Cost Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

Assessing the feasibility of gray, blue, and green ammonia productions in Indonesia: A techno-economic and environmental perspective

Ammonia, owing to its carbon-free attributes, stands as a promising alternative for replacing fossil-based fuels. This study investigates the techno-economic and environmental aspects of gray, blue, and green ammonia production in Indonesia. In this regard, a spreadsheet-based decision support system has been developed to analyze the levelized cost of each mode of ammonia production and their cost sensitivity across various parameters. The results of the analysis show a levelized cost of gray ammonia of $297 (USD) per ton, which is strongly affected by natural gas prices and carbon taxation. Blue ammonia emerges as the most stable production option with a levelized cost of $390 per ton, impacted by natural gas prices and the expenses associated with carbon sequestration. On the other hand, the levelized cost of green ammonia varies between $696 to $1,024 per ton and is predominantly influenced by the choice of electrolyzers, the cost of renewable energy sources, and maintenance and operational expenditures. Furthermore, the study reveals that gray and blue ammonia production result in emissions of 2.73 and 0.28 tons of CO2 equivalent per ton of ammonia, respectively, while in-situ carbon emissions from green ammonia can be considered negligible. Overall, this study underscores the potential of implementing green ammonia production utilizing geothermal or hydropower renewable energy resources as viable solutions for decarbonizing the power, industry, and transport sectors in Indonesia. Several policy recommendations aimed at overcoming existing barriers to the development of green ammonia plants in the country are also provided.

The renewables pull effect: How regional differences in renewable energy costs could influence where industrial production is located in the future

To combat climate change, it is anticipated that in the coming years countries around the world will adopt more stringent policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of clean energy sources. These policies will also affect the industry sector, which means that industrial production is likely to progressively shift from CO2-emitting fossil fuel sources to renewable energy sources. As a result, a region's renewable energy resources could become an increasingly important factor in determining where energy-intensive industries locate their production. We refer to this pull factor as the “renewables pull” effect. Renewables pull could lead to the relocation of some industrial production as a consequence of regional differences in the marginal cost of renewable energy sources. In this paper, we introduce the concept of renewables pull and explain why its importance is likely to increase in the future. Using the examples of direct reduced iron (DRI) and ammonia production, we find that the future costs of climate-neutral production of certain products is likely to vary considerably between regions with different renewable energy resources. However, we also identify the fact that many other factors in addition to energy costs determine the decisions that companies make in term of location, leaving room for further research to better understand the future relevance of renewables pull.

Reliability of Renewable Power Generation using the Example of Offshore Wind Farms

Abstract Research background The issue of reliability and the cost of failure or maintenance costs of renewable energy sources, including wind farms, is becoming increasingly important, especially as the volume of electricity supply from such installations increases. Purpose The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the development of wind energy in European countries between 2010 and 2020. Evaluating the reliability of wind farm components and ensuring that wind farm infrastructure is available at a high level is crucial to the stability of the electricity supply system. Therefore, the paper presents, as a case study, a reliability estimation of one of the wind farms operating in the North Sea. The analysis is carried out on the basis of empirical data obtained from experts involved in the maintenance of this wind farm. The estimated reliability function is an important reliability indicator for users of this system. On the basis of the evaluated reliability function, for example, the system availability can be improved, and the maintenance costs of the system can be optimised. Research methodology Mathematical modelling was used to analyse system reliability. Further, in the developed reliability models, it was assumed that the system components have the multistate Weibull reliability functions with various parameters in their different reliability state subsets. Novelty Original study with literature review. In the context of the requirements for the transformation of the Polish energy sector, the presented approach can be used in the practical implementation of RES projects, taking into account the reliability of offshore wind farm installations.

Risk-Averse Cooperative Operation of PV and Hydrogen Systems in Active Distribution Networks

Environmental emissions and decreasing costs of renewable energy sources (i.e., photovoltaic (PV), wind, hydrogen (H2), etc.) are prompting a sharp increase in renewable energy penetration into the grid. Among various energy sources, H2 energy with its promising technical, economic, and environmental merits has demonstrated great potential for large deployment in distribution systems. This article proposes a multiobjective network-constrained framework for the day-ahead scheduling of hydrogen systems (HS), including hydrogen production from water electrolysis by electrolyzers, hydrogen storage, stationary fuel cells, and fueling of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). This framework includes various physical constraints to ensure reliable operation and considers integrated demand response and conservation voltage reduction, and reactive power support from HSs for realistic day-ahead scheduling. It also incorporates the cooperative operation of PV units and HSs to supply power for water electrolysis from stationary HSs equipped with onsite PVs. Moreover, conditional value-at-risk is applied to address the risk of PV output, FCEVs’ H2 demand, loads, and market price. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and validated by testing on a 33-node distribution test feeder.

Greening the Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Review of Sustainable IoT Solutions from An Educational Perspective

Green IoT, or the use of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to promote sustainability and reduce environmental impact, has gained increasing attention in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to increase awareness about the environmental effect of IoT and to share insights and ideas for making IoT more sustainable and contributing to a more environmentally friendly future. The paper discusses the benefits and challenges of using solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources in IoT applications, as well as the use of sensors, data analytics, and machine learning to optimize resource usage and monitor environmental conditions. The key findings of this paper indicate that Green IoT has the potential to play a significant role in addressing environmental challenges, such as climate change and resource depletion. However, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed, including the high cost of renewable energy sources and the complexity of managing large -scale IoT networks. Overall, this paper emphasizes the importance of Green IoT and the need for further research to develop more efficient and sustainable IoT solutions.

IoT Based Solar Power Monitoring System

As we know in the present time solar energy is at its booming stage compared to other sources, as it's the perfect alternative for all conventional sources required for electrical energy generation. This paper proposes a solar power monitoring system by the IoT. By using the Internet of things technology for supervision the solar power generation can greatly enhance the performance, monitoring and maintenance of the plant. With gradually increasing the technologies and the cost of renewable energy sources are going down globally encouraging the solar power plant installation. In this project the output of the solar panels is depends upon the radiation of heat. The project is based on the implementation of new cost-effective methodology based on IOT to remotely monitoring a solar plant for performance evaluation. By incorporating the IOT technology the data received from the panels and appliance are sending to the cloud from through internet for the future use as well the remote user can monitor the parameters of the connected devices.

The state and energy security in the world and Europe as a public good

The article proposes an extended approach to the concept of public goods, when energy security is seen as a variety of them in conjunction with the state of the environment, and in the EU with the desire to reduce dependence on the key supplier of fossil fuels — Russia. In this context, energy security as a public good is linked with the development of clean energy, primarily with the transition to energy production from renewable sources. The role of state policy, state-owned enterprises as traditional strategic actors in the energy sector, as well as public—private partnerships at various levels — from local to global, is emphasized. Particular attention is paid to the interstate cross-border cooperation. In the context of the energy transition to renewable energy, the relevance of energy security is increasing, taking into account the costs of renewable energy sources and fossil fuels, in particular, natural gas. The conclusion is made about the importance of the contribution of states in supporting technological and socio-economic changes and international coordination in the field of energy security.

Assessment of Wind and Solar Hybrid Energy for Agricultural Applications in Sudan.

In addition to zero-carbon generation, the plummeting cost of renewable energy sources (RES) is enabling the increased use of distributed-generation sources. Although the RES appear to be a cheaper source of energy, without the appropriate design of the RES with a true understanding of the nature of the load, they can be an unreliable and expensive source of energy. Limited research has been aimed at designing small-scale hybrid energy systems for irrigation pumping systems, and these studies did not quantify the water requirement, or in turn the energy required to supply the irrigation water. This paper provides a comprehensive feasibility analysis of an off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for the design of a water-pumping system for irrigation applications in Sudan. A systematic and holistic framework combined with a techno-economic optimization analysis for the planning and design of hybrid renewable energy systems for small-scale irrigation water-pumping systems is presented. Different hybridization cases of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine and battery storage at 12 different sites in Sudan are simulated, evaluated, and compared, considering the crop water requirement for different crops, the borehole depth, and the stochasticity of renewable energy resources. Soil, weather, and climatic data from 12 different sites in Sudan were used for the case studies, with the key aim to find the most robust and reliable solution with the lowest system cost. The results of the case studies suggest that the selection of the system is highly dependent on the cost, the volatility of the wind speed, solar radiation, and the size of the system; at present, hybridization is not the primary option at most of sites, with the exception of two. However, with the reduction in price of wind technology, the possibility of hybrid generation will rise.

An Extended Pythagorean Fuzzy Approach to Group Decision-Making With Incomplete Preferences for Analyzing Balanced Scorecard-Based Renewable Energy Investments

The aim of this study is to generate appropriate strategies to improve renewable energy investments. Within this framework, a novel model has also been proposed which includes three different stages. Firstly, incomplete preferences of the relation matrixes are calculated. For this purpose, 4 different decision makers evaluate the balanced scorecard-based criteria. In this stage, missing values are estimated by incomplete preferences to complete the relation matrixes. Additionally, the second stage includes the computing the fuzzy preferences by considering the consensus-based group decision-making (CGDM). The final stage is related to the calculation of the weights of the criteria by considering Pythagorean fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methodology. Hence, the main motivation of this study is to identify innovative strategies for the renewable energy investments with a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model based on incomplete preferences, CGDM and Pythagorean fuzzy sets. The findings indicate that learning and growth is the most important balanced scorecard-based perspective to improve the performance of renewable energy investments. Additionally, the perspective of internal process is identified as another significant factor for this situation. The biggest problem in renewable energy projects is their high initial costs. Hence, technological developments reduce the production costs of renewable energy sources. Additionally, it is also possible to increase the amount of electricity from renewable energy sources owing to the innovative technologies. Thus, renewable energy investors should follow up-to-date technological developments so that it will be possible to reduce the cost of renewable energy investments.

Locational (In)Efficiency of Renewable Energy Feed-In Into the Electricity Grid: A Spatial Regression Analysis

This paper presents an econometric analysis of curtailment costs of renewable energy sources (RES) in Germany. The study aims at explaining and quantifying the regional variability of RES curtailment, which is a measure to relieve grid overstress by temporarily disconnecting RES from the electricity grid. We apply a Heckit sample selection model, which corrects bias from non-randomly selected samples. The selection equation estimates the probability of occurrence of RES curtailment in a region. The outcome equation corrects for cross-sectional dependence and quantifies the effect of RES on curtailment costs. The results show that wind energy systems connected to the distribution grid increase RES curtailment costs by 0.7% per MW (or 0.2% per GWh) in subregions that have experienced RES curtailment over the period 2015-2017. The implication of this finding is that policymakers should set price signals for renewables that consider the regional grid overstress, in order to mitigate the cost burden on consumers due to excess generation from RES.

Is emission trading scheme an opportunity for renewable energy in China? A perspective of ETS revenue redistributions

Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) and renewable energy generation are emission reduction methods in most countries in the world. However, few studies have focused on the impact of ETS on renewable energy. The question is, can carbon trading promote renewable energy generation? This paper first analyzes different distribution strategies of ETS revenue by applying dynamic recursive computable general equilibrium model with multi-sectors. Practical scenarios and better options of distribution of ETS revenue by a comprehensive evaluation based on entropy weight method are proposed. The results show that ETS with no subsidy to renewable will reduce the demand for energy, increase the cost of renewable energy sources and decrease the generation. ETS will be the spring of renewable energy generation when most of the revenue is used for all kinds of renewable energy sources, instead of some of them. The growth of renewable energy generation is also substantial. It is necessary that a small portion of ETS revenue should be used to subsidize residents to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. If this income is used for government investment and consumption, it will also help to mitigate economic losses, which is caused by the direction of investment by the Chinese government.

Experimental and numerical study of a hybrid solar-combustor system for energy efficiency increasing

Coupling of traditional combustion technologies with solar thermal energy is fundamental to enlarge the field of applicability and to lower the costs of renewable energy sources. A possible solution is represented by direct irradiation of a flame with concentrated solar energy, so as to increase its temperature thanks to the high absorption coefficient of combustion by-products such as soot particles. In this study, we use a detailed model of soot formation and oxidation to simulate the behaviour of a coflowing diffusion ethylene flame with and without the exposure to a concentrated solar radiation. Modelling data are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. Results confirm that our model is able to reproduce the effect of radiation both matching the temperature and soot volume fraction increase. Successively, a modified version of the solar-combustion hybrid system has been setup to test the effect of solar light orientation on the combustion process. A simulator of concentrated solar energy has been used to directly irradiate the flame from the top. Thermocouple-based temperature measurements highlighted that the flame effectively absorbed solar radiation.

Subsurface geology offers untapped seasonal energy storage potential to enable large-scale deployment of renewables

Abstract With the falling cost of renewable energy sources (RES) and the political and public push to decarbonise our societies, the growth of renewable power generation capacity is increasing (CCC, 2019; COP, 2015). This shift from reliable fossil fuel power generation to intermittent and variable RES does lead to some challenges. Indeed, to ensure that this transition operates in a way which ensures the energy system stability is maintained, it is necessary to adapt much more than just the means of generating power. The move towards RES requires the improvement of implementation technologies and best practice. These include, energy storage, more efficient energy use, and energy demand management. Although short-term variations in the generation capacity of RES is manageable with either of the two latter options, energy storage is the only real solution for seasonal variations. The reason being that simply expecting people to not heat or cool their homes is unfeasible.

Location selection for wind plant using AHP and axiomatic design in fuzzy environment

Electricity consumption of the world has been increasing due to increasing population and production amounts, developing technology and increasing automation level. Studies show that the increase will continue in the future and the supply and demand amount should increase depending on the changing world. Renewable energy sources have become crucial due to the traditional energy sources like coal harm the environment nature and human health. Nowadays countries pay more attention to use their own resources in order to maintain their socio-economic and political independence. As awareness of clean energy increases, the usage of renewable energy sources is increasing. The investment costs of renewable energy sources are very high. For this reason, the selection of the location for renewable energy sources is a strategic decision that getting it right the first time. Different criteria are evaluated when selecting the installation location. The priorities of these criteria may be different from each other. In this study, a model was proposed for selecting the location for the installation of wind power plant via using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy Axiomatic Design methods. In the implementation phase of the model, evaluation criteria have been determined and prioritized. In the light of the evaluation criteria, 3 locations have been evaluated and the most suitable one was selected.

Non-renewable and intermittent renewable energy sources: Friends and foes?

This paper studies the links between non-renewable and intermittent renewable energy sources in the production of electricity. Using U.S. state-level data from 1998 to 2015, we find that the relationship between the price of natural gas and investments in solar and wind capacity is non-linear and can be represented by an inverted U-shape. Hence, for relatively low natural gas prices, the two modes of production are substitutes. After a price threshold is reached, the two are complementary. A theoretical explanation argues that this stylized fact is the result of a trade-off between two characteristics of these modes of production: the high degree of flexibility of electricity production using natural gas as an input and the low marginal cost of renewable energy sources.

Model-based approach for planning renewable energy transition in a resource-constrained electricity system-A case study from India

Summary Globally, electricity systems are going through transitions. The contributions from renewable energy-based power generation, both in installed capacity and electricity generation, are moving from marginal to the mainstream. India is not an exception; it is aggressively pursuing this transition by fixing steep targets for renewable capacity additions. While the cost of renewable energy sources is expected to fast reach grid parity, the policy interventions play a critical role in ramping up the efforts to support the proposed investments in renewable capacity and renewable electricity generation. In this respect, this research attempts to analyze the effectiveness of renewable energy policies such as Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificate mechanisms in tapping the renewable energy potential in India. We propose a mixed-integer linear programming model-based approach to evaluate the effectiveness of the above interventions in the Indian context. The model is developed and validated as a low carbon electricity planning tool to optimally meet the dynamic electricity demand and RPO targets as well as to manage the unmet total electricity demand and RPO targets. The Karnataka state electricity system (a state in south India) is chosen as a case study. The results suggest that Karnataka Electricity System is moving toward a sustainable renewable energy future even without any support from nonsolar Renewable Energy Certificate policy. However, policy interventions are critical for optimally utilizing the solar generation capacity.

Benefits of flexibility from smart electrified transportation and heating in the future UK electricity system

This paper presents an advanced stochastic analytical framework to quantify the benefits of smart electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps (HPs) on the carbon emission and the integration cost of renewable energy sources (RES) in the future UK electricity system. The typical operating patterns of EVs/HPs as well as the potential flexibility to perform demand shifting and frequency response are sourced from recent UK trials. A comprehensive range of case studies across several future UK scenarios suggest that smart EVs/HPs could deliver measurable carbon reductions by enabling a more efficient operation of the electricity system, while at the same time making the integration of electrified transport and heating demand significantly less carbon intensive. The second set of case studies establish that smart EVs/HPs have significant potential to support cost-efficient RES integration by reducing: (a) RES balancing cost, (b) cost of required back-up generation capacity, and (c) cost of additional low-carbon capacity required to offset lower fuel efficiency and curtailed RES output while achieving the same emission target. Frequency response provision from EVs/HPs could significantly enhance both the carbon benefit and the RES integration benefit of smart EVs/HPs.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Saudi Arabia

The continuous rise of energy demand worldwide combined with the decrease of natural resources such as fossil fuel represents a huge energy problem which facing humanity. Industry as well as consumers must rethink how to produce energy at low cost price. Renewable Energy (RE) applications and energy savings are keys to meet this challenge in a sustainable way. In the hot and sunny areas of the Arab countries, renewable sources like solar energy can play a role to slove energy problem. According to that the renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, biomass, etc… have an important role especially when the (high-tech.) new technologies can interfere. This paper investigates RE sources applications at Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, besides a simulation using HOMER software to three proposed systems newly erected in Yanbu Industrial College Renewable Energy (RE) lab. The lab represents a hybrid system, composed of PV, wind turbine, and Fuel cell systems. The cost of energy is compared in the three systems to compare the generated energy cost. This study is to evaluate the actual cost of RE sources in developing countries. The climatic variations at Yanbu that is located on the west coast of Saudi Arabia are considered.

Determining the Economic Value of Offshore Wind Power Plants in the Changing Energy System

This paper analyses the economic effect of integrating large offshore wind energy capacities in the German future energy system. For this purpose three scenarios are compared at a completed transformation status in which 80% of Germany's final energy consumption (electricity, heat and transportation) is provided by renewable energy systems (RES). Emphasis is put towards an overall system perspective accounting for generation costs of renewable energy sources and balancing requirements of renewables (flexibility costs). A second focal point is the analysis of relevant power plant properties of offshore wind power, especially the provision of control reserve power.

Renewable Energy's Hidden Costs

The article discusses the hidden costs of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, which includes graphs showing the amount of metals needed for renewable energy infrastructure, such as metal for growing rapeseed oil, nickel in wind power, and tin and silver in solar power.