Cotton Stem Research Articles

Removal of a cationic dye, methylene blue, from water by cotton stem ash as a novel adsorbent

In search of an efficient and no-cost adsorbent for removal of methylene blue (MB) from water, cotton stem ash (CSA) was evaluated. The effect of process variables, namely, contact time, solution pH and adsorbent dose on adsorption of MB onto CSA were investigated. The adsorption kinetics and mechanism were tested with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order model, and with intraparticle diffusion model, respectively. Based on error analysis (chi-square and percent sum of error) the suitability order of adsorption isotherms was Langmuir>Temkin>Freundlich>Jovanoic. The maximum adsorption capacity of CSA was 20.42 mg g−1. The feasibility parameter and free energy change were also calculated. The present study demonstrated that the CSA could be used as a potential, efficient, low-cost, and easily available adsorbent for the treatment of MB containing industrial wastewater.

Removal of Yellow 2G dye from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from mosambi and cotton an agricultural waste

Adsorption of Yellow 2G from aqueous solution on the surface of Activated carbon of mosambi peel (ACMP) and stem of cotton (ACCS) was accomplished under the optimize conditions of pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration of dye and contact time. Spectrometric technique was used for the measurements of concentration of dye before and after adsorption. Colour was effectively been removed at all selected pH, and the increase in activated carbon dose showed an increase in the removal’s percentage. The result shows that the removal efficiency increases with adsorbents dose increases and at neutral pH. The equilibrium data fit well with both Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. The value of separation factor RL for ACMP and ACCS was found to be 0.135 and 0.080 respectively suggesting that the isotherm to be favorable at the concentration studied. The results of findings are discussed to reflect the removal efficiency of adsorbent.

Establishment and Application of TRV-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing in Cotton

Using upland cotton GhCLA1 as marker gene, tobacco rattle virus induced genes silencing(TRV-VIGS) was established in cotton. A gene fragment of TRV subgenomic RNA2 was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) in root, stem and leaf of cotton, demonstrating the virus can spread into various organs. The TRV induced silencing of CLA1 gene was further tested in 34 different cotton varieties(lines) originated from several ecological regions of China. The results showed that CLA1 could be silenced in all tested varieties(lines), though the levels of silencing showed a little difference, implicating wide application perspective of TRV-VIGS system in cotton. GhMAPKKK, a mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) kinase kinase gene of cotton, was up-regulated in cotton at 96 hours post inoculation by Verticillium dahliae. Silencing GhMAPKKK in G. barbadense cv. Hai 7124, a cotton variety with high resistance to V. dahlia exhibited reduced resistance to V. dahliae infection, suggesting that GhMAPKKK participated in cotton resistance signaling pathway to V. dahliae. With the wide adaption without genotype selection, sensitivity and high throughput, the TVR-VIGS system will significantly promote functional gene analysis in cotton.

A NewPest of Cotton: Cylds puncticollis BOH. (Coleoptera: Brenthidae) in Adamawa State, Nigeria

A survey of the major cotton growing zones in 10 locations in Adamawa State of Nigeria, revealed the presence of Cylas puncticollios Boh, (Coleoptera:Brentidae) on cotton farms both in the rainy and dry seasons on cultivated and ratoon cotton. Cylas has been in existence at Ngurore the hot -spot zone, for more than 9 years. The average number on cultivated cotton varied from 0.0 at Sangere to as high as 36.9 at Ngurore during the rainy season, while on ratoon, numbers ranged from 0.0 at Sangere to 9.0 at Ngurore per 5 plants, respectively. Cylas puncticollis diapauses as adult in the stem of cotton in order to survive the harsh weather to the next planting season. More numbers were recorded at 75% boll formation of cotton than at square formation.

Determination of Endogenous Hormones Content in Cotton Varieties (Gossypiumhirsutum) as Influenced by Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrition

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the endogenous hormones content of cotton plants grown hydroponically, and supplied with varying levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) mineral nutrients in the first cropping. In the second cropping, varying levels of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and zeatin (Z) and their combinations were applied to high level of PK in the hydroponic. In the first experiment, low K and low P treated plants had higher content of gibberellic acid (GA3) in the leaves than high PK treated plants, and low K treated plants also produced more Zeatin (Z) in the leaves than either low P or high PK treated plants. Furthermore, low K treated plants had higher Zeatin (Z) content in the root than either low P or high PK treated plants. However, the two cotton varieties expressed different hormones content in the leaves, stem and root. In the second experiment, GA3 concentration was highest in the cotton stem treated to IAA x GA3 x Z. Moreover, Zeatin content in the leaves, stem and root was highest in the cotton treated to IAA x GA3 x Z and 2IAA x 2GA3 x 2Z for leaves, IAA x GA3 x Z for stem and Z, IAA x 2GA3 x Z for root. Nevertheless, two cotton varieties possessed different hormones content in the leaves, stem and root. In general, there was no relationship between the first cropping and second cropping. The results demonstrated influence of exogenous hormones application in altering the endogenous hormones content of cotton plants.

Screening of Some Cotton Varieties for Allelopathic Potential on Clover Broomrape Germination

Research on the chemical basis of allelopathy has often been hindered by the complexity of plant and soil matrices, making it difficult to track active compounds. Well‐designed bioassays under controlled environments can be useful in evaluating the allelopathic potential of plants. This paper describes two experiments about the allelopathic potential of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In the first experiment, root exudates were collected from six common cotton (G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.) varieties grown hydroponically. The cotton (donor plant) root exudates were tested on clover broomrape (Orobanche minor Smith), to determine which variety had the highest allelopathic potential. In the second experiment, the allelopathic potential of 22 soon‐to‐ be‐released cotton varieties was evaluated for clover broomrape using rhizosphere soil and extracts from different plant parts. The results indicated that methanol was a more suitable reagent than distilled water for extracting germination stimulants from cotton plants. There was a significant positive correlation between the rates of clover broomrape germination in the rhizosphere soil treatments and those in the stem extract (r = 0.6018, P < 0.05) and the leaf extract treatments (r = 0.5540, P < 0.05). There was also a significant positive correlation between germination rates in the root extract treatments and the stem extract treatments (r = 0.7237, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the allelopathic potential of cotton can be assayed by observing the germination of clover broomrape seeds treated with cotton stem extracts.

Identification of a UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) involved in cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is an important regulatory enzyme for the development of plants and a critical enzyme in synthesis of glycogen. Here, we reported the cloning of a full-length UGP cDNA from cotton, named GhUGP. Real-time PCR analysis indicated the GhUGP expression in root, stem, leaf and flower of cotton, with a higher level in flower and root. The transcription level of GhUGP depended on sucrose and light in short time and increased under low temperature, but decreased in O(2) deficiency. Interestingly, the expression of GhUGP was significantly up-regulated after ethylene induction in cotton ovules. The over-expression of the GhUGP in Arabidopsis showed discrepant phenotype: increase in height and growth rate when compared with control lines. What is more, the transgenic Arabidopsis had increased contents of soluble sugars, starch and cellulose, but not in lignin content. Collectively, these results indicate that cotton UGPase participates in sucrose/polysaccharides metabolism and cell wall biosynthesis and provide theoretical deduction supporting GhUGP as a good candidate gene for improving the development of cotton fibers cell.

IMPACT OF TIME OF SOWING AND IN SITU SUN DRYING OF COTTON STALKS AND ON THE MANAGEMENT OF COTTON STEM WEEVIL, PEMPHERULUS AFFINIS FAUST

ABSTRACT Impact of time of sowing and sun drying of cotton stalks and on the management of cotton stem weevil , Pempherulus affinis Faust was studied at Cotton Research Station, Srivilliputtur, Tamil Nadu. In early sown cotton crop infestation and plant mortality was more compared to the late sown cotton crop. It was also observed that off season crop (i.e., Winter season crop in the Summer Cotton Tract) was much affected compared to the regular season crop (i.e.,Summer season crop in the Summer Cotton Tract). Weevil emergence was nil from sun dried cotton stalks kept under sun in situ after pulling out. But weevil emergence was observed in stored / heaped cotton stalks. Importance of in situ drying of cotton stalks after pulling out the cotton stalks to arrest the carry over of the pest to next season is brought out in the present study

Removal of Erichrome Black T from Synthetic Wastewater by Cotton Waste

Adsorptions of Erichrome Black T dye in aqueous solution on cotton stem activated carbon have been studied as a function of contact time, concentration and pH. Effect of various experimental parameters has been investigated at 39±1 °C under batch adsorption technique. The result shows that cotton stem activated carbon adsorbs dye to a sufficient extent. The physicochemical characterization and chemical kinetics was also examined for the same dye. The overall result shows that it can be fruitfully used for the removal of dye from wastewaters.

The allelopathy of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze, an invasive weed species

To identify the allelopathic effect of Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze (F. bidenti) on other plants, the effects of different extracts from F. bidentis on the growth of several plants were studied by bioassay. Results showed that the water extracts inhibited the growth of corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cotton (Gassypium Hirsutum L.), soybean (Glycine hispida L.), peanut (Arachi shypogaea L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.) and rigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), with the most reactive indexes found in root and stem of cotton at −0.85 and −0.88, respectively, at a concentration of 0.2 g·mL−1. However, the water extracts accelerated the growth of rice. In addition, the reactive indexes of the extracts of petroleum ether chloroform, ethyl acetate, acet and alcohol were higher than that of the water extracts, and that of the acet extracts was the highest. The melting point of the refined acetone extract ranged from 192.5°C to 193.5°C, and its maximum absorbing wavelength was 220 nm. This extract was found to be herbicide-active and played an inhibitory role in the growth of crabgrass and rigweed at concentrations of 1000, 500, 100 and 50 mg·L−1.

Influence of Cotton Height on Injury from Flumioxazin and Glyphosate Applied POST-Directed

In 2004 and 2005, glyphosate + diuron and flumioxazin + MSMA were applied POST-directed to cotton at 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm in height. Herbicides were directed to either the lower 2 cm of the cotton stem or to the lower 50% of the cotton stem to determine the impact of application timing and placement on cotton response. Glyphosate + diuron resulted ≤ 22% injury when applied high on the stem and ≤ 8% injury when applied low on the stem. Regardless of application placement or timing, no yield reductions were observed as a result of glyphosate + diuron application. Conversely, flumioxazin + MSMA applications resulted in 93 and 64% injury when applied high POST-directed (HPD) to 20- and 30-cm cotton, respectively. Low POST-directed (LPD) applications caused 33 and 23% injury to 20- and 30-cm cotton, respectively. In both years, HPD applications of flumioxazin + MSMA on 20-cm cotton resulted in excessive yield loss (94 to 87%), whereas yield loss was only noted in 30-cm cotton in 2004. No yield loss was observ...

Biochemical Properties of Decomposing Cotton and Corn Stem and Root Residues

Maintaining soil C is especially difficult in hot climates. Information is needed regarding the influence of residue biochemical properties on decomposition in hot, semiarid climates so that management practices can be developed that improve organic matter retention. Litterbags containing stalk or root tissues of senescent cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) or corn (Zea mays L.) were placed on the surface or 10 cm below the surface of a fallow Hidalgo sandy clay loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Calciustoll) near Weslaco, TX, USA (26°9′ N lat., 97°57′ W long.), and were monitored quarterly for 1 yr for changes in mass, water‐extractable C (WEC), water‐ and alcohol‐extractable polyphenolics (WEP and AEP, respectively). Surface‐placed cotton residues retained more mass than when buried, from approximately 80% (surface) to <50% (buried). For corn, retention ranged from approximately 60 to approximately 70% for surface residues to approximately 40% for buried residues. Most mass loss occurred within the first three months. The greatest increases in WEC (approximately 1500 μg C g−1 for corn; approximately 500 μg C g−1 for cotton) and WEP (approximately 175–325 μg g−1) for corn also occurred within the first 3 months. Water‐extractable polyphenolics peaked (about 100 μg g−1) in cotton residues at 6 mo, while corn residues reached a maximum (approximately 300 μg g−1) at 3 months. Over a year, AEP decreased in cotton stem residues, from approximately 5 to 8 to approximately 2 μg g−1 Surface cotton roots maintained approximately 6 μg g−1 after three months. Results illustrated the importance of residue moisture content during decomposition, and indicate that different residues may have different capacities to hold moisture, which may affect the biochemical characteristics and kinetics of decomposition.

Observation of fiber ultrastructure of Ligon lintless mutant in upland cotton during fiber elongation

Lintless mutant is a super-short fiber mutant in upland cotton only 4–8 mm in fiber length and also named Ligon cotton controlled by one dominant geneLi 1. Fiber ultrastructure of the mutant (Li 1) and its wild type (li 1)in situ andin vitro was observed under an electron microscope to understand its cytological characteristics during the fiber cell elongation. The results showed that the mutant fiberin situ had thinner cytoplasm, more small vacuoles, less mitochondria, Gllgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticula, and there were more starch granules which were free or packed in the amyloplast beside the cell wall than that of wild type. It was indicated that scarcity of functional organelles and disability of transformation from starch to sugar might be associated with the fact that the mutant fiber cell was aborted too early to elongate into normal length. Mutant ovule in some media containing GA3 could produce a kind of huge callus that grew faster than normal ovules. The callus was covered with many white, loose, and semitransparent fiber-like cells that apt to get off from ovule. These fiber-like cells were multicellular fibers generated by cell division and had black dots just like pigment glands in the stem and leaf of cotton. There were lots of micro-tubes beside cytoplasm membrane of the multicellular fiber, which were thought to be primary preparation for second wall deposition of multicellular fiber. It was indicated that GA3 might induce the expression of gene(s) that kept inactive in the field condition and then stimulate the original fiber cellin vitro to undergo division again.

MODELING AND VALIDATING COTTON LEAF AREA DEVELOPMENT AND STEM ELONGATION

ISHS IV International Symposium on Models for Plant Growth and Control in Greenhouses: Modeling for the 21st Century - Agronomic and Greenhouse Crop Models MODELING AND VALIDATING COTTON LEAF AREA DEVELOPMENT AND STEM ELONGATION

Cotton alpha-globulin promoter: isolation and functional characterization in transgenic cotton, Arabidopsis, and tobacco.

Globulins are the most abundant seed storage proteins in cotton and, therefore, their regulatory sequences could potentially provide a good source of seed-specific promoters. We isolated the putative promoter region of cotton alpha-globulin B gene by gene walking using the primers designed from a cotton staged embryo cDNA clone. PCR amplified fragment of 1108 bp upstream sequences was fused to gusA gene in the binary vector pBI101.3 to create the test construct. This was used to study the expression pattern of the putative promoter region in transgenic cotton, Arabidopsis, and tobacco. Histochemical GUS analysis revealed that the promoter began to express during the torpedo stage of seed development in tobacco and Arabidopsis, and during cotyledon expansion stage in cotton. The activity quickly increased until embryo maturation in all three species. Fluorometric GUS analysis showed that the promoter expression started at 12 and 15 dpa in tobacco and cotton, respectively, and increased through seed maturation. The strength of the promoter expression, as reflected by average GUS activity in the seeds from primary transgenic plants, was vastly different amongst the three species tested. In Arabidopsis, the activity was 16.7% and in tobacco it was less than 1% of the levels detected in cotton seeds. In germinating seedlings of tobacco and Arabidopsis, GUS activity diminished until it was completely absent 10 days post imbibition. In addition, absence of detectable level of GUS expression in stem, leaf, root, pollen, and floral bud of transgenic cotton confirmed that the promoter is highly seed-specific. Analysis of GUS activity at individual seed level in cotton showed a gene dose effect reflecting their homozygous or hemizygous status. Our results show that this promoter is highly tissue-specific and it can be used to control transgene expression in dicot seeds.

Stem Canker on Cotton Caused by Phoma exigua in North Carolina and Virginia.

Numerous reports about a disease of unknown etiology on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., in northeastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia were received on 18 June 1999 following several days of cool weather with persistent mist and fog during the week of 14-19 June. Several fields were visited by consultants and county extension staff the following week. In some instances, the cotton stem was girdled, causing the upper portion of the plant to wilt and die. Cotton plants exhibiting various symptoms, including death, wilting, streaking of the vascular system, black sunken lesions on stems, and terminal necrosis were collected for examination and isolation. Pycnidia and spores of the fungus Phoma exigua were abundant in stem and terminal tissues. The fungus was isolated from infected stem tissue and cultured on PDA. A suspension containing 2.5 × 108 spores of P. exigua was sprayed on cotton leaves or injected into the stems to confirm pathogenicity. Controls were sprayed or injected with distilled water. Plants were placed in 100% humidity for 72 h and maintained in the greenhouse thereafter. The experiment was replicated five times and repeated once. Typically, streaking of the vascular system extended 1 to 5 cm from the point of stem inoculation. Inoculated cotton leaves had lesions resembling those attributed to Ascochyta gossypii. Reisolation of the fungus P. exigua from inoculated tissue on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) was successful in all treatments. Crossan (2) considered many isolates of Ascochyta taken from various hosts in North Carolina, including A. gossypii, to be synonymous with Ascochyta phaseolorum. A. phaselorum was subsequently synonomyzed with P. exigua (1). Ascochyta blight (also called ashen spot, or wet weather blight [4]) is usually a minor leaf spot caused by P. exigua (syn. Ascochyta gossypi) and is common in North Carolina. Stem canker caused by P. exigua has not been reported previously in North Carolina (3) or Virginia. The sunken canker at a node is the best diagnostic symptom for cotton stem canker. Dark streaks in vascular tissue extend below and above the canker but do not usually extend to the root system, as with wilt diseases. The disease was widespread and found in most fields north of I-40 in North Carolina into Virginia and east of I-95. Crop consultants and county extension staff estimated disease incidence in individual fields from less than 1 to over 90% in North Carolina and 6 to 25% in Virginia. Disease incidence did not appear to be affected by cotton cultivar, tillage, or crop rotation. This pathogen was also responsible for brittle cotton stems late in the season, resulting in boll loss. Proper identification of the causal organism is essential in formulating management strategies, since P. exigua has an extensive host range and rotation is unlikely to aid in management of this disease in the future.

Development of Delivery Systems for Introducing Endophytic Bacteria into Cotton

Experiments were designed to evaluate the effectiveness of several methods for delivering 15 endophytic bacteria into cotton stem and root tissues. The delivery methods included stab-inoculation of bacteria into stems, soaking seeds in bacterial suspensions, methyl cellulose seed coating, foliar spray, bacteria-impregnated granules applied in-furrow, vacuum infiltration and pruned-root dip. The success of delivery was gaged by recovery of the bacteria from internal plant tissues 2 weeks after the plants had been grown in a glasshouse potting mix. Following stab-inoculation into stems or radicles, 10 of the bacterial endophytes which previously exhibited biological control against fusarium wilt of cotton were successfully re-isolated from 50% of the plants inoculated; however, this method was labor-intensive, involved wounding the plant and sometimes reduced plant growth. Four of the other methods established from six to eight of the 15 strains, and, with some strains, all methods effectively established e...

Toxicity of cotton phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi.

The sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins desoxyhemigossypol, desoxymethoxyhemigossypol, and hemigossypolone formed in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) stem xylem infected with Verticillium dahliae were shown to be highly toxic to zoopathogenic fungi. This appears to be the first study of the toxicity of terpenoid phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi. The toxicities of the phytoalexins expressed as MIC (micrograms ml-1) values were 8 to 128 against four isolates of Candida albicans and one isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans. These highly toxic compounds or their derivatives may prove useful for the treatment of animal mycoses.

Interference from Established Stands of Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium) on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Lint Yield

Field experiments were conducted in 1985 and 1986 under eight environments to evaluate the population dynamics of a range of silverleaf nightshade densities and to measure the effects of those populations on cotton lint yield. Dry weed weights of silverleaf nightshade stands were influenced by growing conditions among years, but were positively related to initial densities as long as 2 yr after establishment. Stem numbers increased as initial densities and stand age increased. A negative linear relationship existed between cotton lint yield and weed biomass and between cotton lint yield and stem number from both 1- and 2-yr-old weed stands. For each 1 kg/10 m of row increase in dry weed weight from 1- and 2-yr-old stands, a 9 and 21% lint yield loss/ha was predicted, respectively. For each stem/10 m of row, a 0.35 and 0.31% yield loss was predicted, respectively. Late-planted cotton was less vulnerable to yield reductions by silverleaf nightshade; however, its yield potential was also less.

In Vivo Cotton Stem and Petiole Nitrate Reductase Activity

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant stems and petioles are not generally considered to be major sites of nitrate reductase activity (NRA). Field studies were conducted to determine the significance of stem NRA and the potential of petiole NRA as an indicator of the N status of cotton. The contribution of various cotton plant parts to the in vivo plant shoot NRA (with endogenous nitrate only) was evaluated at five stages of plant development from the seedling stage to the flower bud stage (reproductive stages). In 1987 and 1988, samples were taken between 1000 and 1200 h under a clear sky from various plant parts of cotton (cultivar Deltapine 61) grown in a calcareous Holtville silty clay in the Imperial Valley, CA. Results showed that the plant stem (or hypocotyl) plus petiole contribution to the total plant shoot NRA increased from 14 to 72% as the plant progressed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. Results indicated that cotton plants stems were high in NRA relative to leaf blades, except at the seedling stage. Samples taken from 35 cultivars and breeding lines in the same year under the same environmental conditions showed that the petiole NRA was high at the early flower bud stage. The petiole's average contribution of 52% of the total NRA of the top mature leaf indicates that petiole NRA may be useful as an indicator of N metabolism at the early flower bud stage of development.