the border guards’ professional background in performing profiling in line with the current socio-economic, political and migration trends in Europe and in the world. The research was done in the State Border Guard College of the Republic of Latvia and several Central Asia region countries. For this purpose analysis and evaluation of documents, scientific, pedagogical and psychological literature was performed and suggestions for the improvement of border guard training system in the field of profiling were compiled. The author concludes that the current SBGC lecturers` level of proficiency allows to develop and implement any length and content qualification improvement course in the field of profiling. The author recommends to develop a micro-learning approach, namely by creating a variety of short video training materials. Development of profiling methodological instructions at the central level of the State Border Guard would lead to the increase of profiler (border guard) activities efficiency in performing service duties and would allow to operate with profiling related terms, procedures and activities.

Development of a valuation system of technology for the enhancement of innovation in Indonesia

PurposeInnovation as intellectual capital is the main capital to improve the economy and welfare for developing countries. In this article, the researchers focus on discussing how this Patent valuation system is built in developing countries, In this article, the word technology here is patent-protected technology especially in Indonesia. The primary purpose of the patent assessment in this article is to provide loans, or in Indonesia, it is referred to as a patent fiduciary. This research is also expected to provide a solution to the decline in Indonesia's GII rank in 2021. The researchers describe how this technology valuation relates to fostering innovation in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approachThis research applies a descriptive analytical method. The researchers analyze existing innovation conditions through an intellectual property management approach and theories in intellectual property. The researchers construct the formation of a valuation system in Indonesia and form a valuation linkage scheme and technology improvement in Indonesia. FindingThe researchers map a valuation system consisting of integrated subsystems and describe how these subsystems work and are integrated with each other. Furthermore, it is also found that valuation has a positive correlation with the increase in innovation in developing countries, especially for innovation-based startups and small and medium-sized companies in Indonesia. Research limitation/implicationThe limitation of this research is the technology valuation process using three conventional methods. It still allows the emergence of new methods and this research is based on Indonesian characteristics, although this research can be applied in developing countries in ASEAN region which have the same characteristics as Indonesia. Original/valueThe novelty values contained in this article, firstly on the formation of a valuation system that can be adopted by Indonesia which does not yet exist, The technology valuation system can also apply in several developing countries, especially countries in the ASEAN region which will focus on the development of innovation and technology. Secondly, the valuation system and fiduciary implementation can indirectly increase national innovation.

Do climatic and socioeconomic factors explain population vulnerability to malaria? Evidence from a national survey, India.

Malaria remains a public health challenge across several African and South-East Asia Region countries, including India, despite making gains in malaria-related morbidity and mortality. Poor climatic and socioeconomic factors are known to increase population vulnerability to malaria. However, there is scant literature from India exploring this link using large population-based data. This study aims to study the role of climatic and socioeconomic factors in determining population vulnerability to malaria in India. We used logistic regression models on a nationally representative sample of 91,207 households, obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization (69th round), to study the determinants of household vulnerability. Households that resided in high (odds ratio [OR]: 1.876, P < 0.01) and moderately high (OR: 3.427, P < 0.01), compared to low climatically vulnerable states were at greater odds of suffering from malaria. Among households that faced the problem of mosquitoes/flies compared to the reference group, the urban households were at higher risk of suffering from malaria (OR: 8.318, P < 0.01) compared to rural households (OR: 2.951, P < 0.01). Households from the lower income quintiles, caste, poor physical condition of their houses, poor garbage management, and water stagnation around the source of drinking water, strongly predicted malaria vulnerability. Household's vulnerability to malaria differed according to state climatic vulnerability level and socioeconomic factors. More efforts by integrating local endemicity, epidemiological, and entomological information about malaria transmission must be considered while designing malaria mitigation strategies for better prevention and treatment outcomes.

Predictors Of Length Of Care For Covid-19 Patients Based On Patient Characteristics At The North Aceh Cut Mutia Hospital In 2020-2021

According to the data released by the Indonesian Ministry of Health on November 22, 2021, Indonesia has confirmed that COVID-19 cases have reached 4,253,598 cases and 143,744 deaths, occupying the first position in the highest cases among countries in ASEAN region. One of the areas confirmed by COVID-19 is Aceh. The purpose of this study was to find out predictors of the length of care for covid-19 patients based on the characteristics of COVID-19 patients at Cut Mutia Hospital, North Aceh. This type of research is cross-sectional with secondary data. The population was all patients treated for COVID-19, both recovered and died in the COVID-19 treatment room at Cut Mutia Hospital, North Aceh, in 2020-2021, totaling 467 people with a sampling technique using proportions with a total of 200 respondents. The data used were secondary data. The data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate approaches. The research found that there were no mean differences of length of stay between Covid-19 patients with low and higher education (p value= 0.39), with clinical symptoms and without clinical symptoms ( p value= 0.686), with comorbidities and without comorbidities (p value = 0.006), female and male ( p value= 0.038). The results obtained that the predicting variables of length of stay of the Covid-19 patients at Cut Meutia Hospital, North Aceh in 2020-2021, were gender (p value= 0.038, p&lt; 0.05) and comorbidities (p value= 0.006, p&lt; 0.05). It is suggested that Cut Mutia Hospital could conduct more intensive counseling and health promotion to achieve shorter length of care.

Effectiveness of mHealth for modification of dietary habits and physical activity among individuals at risk or suffering from noncommunicable diseases in primary healthcare settings in South East Asian Region countries – A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are increasing, for which some behavioral risk factors are major concerns. mHealth has been found to be effective in changing these behavioral patterns. Objective: To assess effectiveness of mHealth technology in modification of dietary habits and physical activity, among individuals having NCDs or their risk factors, in primary healthcare settings in South East Asian Region Countries. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was done with the primary outcome as effectiveness of mHealth for improving dietary practices and increasing physical activity. Articles were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and Pre-print servers followed by forward and backward searching. Quality and risk of bias of included studies were assessed. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan v. 5.4.1 software. Heterogeneity was tested using χ 2 test and measured using I 2 statistic, with Forest plots as the final outcome. Results: Nine publications from seven studies, of which seven were conducted in India and two in Bangladesh, qualified for the review. All studies used varied mHealth interventions. Most studies reported beneficial effects in reducing inadequate/improper diet and insufficient/improving physical activity, at community/workplace settings, except two studies reporting no apparent impact, both being from Bangladesh. Meta-analysis revealed statistically significant differences between intervention and control groups for pooled estimates of reduced dietary energy and increased fruits/vegetables. Although heterogeneity is absent between studies considered for fruits/vegetables, both studies were compromised in quality and bias. Studies on dietary energy intake had high statistical heterogeneity, in addition to having high risk of bias. Hence, the results need to be interpreted with caution. No effect was observed on increasing physical activity. Conclusion: mHealth interventions have huge potential to facilitate behavior change. However, more research is needed before its potential scale-up.

TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TALIBAN ON INDIA’S TRADE RELATIONS WITH AFGHANISTAN

India's relationship with Afghanistan varies in various fields ranging from Afghan students studying in India to India providing medical services, infrastructure-based services, and mainly trade services which is crucial to both the countries for which India has been working for decades to establish a route for enhanced connection of trade, energy, and transit from Central Asian region to South Asian region countries. But the invasion of the Taliban into Afghanistan has led to a situation of uncertainties regarding the relations of both the concerned countries, thus heavily impacting the trade, plans, investments, exports, and imports via Afghanistan. Although the Taliban has publicized their plans for the continuation of the earlier set plan, the changes in foreign policy, past relationships, and the current fragile state will affect the plan, and in order to set up Indian companies in the country, India has to set clear views on the same.

Mental health promotion for elderly populations in World Health Organization South-East Asia Region: Needs and resource gaps.

The accelerated population growth of the elderly (individuals aged 60 years or more) across the globe has many indications, including changes in demography, health, the psycho-social milieu, and economic security. This transition has given rise to varied challenges; significant changes have been observed in regard to developing strategies for health care systems across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) is also engaging in initiatives and mediating processes. Furthermore, advocacy is being conducted regarding a shift toward the salutogenic model from the pathogenic model. The concept behind this move was to shift from disablement to enablement and from illness to wellness, with the notion of mental health promotion (MHP) being promoted. This article attempts to discuss the MHP of elderly individuals, with special reference to the need to disseminate knowledge and awareness in the community by utilizing the resources of the health sector available in the WHO South-East Asia Region countries. We have tried to present the current knowledge gap by exploring the existing infrastructure, human resources, and financial resources. There is much to do to promote the mental health of the elderly, but inadequate facilities are available. Based on available resources, a roadmap for MHP in elderly individuals is discussed.

Modeling and forecasting of wheat of South Asian region countries and role in food security

Wheat is the most important source of food on earth and vital for food safety. It contains 75–80% carbohydrates, 9–18% protein, fiber, many vitamins (especially B vitamins), calcium, iron, and many macronutrients and micronutrients. According to data from the International Grain Council (IGC), wheat has continued to be the most important food grain source for humans in the world. Therefore, determining wheat production behavior has a very important role in food security. In this study, we have modeled and forecasted the production of wheat for 6 years from 2020 to 2025 using ARIMA and Holt’s linear trend models in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan, which are all countries in the South Asian region. Since there is an expectation of a decrease in wheat production in some of these countries, this study can provide these countries with the information they need to take appropriate decisions to prevent the occurrence of food problems in the future and to help deal with food security. Moreover, this projection helps with policy implications and planning.

The effect of climate change damages on agriculture, forestry and fisheries in ASEAN countries

Countries in ASEAN region have a significant potential for the impact of climate change disruption and disasters such as El Nino, La Nina, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes, floods, tropical storms, landslides, and CO2 emissions. The ASEAN Secretariat recorded a progressive increase in CO2 emission levels of around 61% from 2014 to 2025, more than 90% of transboundary haze from the expansion of large-scale commercial plantations, accumulation of plastic waste and household waste that cannot be properly recycled. The contribution of agriculture, forestry and fisheries is also relatively varied. Geographical conditions, policy orientations of each government, structure of production inputs including human resource competence and technology are thought to determine the adverse effects of climate change on the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sectors. This study focuses on the impact of climate change on the agriculture, fisheries, and forestry sectors in the ASEAN region. The analytical framework is adapted to the ASEAN Vision 2020 and ASEAN Vision 2021. In addition, a deeper analysis of several climate change impact control instruments such as polluter pays, agricultural insurance, agri-environment climate schemes and payments for environmental services will also be studied. These instruments are directed to achieve environmental sustainability in the ASEAN region.

Prevalence of Psychological Impacts on Healthcare Providers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Asia

COVID-19 has impacted people psychologically globally, including healthcare providers. Anxiety, depression, and stress are the most common impacts that have affected these people. Thus, this study was aimed to ascertain the estimated prevalence of psychological impacts among healthcare providers in the Asian region. A systematic search was performed in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for original research articles published between 2020 and April 2021. Only studies published in English were included. The quality of data was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis, and the analysis was performed using generic inverse variance with a random-effects model by Review Manager software. A total of 80 studies across 18 countries in Asia region were pooled to assess the data prevalence on anxiety (34.81% (95% CI: 30.80%, 38.83%)), depression (34.61% (95% CI: 30.87%, 38.36%)), stress (31.72% (95% CI: 21.25%, 42.18%)), insomnia (37.89% (95% CI: 25.43%, 50.35%)), and post-traumatic stress disorder (15.29% (95% CI: 11.43%, 19.15%)). Subgroup analyses were conducted across regions, type of healthcare providers, sex, and occupation. This review has identified a high prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia but a low prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among healthcare providers in Asia regions. Effective intervention support programs are urgently needed to improve psychological health of healthcare providers and maintaining the health system.

Progress of South East Asian Region countries towards achieving interim End TB strategy targets for TB incidence and mortality: a modelling study

ObjectivesIn 2018, the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that almost 10 million people worldwide had tuberculosis (TB). The majority of the TB cases were concentrated in South East Asian Region (SEAR) countries. To curb this burden, the WHO has set interim targets to reduce TB incidence by 50% and mortality by 75% by 2025 (interim targets of the ‘End TB’ strategy). Hence, this study was conducted to determine the progress of SEAR countries towards reaching these interim targets for TB incidence and mortality. MethodsSecondary data analysis was performed using information from the WHO Global Health Observatory and Global Health Estimates for all SEAR countries. ARIMA modelling was used to forecast TB incidence and TB mortality from 2000 to 2025. Joinpoint regression was performed to determine the average annual percent change. ResultsBased on the current trend, we estimated that the incidence and mortality of TB in SEAR countries will decline to 3.7 million (4.37 million in 2018) and 495,280 (650,979 in 2016) by 2025, respectively. Projected age-standardised TB incidence showed a significant decline in only four SEAR countries, with the maximal decline in Myanmar (47.3%) followed by India (23.4%) compared with 2015 estimates. Age-standardised TB mortality showed a declining trend in six SEAR countries, with the maximum decline found in Myanmar (60.3%) followed by Thailand (39.0%). ConclusionsCurrent study findings show that it is highly unlikely for most SEAR countries to achieve the WHO recommended interim End TB targets of 50% reduction in incidence and 75% reduction in mortality by 2025.

Charity Behavior During COVID-19 Pandemic: Explaining the Peculiarity

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economies throughout the globe including countries in ASEAN region. In Indonesia, economic growth is predicted to be negative and recession is happening, starting from the third quarter of 2020. Ironically, Islamic social activities including charity giving has shown an encouraging development during the COVID-19 period as collected charity funds has been the highest amidst the height of pandemic. While this phenomenon seems to be impossible, it is definitely worth a research. This study analyses charity behavior during COVID-19 pandemic and aims to elaborate its significant determinants. Although the economy is badly affected by pandemic situation, people are still eagerly giving charity as to implement Islamic value of brotherhood and helping each other, especially during this difficult period. Logistic regression is used as method to assess whether the society tend to give charity or not amidst the pandemic. Income, shopping habit during pandemic, investment habit during pandemic, religiosity and subjective norm are found to have significant effects on charity giving during the pandemic. Suitable and effective efforts to assist the poor during and post-COVID-19 period can be strategize based on the factors identified in this study. Government and practitioners are encouraged to keep on going in establishing programs to help societies living during pandemic.

Country Institutional Environments in Promoting Entrepreneurship: Assessment Based on Developing Economies in Asia

Previous studies have shown that institutional environments play an important role in explaining entrepreneurship in a given country. Yet, most of the extant studies focus on samples derived from developed-economies. While some attentions have been given to countries in developing economies, the focus was mainly on a few rapidly developing countries whereas others remain largely under-explored. Moreover, developing countries in the Asian region provides a compelling context to be studied as it espouses different institutional logics. To address these issues, we assess the perceptions of the regulatory, cognitive, and normative institutional dimensions that may promote entrepreneurship in a sample of 701 business students from three Asian’s developing economies: Malaysia, Bangladesh, and China. In general, the overall institutional environments level for Malaysia and China are perceived as favorable for entrepreneurship whereas Bangladesh is perceived as relatively less favorable for entrepreneurship. Moreover, results suggest that there are significant differences in the country’s institutional environments between Bangladesh and Malaysia, as well as between Bangladesh and China. These results revealed important cross-national differences and invariance between the three countries in the same Asian region. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Comparison of Service Quality and Stakeholder Perception on Bus Services for Urban Transportation in Klang Valley

Malaysia is one of the fastest grown countries in Asian Region. Rapid development in urban area has caused traffic problem which same as developed countries around the world. Kuala Lumpur also known as Klang Valley facing traffic congestions daily. In December 2015, Land Public Transport Commission as public transport authorities has launched The Klang Valley Network Revamp to solved public transport issues in Klang Valley. Unfortunately, there are several news have reported regarding poor service quality of bus services in Klang Valley. Therefore, these studies is to investigate the comparison between service quality and stakeholder perceptions in regarding bus services in Klang Valley. Service quality has been determined based on the service quality of bus services provided by operator. Stakeholder perceptions based on qualitative analysis conducted towards bus passenger or user in specific area. The results shows that Puchong and Petaling Jaya they have the same level of comparison of quality of service and stakeholder’ view which is C. As in Klang, quality of service bus services that been evaluated as D but stakeholder’s view has classified as C. Based on result, it can justified West Klang Valley has a good bus services and yet there are several issues could be addressed in future such as the certain driver performance could affect the quality service of bus and there are new development area should be reach by bus services.

Preparing Care Leavers With Short- and Long-Term Interventions to Face Challenges of the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Asia

COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented human and health crisis and has been affecting lives in many forms. What seemed to be a health crisis eventually became a major ongoing global economic crisis. Sector-wide disruptions are threatening both short- and long-term livelihoods and well-being of millions of youth around the globe, especially youth from vulnerable communities. Business closures threatened the operations and soundness of the enterprises resulting in layoffs and wage losses, affecting a major chunk of youth including the young care leavers of alternative care programmes in Asia. This called for customised interventions and support for such young care leavers. Immediate actions were needed for managing their mental health, for maintaining education continuity and for reskilling of such young care leavers to prepare them to cope with the pandemic. This article is based on the learning and experiences of SOS Children’s Villages responses to supporting nearly 1,500 care leavers in various Asian countries. SOS Children’s Villages is committed to ensuring quality care and protection of children and youth through its various alternative care programmes in 15 countries in Asia region. SOS Children’s villages responded to COVID-19 pandemic by supporting youth and care leavers in SOS family-like care. Primarily, these countries reported that the school closures mandated to combat the spread of the virus affected the education and learning of all the children and youth in their care. All projects in Asia started reaching out to the care leavers and started extending a wide range of support to them with both short- and long-term interventions. This article covers SOS Children’s Villages youth programmes, especially from 11 countries of Asia region—Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.

Financing health care in the WHO South-East Asia Region: time for a reset

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is having a devastating impact and continues to take its toll in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region. In addition to its direct impact on morbidity and mortality, the pandemic is adversely affecting economic activity as a result of lockdowns and voluntary social distancing. The average per capita economic contraction among South-East Asia Region countries is currently projected to be 5.3% in 2020, suggesting severe consequences for financing for health and sustaining progress towards universal health coverage. Health financing systems in many countries of the region – characterized by extremely low levels of public financing and a predominance of out-of-pocket spending – have contributed to weaknesses in primary health care (PHC), including in relation to pandemic preparedness and containing COVID-19. Without sustained countercyclical public spending and an increased priority for health in government budgets, countries will be likely to see a slowdown or even reversal in growth in public financing for health, which is already at a low level in several countries of the region. In the face of this economic adversity and fiscal tightening, efforts to improve the efficiency and equity of public spending on health will be key, especially for strengthening PHC and enhancing cost-effectiveness in terms of the choice and delivery of interventions. To this end, countries must emphasize the public health focus, improve targeting of public financing towards the poor and vulnerable, reduce fragmentation and duplication of financing flows, leverage strategic purchasing and cut wasteful spending. The COVID-19 pandemic also presents an opportunity to reset how health systems and PHC are prioritized and adequately financed in the countries of the South-East Asia Region, as areas of core public investment that not only contribute to better health outcomes but also are critical for ensuring a sustained economic recovery.

Integrasi dan Nasionalisme di Natuna

Natuna in Riau Islands is one of outermost region of the Republic of Indonesia, which is considered to have disintegration potential. Malaysia once claimed that Natuna should be part of its territory. This paper aims to answer the following questions: What is sense of nationalism of people in Natun? Is there a potential disintegration of Natuna community, to choose to be a part of Malaysia? What is government's effort to protect Natuna, so it cannot be separated from sovereignty territory of Republic of Indonesia? The purpose of this paper is therefore to indicate factors that determine nationalism; to describe disintegration potentialsy; and to know government's efforts to safeguard Natuna as an area of sovereignty of Republic of Indonesia. This paper is based on a qualitative research, that data collection techniques employed through in-depth interviews, observations, and literature reviews. The results showed that geographical closeness of economic and socio-cultural with Malaysia does not decrease sense of nationalism in the Natuna community. Natuna community views Indonesia as a large country with a wider area and more population than Malaysia, and is a respected country in Asian region.