Cotton Branch Research Articles

The profit potential of soybean production rotation systems in Arkansas

The objective of this study was to provide agronomic, nematode, and economic analysis of alternative production rotation systems for soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) on a silt loam soil association in Arkansas. Monocropped soybeans and soybeans double‐cropped with wheat (Triocum aestivam L.) was included as well as grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) under dryland conditions in order to reduce soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heteroderaglycine Ichinohe) populations. A total of seven crop rotations and eleven treatments that included alternative tillage conditions and wheat stubble management practices were analyzed using data from 1980–1984 experiments conducted at the Arkansas Cotton Branch Experiment Station on a silt loam Loring‐Calloway‐Henry Association (Alfisols). Although crop rotation was effective for nematode suppression, yields for double‐cropped soybeans were comparable to soybean yields under monocropped’ continuous management practices. Economic results indicated that average net returns of $338.50 per hectare (about $ 137 per acre) were highest for the continuous double‐cropped wheat‐soybean production management systems which combine the conventional tillage method with burning of wheat stubble. For the conditions analyzed and level of SCN present, this research provides evidence that control of the soybean cyst nematode through rotation practices that utilize grain sorghum is not economically efficient where continuous double‐cropped wheat‐soybeans systems can be incorporated.

The herbarium of Paul A. Fryxell (pf) and U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas, integrated into The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium (NY)

The herbarium specimens amassed by Paul A. Fryxell while working at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas, were moved in October 1993 to The New York Botanical Garden and integrated into the Herbarium in 1994. The collection is particularly rich in specimens of the Malvaceae and other families of the Malvales, the areas of Fryxell’s taxonomic specialty. Also included is the cotton reference herbarium of the former Cotton Branch of the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, which consists of voucher specimens of germplasm introductions of cotton (Gossypium) from expeditions and from test plots in the United States and Mexico. A total of 19,918 specimens, including 167 type specimens, have been incorporated into The New York Botanical Garden Herbarium.

Cage Studies with Tarnished Plant Bug Control Using Curacron, 1996

Abstract Field studies were conducted to compare tarnished plant bug control using Curacron and a standard, Orthene. Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots, 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 25 Jul using a 8-row CO2-charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TBP were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard then placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of the each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instar) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 96 h, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Bollworm infestation also was monitored during the test period. At 4 DAT, numbers of medium and large larvae per 20 terminals were surveyed in plants in the center 4 rows of each plot. All data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means separated with LSD.

Bollworm and Tarnished Plant Bug Control 1996

Abstract Cotton was planted 9 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 50 ft long separated by 2 row buffer zones planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 26 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Treatments were evaluated for bollworm control 4 days after treatment by examining 25 terminals and 25 bolls in the center 4 rows of each plot. Numbers of TPB were estimated using 25 sweeps of an 18" net and 6 drop cloth samples of 9 ft row (1.5 ft drops). Predaceous insects were counted in the drop cloth samples as well.

Evaluation of Mycotrol Wp9504 (Beauveria Bassiana) and Provado (Imidacloprid) to Control Tarnished Plant Bug on Cotton, 1996

Abstract The efficacy of Mycotrol and Provado alone and in combination to kill TPB caged on cotton plants was studied. Cotton was planted 17 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR. Adult TPB were collected 8 Jul from flowering mustard planted in cotton. Nylon tulle (1 mm2 mesh) sleeve cages 3 ft long by 1 ft diameter were placed over the first 6 terminal nodes of flowering cotton plants in plots 50 ft long by 4 rows in width. Cages were separated across rows by 4 rows of mustard and within rows by 10 ft. TPB were placed in cages either before or after spraying (direct and indirect application). A RCB design was used with 4 blocks and 6 cages per treatment within a block (3 direct and 3 indirect applications) with 15 TPB per cage. Treatments were applied 9 Jul at 15 gpa with a 0.04% Kinetic solution as the carrier using a hand held CO2 powered boom sprayer at 35 psi with Twin Jet 8002 VS nozzles. The check was 0.04% Kinetic solution. Three, DAT, TPB were collected. Live TPB were placed in individual 30 ml plastic cups with a 2.5 cm piece of fresh green bean and monitored for mortality 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Dead TBP were placed in sporulation chambers (9 cm Petri dishes with moist filter paper) sealed with Parafilm and examined after 1 wk to assess mycoses. ANOVA and mean separation by LSD were performed using the arcsine/square root of the proportion dead from each cage.

Control of Tarnished Plant Bug with Karate and Fipronil, 1996

Abstract Field studies were conducted to evaluate tarnished plant bug control using fipronil and 2 different formulations of Karate. Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 2 replications. Insecticides were applied 25 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard then placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 in-sects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instart) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 h plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Mortality data were analyzed with AOV, and means separated with LSD.

Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methvl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1996

Abstract Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 10 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard. The collected TPB were placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatments, the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instar) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 h plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Mortality data were analyzed with AOV, and means separated with LSD.

Persistence of Mycotrol Wp9504 (Beauver1A Bassiana) and Provado (Imidacloprid) to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1996

Abstract The persistence of Mycotrol and Provado alone and in combination to kill TBP caged on cotton plants was studied. Cotton was planted 20 May on the UA Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Fayetteville, AR. Adult TPB were collected 16 Jul from flowering mustard planted in cotton at the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR and transported to Fayetteville, AR. Nylon tulle (1 mm2 mesh) sleeve cages 3 ft long by 1 ft diameter were placed over the first 6 terminal nodes of flowering cotton plants in plots 30 ft long by 1 row in width. Cages were separated across rows by 3 rows and within rows by 10 ft. A RCB design was used with 4 blocks and 3 cages per treatment within a block with 5 TPB per cage. Treatments were applied 17 Jul at 15 gpa with 0.04% Kinetic solution as carrier using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer at 35 psi with Twin Jet 8002 VS nozzles. The check was 0.04% Kinetic solution. Additional replicates were placed in the field 12, 24, and 48 h after spray. 72 h from first exposure, TBP were collected. Live TPB were placed in individual 30 ml plastic cups with a 2.5 cm piece of fresh green been and monitored for mortality 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Dead TBP were placed in sporulation chambers (9 cm Petri dishes with moist filter paper), sealed with Parafilm and examined after 1 week to assess mycoses. ANOVA and mean separation by LSD (P = 0.05) were performed using the arcsine/square root of the proportion dead from each cage.

Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methyl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1995

Abstract Two trials to evaluate the efficacy of chlorpyrifos-mefhyl to control TPB were conducted in cotton planted 17 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR. The 8 row (38 inch centers) X 50 ft plots were separated by 2 rows of buffer zone. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. In Trial I insecticides were applied 21 Jul using a 2-row, CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TX6 nozzle per row. In Trial II insecticides were applied 4 Aug using a 4-row CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 20 psi with 1, TJ-60 8002vs nozzle per row. For each study, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, had been secured to individual plants in each plot by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Following application the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. Insects had been collected by sweep net on blooming mustard immediately prior to testing and held in 15 ml plastic vials (5/vial) on ice. After 72 hr, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined.

Cage Studies to Evaluate Foliar and Sidedressed Insecticide Applications for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1995

Abstract Efficacy studies were conducted using sleeve cages in cotton planted 15 May on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR. The 8 row (38 inch centers) X 50 ft plots were separated by 2 row buffer zones. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. On 27 Jun after rain (0.7 and 0.1 inches on 24 and 26 Jun) the Temik treatment was knifed in as a sidedress at 2 to 3 inch depth within 8 to 14 inches on both sides of plants and covered. Foliar insecticides were applied 14 Jul using a 4-row CO2-charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 23 psi with 1, TJ-50 8002vs nozzle per row. In each plot 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, had been secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminium foil. Following application the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB 3 to 5th instar nymphs were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. Insects had been collected by sweep net on mustard immediately prior to testing and held in 15 ml plastic vials (5/vial) on ice. After 72 hr plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined.

Tarnished Plant Bug Response to Provado Plus Sucrose, 1995

Abstract Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of sucrose on efficacy of Provado insecticide to control TPB caged on cotton plants. Cotton was planted 15 May 1995 on the UA Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR, in 6 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 50 ft long separated by 2 row buffer zones. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 21 Jul using a 4-row CO2 charged back pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gpa at 23 psi with 1 TJ-50 8002vs nozzle per row. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard and placed into 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam by 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB adults were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 hr, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where they were inspected over white background for dead and living bugs.

Apoplastic water flow to cotton leaves and fruits during development

The apoplastic tracer Sulforhodamine G was used to study the maturation of functional, water-conducting xylem vessels into developing cotton fruits and to quantify apoplastic water flow to cotton leaves, bracts and fruits. Segments of cotton branches with one sympodial leaf and subtended fruit were placed in a vial containing a 0.05% (w/v) solution of Sulforhodamine G in distilled water and allowed to transpire freely for 2.5 h, after which the dye was extracted from the different tissues and quantified spectrophotometrically. The value obtained was used as a quantitative indicator of xylem transport to the different organs

Effect of Manganese on Lignin Degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus during Solid-State Fermentation

Lignin degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus was studied under solid-state fermentation (SSF) in chemically defined medium containing various levels of Mn. Degradation of [C]lignin prepared from cotton branches to soluble products, as well as its mineralization to CO(2), was enhanced by the addition of Mn. The effect of malonate on lignin mineralization was most marked during the first 10 days of SSF, in a treatment amended with 73 muM Mn. A high concentration of Mn (4.5 mM) caused inhibition of both fungal growth and mineralization rates during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Addition of malonate reversed this effect because of chelation of Mn. Mn was found to precipitate in all treatments, with or without the addition of malonate. alpha-Keto-gamma-methiolbutyric acid cleavage to ethylene, an indication of OH production, was observed as early as 3 days of incubation in all treatments.

Combining Ability and Heterosis in U.S. Southern Long‐Grain Rice

Combining ability and heterosis estimates are excellent statistics to help discern breeding program goals and direction. Currently, combining ability and heterosis estimates for U.S. southern long‐grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) are lacking, and, thus, our objectives were to estimate these parameters for rice yield, plant height, panicle number, panicle length, panicle weight, and primary branch number. In 1989, two 4 × 4 crossing factorials were completed, and the 32 F1 hybrids and their 16 parents were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: the Rice Research and Extension Center near Stuttgart and the Cotton Branch Experiment Station near Marianna. The 16 parents constituted a representative sample of elite U.S. southern long‐grain rice germplasm available to rice breeders. Hill plots consisting of single plants were planted 61 cm apart in a square grid pattern. General combining ability (GCA) was more important than specific combining ability (SCA), accounting for 70% of the variation for yield, 89% for plant height, 84% for panicle number, 60% for panicle length, 69% for panicle weight, and 85% for primary branches. Specific combining ability was significant for all traits except panicle number, indicating that nonadditive gene action was important as well. When crossing combinations are being decided, the sole use of midparent means would not adequately predict progeny mean performance. High parent beterosis for yield ranged from ‐ 16 to 68%. Heterosis for yield was due primarily to beterosis for panicle weight rather than panicle number. U.S. southern long‐grain rice yields could be improved through the use of hybrid rice varieties.

Evaluation of Tarnished Plant Bug Control with Dimethoate and Plex (Sticker-Extender), 1990

Abstract In Test I chemical treatments, applied 17 Jul at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark., were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft. Spray was applied with three, 8X hollow cone nozzles/row using a CO2 powered 4-row backpack sprayer dispensing 14 gal/acre at 32 psi. Prior to treatment, 4 organdy sleeve cages, 9-inch diam by 22 inches long, were secured around individual plants by tying a twist-tie to the lower end of each cage about 1 ft from the terminal. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Terminals were left exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage was rolled up, and 5 tarnished plant bugs from the University of Arkansas stock culture were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist-ties. Infestations of plant bugs were made in the cages at 0, 24, and 48 h posttreatment. Insects were exposed to the plants for 72 h. Plants were then cut below the cage and taken to an enclosed area. Cages were removed and the terminal shaken over white paper. Living and dead insects were counted.

Plant Bug Mortality in Cages, 1989

Abstract The purpose of this test was to determine the mortality associated with insecticides that, if used in cotton, primarily would be directed at insects other than the tarnished plant bug. Chemical treatments, applied 11 Aug at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, AR, were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 4 row × 27 ft. Spray treatments were applied at a rate of 16.2 gal/acre of spray with 3 nozzles/row using a CO2 powered 4-row backpack sprayer and set at 32 psi. Prior to treatment, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9-inch diam by 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist-ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Terminals were left exposed. Following treatment the foil was removed, the cage was pulled up, and 5 tarnished plant bugs from the University of Arkansas stock culture were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist-ties. Cages were left on the plants for 72 hr, after which the plants were cut below the cage and taken to an enclosed area. Cages were removed and the terminal shaken over white paper. Living and dead insects were counted.

Boll Weevil Control, 1988

Abstract The evaluation was conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark. Cotton was planted 12 May in 38-inch rows. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots of 4 rows by 50 ft were placed end-to-end, separated by 2.5-ft alleys and 2 fallow rows. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 10.5 gal/acre (3.0 mph, 30 psi, 3 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Two foliar applications of Baythroid and Scout X-TRA were made at 7-d intervals, 1 and 8 Aug; 4 applications of Scout X-TRA and Guthion were made at 3-4-d intervals, 1, 4, 8, and 11 Aug. Boll weevil feeding and egg-punctured squares were estimated by examining 100 randomly collected squares/plot on each sampling date.

Boll Weevil Control, 1987

Abstract Plots 8 rows × 50 ft, located on the Cotton Branch Station, Marianna, Ark., were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and separated by 4 fallow rows or 5-ft alleys. Foliar applications were made as squaring rates decreased and weevil infestations increased on 28 and 31 Jul and 3 Aug with a Spirit high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal/acre. Infestation levels were compared by examining 100 squares/plot/date for weevil egg and feeding punctures. The same standard treatment, Guthion, was repeated as 4 separate treatments.

Tarnished Plant Bug Mortality, 1987

Abstract A small-plot test was conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station, Marianna, Ark. The plots were 1 row × 66 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied with a Spirit high-clearance sprayer at volumes that varied among treatments. Prior to treatments, 3 organdy sleeve cages, 9 inches diam × 22 inches long, were secured to individual plants in each plot by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant 1 ft from the terminal with a twist-tie. The cages were then rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil. Immediately following each treatment the foil was removed and the cage was unrolled and extended upward; 5 tarnished plant bugs (adults or nymphs) were released into each cage and the tops were closed. To determine the residual efficacy of each treatment, 3 additional cages/plot were similarly infested at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 h. In every instance, insects were exposed to treatments for 72 h. The plants were then cut and cage contents examined in the lab for both dead and living bugs. Percent mortality was converted to arcsin for analysis of variance.

Registration of UARK‐1 and UARK‐2 Early‐Maturing Cotton Germplasm

Crop ScienceVolume 23, Issue 6 cropsci1983.0011183X002300060068x p. 1226-1227 Registration of Germplasms Registration of UARK-1 and UARK-2 Early-Maturing Cotton Germplasm C. Wayne Smith, C. Wayne Smith Associate professor of agronomy Univ. of Arkansas Cotton Branch Exp. Stn., Marianna, AR, 72360Search for more papers by this author C. Wayne Smith, C. Wayne Smith Associate professor of agronomy Univ. of Arkansas Cotton Branch Exp. Stn., Marianna, AR, 72360Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 1983 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300060068xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume23, Issue6November–December 1983Pages 1226-1227 RelatedInformation