Risk-Averse Cooperative Operation of PV and Hydrogen Systems in Active Distribution Networks

Abstract

Environmental emissions and decreasing costs of renewable energy sources (i.e., photovoltaic (PV), wind, hydrogen (H2), etc.) are prompting a sharp increase in renewable energy penetration into the grid. Among various energy sources, H2 energy with its promising technical, economic, and environmental merits has demonstrated great potential for large deployment in distribution systems. This article proposes a multiobjective network-constrained framework for the day-ahead scheduling of hydrogen systems (HS), including hydrogen production from water electrolysis by electrolyzers, hydrogen storage, stationary fuel cells, and fueling of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). This framework includes various physical constraints to ensure reliable operation and considers integrated demand response and conservation voltage reduction, and reactive power support from HSs for realistic day-ahead scheduling. It also incorporates the cooperative operation of PV units and HSs to supply power for water electrolysis from stationary HSs equipped with onsite PVs. Moreover, conditional value-at-risk is applied to address the risk of PV output, FCEVs’ H2 demand, loads, and market price. The proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem and validated by testing on a 33-node distribution test feeder.