Building Cost Research Articles

Incline Prevention Reinforcement Structure– Controlling Building Incline

By chance facto (disasters, botchery operation) Incline Prevention Reinforcement Structure–Controlling Building Incline is to prevent Building incline when Building incline is measured after Building construction is finished, And is also to prevent Building incline when designs Building. It setted the Incline Prevention Reinforcement plate and pile on building which leans due to plate irregularly distributed sagging to control the deviation, so the range of deviation is under permissible value and it makes building cost save and Building date shortening.

Optimization of energy consumption of a green building using PSO-SVM algorithm

In this paper, the new novel optimization algorithm on the energy consumption of the represented green building with novel material is represented. The introduced green building is 320 square meters and takes advantage of a novel lay-up of composite material with the common materials. For this purpose, the supporting vector machine is firstly proposed to classify the properties of the building based on the energy consumption with high accuracy. As a matter of fact, the hyperparameters are optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization method (PSO). Energy consumption of the building with a common material is calculated based on a fixed price with 99.98% accuracy. In fact, the highest demand for consumption from the administrative and residential sectors is close to 40% will be optimized for the first time. Based on the represented novel model, the layers of the novel represented composite are optimized for decreasing electricity usage as well as biogas. The results show a significant reduction in the amount of green building energy consumption by 28% for electricity and 42.44% for biogas compared to the common building. Furthermore, the remarkable decreasing cost of the green building with composite material to a value of 50% with compare to the common building proves the need to invest obviously in the construction of green buildings and the use of renewable resources in the world.

Analysis of environmental impacts and costs of a residential building over its entire life cycle to achieve nearly zero energy and low emission objectives

Nowadays, European Union (EU) requests that all its members encourage Net-zero energy and emission in the buildings by 2050. There are multiple studies within the EU related to this field, but few of them are associated with environmental cost assessment and reduction. What can be the new strategies allowing to reduce ecological impact costs at the scale of the building? In response to this question, this research has been carried out, with, the main objective, to evaluate, analyse, and propose some scenarios allowing to design of residential buildings with nearly zero energy, low emission, and low cost throughout the world. The strategies detailed in this research can be applied and adapted in all the regions of the world. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of a typical building is carried out using the Pleiades software database comprising a Dynamic Thermal Simulation calculation engine (STD) making it possible to simulate the thermal in order to describe the energy behaviours of a building and its equipment. Four life cycle phases (construction, use, renovation, and end of life) of buildings have been assessed. The results showed that the use of a dual-service air-to-water heat pump enables a considerable reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and, on average, the indicators decrease by around 9%. It was concluded that the use of heat pumps makes it possible to reduce the cost of 9 environmental impacts between 8.7% and 13.1% compared to the initial cost, over a period of 80 yr.

Monetary valuation of the environmental benefits of green building: A case study of China

Reducing negative impacts on the environment is the main benefit of green buildings. However, these benefits are typically evaluated using environmental indicators with different units and implications. Thus, comparisons among different technologies and projects with various benefits are difficult to perform. Moreover, the impact of green building development on economic system is difficult to analyze because of the lack of available data. This study proposes a method of identifying, quantifying and valuing the environmental benefits of green buildings based on the contributions of typical technologies. The environmental benefits are fully identified based on the cause-effect chain associated with changes in environmental endpoints caused by green technologies. Then, a valuation method is proposed, and it consists of the following four steps: quantifying the technical indicators using the application criteria and green technology impacts, quantifying the environmental indicators using available and reliable research data, valuing the environmental benefits using appropriate monetary valuation methods, and calculating the lifecycle benefits using the discounted cash flow method. All projects accredited by the Chinese Assessment Standard of Green Building from 2008 to 2015 were evaluated using the environmental valuation method. The results showed that 75% of typical green technologies could reduce the negative impacts on the environment through different endpoints. The benefit per unit area was valued as ¥ 3138.1 on average. The majority of the benefits (48.36%) were produced by underground space utilization. The public green building produced more environmental value than the residential green building. Overall, the environmental benefits were sufficient to cover the incremental costs of green building. The results obtained by the proposed assessment method provide more comprehensive information to related sectors than the green level standards; moreover, the benefits obtained by different technologies and projects with various environmental impacts can be compared, and important input data can be obtained for analyzing the macroeconomic effects of green building development.

Fuzzy Cognitive Map-Enabled Approach for Investigating the Relationship between Influencing Factors and Prefabricated Building Cost Considering Dynamic Interactions

Fuzzy Cognitive Map-Enabled Approach for Investigating the Relationship between Influencing Factors and Prefabricated Building Cost Considering Dynamic Interactions

2D or Not 2D: A Thermodynamic Approach to Modeling Space Solar Cells’ Efficiency with 2D Materials

Approximately 3 billion people have never used the internet due to its costs and inaccessibility, particularly in developing countries. To provide these areas with affordable internet, reducing the cost of building and launching satellites has become paramount in the assessment of their design, particularly their solar cells. While three-dimensional semiconductor materials like gallium arsenide (GaAs) have been the main material used in these cells to convert solar energy into electrical energy, two-dimensional (2D) materials like tellurene have demonstrated properties that warrant consideration. This research evaluates the potential of a novel 7-junction space solar cell configuration consisting of manganese phosphorus trisulfide, tungsten disulfide, rhenium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum ditelluride, bismuth oxyselenide, and tellurene to replace current 3-junction configurations using GaAs-based materials. Thermodynamic expressions, including the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine and a geometric optimization approach using the Shockley-Queisser triangle, were analyzed to derive equations for two properties critical to a space solar cell: efficiency and specific power. Computational simulations were run, and the results indicate that a 7-junction space solar cell configuration using 2D materials can enable a maximum efficiency gain of 12%, a mass reduction by over one-fifth, and a specific power output improvement of 54% at lower costs compared to GaAs-based space solar cells. The implications of this study point to the performance and cost feasibility of satellite usage for a broad range of applications, with social and environmental significance.

Re-establishing traditional stilt structures in contemporary architecture–The possibilities

PurposeThe study aims to explore factors affecting stilt construction and the possibilities of using innovative materials and construction methods to re-establish the traditional stilt structures.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs a qualitative research method using an in-depth interview with selected architects to document experience and insights of the architects on the challenges and possibilities of using innovative materials and construction methods to re-establish the traditional stilt structures. Purposive sampling was used to determine the respondents for the study. Architects with experience designing stilt houses in architects' architectural practice were selected to take in the study.FindingsStudy revealed that generally architects are keen on using stilt structures. Building materials and costs associated with designing and constructing stilt structures were identified as the key challenges. However, architects suggest using recycled building materials as possible solutions to encourage the construction of stilt structures in Malaysia. The architects also preferred to use hybridized recycled materials for stilt structures as hybridized materials have improved structural properties and functions. Additionally, the study identified “psychological hesitation” or “accessibility” as a factor affecting the construction of stilt buildings.Research limitations/implicationsThroughout this study, some limitations have been dealt with. The first is the limitation of sample size. Contemporary stilt architecture is not very common in Malaysia today, and not many architects have experience in designing stilt houses. Although the method of purposive sampling was used, a larger sample size could have generated a more diverse result. The second limitation is the dearth of research on contemporary stilt houses in Malaysia. As stilt construction is uncommon in Malaysia and the existing material focuses primarily on traditional Malay houses, this has been one of the major challenges. Finally, most of the literature on stilt construction is from Southeast Asia, limited or insufficient studies and literature on local stilt construction would have a greater benefit to the study.Practical implicationsThe outcomes from this study would benefit the scholars who have an interest in exploring stilts construction in contemporary architecture as well as innovative construction materials and construction methods. As the study brings forth the challenges and possibilities of restoring the traditional stilt constructions, the study can be used as a reference by designers to garner a deeper understanding of the traditional stilt construction and encourage designers to focus on possible innovations for stilt construction from the aspects of materials and methods in ensuring the traditional element is present in future design and construction.Originality/valueThe study is a response to an obvious dearth body of knowledge in stilt construction in the Malaysian context. The study identifies the key challenges and possible and practical solutions. The findings of this study represent a scholastic effort that can be used as a reference by academics and scholars.

A framework for obtaining a BIM-compatible design solution based on quantitative decisions on building performance

The direction towards high-performance buildings soars the complexity of the design process. Therefore, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools are used to aid designers to realize the implications of early design decisions. Coupling BPS tools and geometrical tools featured with Building Information Modeling (BIM) has recently received much attention. Yet, Computer-Aided Drafting (CAD-based) geometrical tools are still the preferred choice for a large portion of designers. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a Performance-based Design Framework (PbDF) to aid designers in obtaining an optimal design solution compatible with BIM software based on a quantitative decision that satisfies both daylighting, energy, and cost of buildings at the early stage of design. The PbDF included 3 D modeling, daylight and energy simulations, cost calculations, decision-making using Technique for Order by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), and BIM generation. The framework was tested through two stages and validated by face validity approach. The test results demonstrated that the proposed framework can assist designers to efficiently propose high-performance designs and send them to BIM software to complete the rest of the tasks required for design and construction. The PbDF was accepted as reasonable for its intended purpose by people who are knowledgeable about the performance-based design.

An open design for a low-cost open-loop subsonic wind tunnel for aerodynamic measurement and characterization

A wind tunnel is an essential device for aerodynamic modeling and measurement. High cost and relatively huge size with no open market design hinder the wind tunnel from being widely available in laboratory design for universities and small R&D companies, particularly in a developed country with limited research funding. Thus, most aerodynamic modeling and measurement are done by simulating through computer software which leads to high deviation as the nature of wind is unpredictable. This project aims to provide an open design for a relatively low-cost wind tunnel that universities and R&D companies can quickly adapt. An open design for an open-loop wind tunnel is presented in this article. The proposed wind tunnel design is specifically intended to help the researcher with the aerodynamic measurement with minimum cost for building, customizable design, and reliable measurement. The components, parts, and equipment use the widely available part, which can be obtained across the globe. Validation and characterization are done using software simulation and actual measurement through the device. The proposed design can meet the criteria for aerodynamic measurement and can help the researcher provide a better analysis by combining the actual measurement and software simulation.

Empowering roots-Some current aspects of root bioenergetics.

Roots of higher plants provide the shoot with nutrients and water. In exchange, they receive photosynthates, which serve both as energy source and building blocks for maintenance and growth. While studies in plant bioenergetics used to focus on photosynthesis, several more recent findings also aroused or renewed interest in energy conversion and allocation in roots. Root building costs were identified as a long-undervalued trait, which turned out to be highly relevant for stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency. Reduced building costs per root length (e.g., by aerenchyma formation or by increasing the cell size) are beneficial for exploring the soil for nutrient-rich patches, especially in low-input agrosystems. Also, an apparent mismatch was frequently found between the root energy budget in the form of the ATP pool on the one side and the apparent costs on the other side, particularly the costs of membrane transport under stress conditions, e.g., the Na+ detoxification costs resulting from Na+ sequestration at the plasma membrane. Ion transport across the plasma membrane (and also endomembranes) is coupled to the proton motive force usually believed to be exclusively generated by H+ ATPases. Recently, an alternative mechanism, the biochemical pH clamp, was identified which relies on H+ formation and binding in the apoplast and the cytosol, respectively, driven by metabolism (so-called active buffering). On this background, several aspects of root bioenergetics are discussed. These are (1) root respiration in soil, with a critical view on calorimetric vs. gas exchange measurements; (2) processes of energy conversion in mitochondria with a special focus on the role of the alternative oxidases, which allow adjusting carbon flow through metabolic pathways to membrane transport processes; and (3) energy allocation, in particular to transport across the plasma membrane forming the interface to soil solution. A concluding remark is dedicated to modeling root bioenergetics for optimizing further breeding strategies. Apparent “energy spoilers” may bestow the plant with a yet unidentified advantage only unfolding their beneficial effect under certain environmental conditions.

Evaluating the Impact of External Support on Green Building Construction Cost: A Hybrid Mathematical and Machine Learning Prediction Approach

As a fundamental feature of green building cost forecasting, external support is crucial. However, minimal research efforts have been directed to developing practical models for determining the impact of external public and private support on green construction projects’ costs. To fill the gap, the current research aims to develop a mathematical model to explore the balance of supply and demand under deflationary conditions for external green construction support and the accompanying spending adjustment processes. The most current datasets from 3578 green projects across Northern America were collected, pre-processed, analyzed, post-processed, and evaluated via cutting-edge machine learning (ML) techniques to retrieve the deep parameters affecting the green construction cost prediction process. According to the findings, public and private investments in green construction are projected to decrease the cost of green buildings. Furthermore, the impact of public and private investment on green construction cost reduction during deflationary periods is more significant than its influence during inflation. As a result, decision-makers may utilize the suggested model to monitor and evaluate the yearly optimal external investment in green building construction.

COMPARISON OF MULTISTOREY BUILDING USING RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT SEISMIC ZONES BY USING STAAD.PRO SOFTWARE

A multi-storey building is just a building that has multiple storeys above the ground. A multi storied building is either residential or commercial. Migration of individuals from rural to urban centres where job opportunities are significant. The land available for building to accommodate this migration is becoming scarce which ends in rapid increase within the cost of land. And this leads to construction of multi-storeyed buildings as they supply an outsized floor area in an exceedingly relatively small area of land in urban cities. A comparison of highrise buildings by response spectrum analysis in different seismic zones of India. The main objective of this research paper is to compare regular and irregular buildings in seismic zone III & zone V by response spectrum analysis in STAAD. Pro. The soil type taken into consideration is medium soil type. The aim is to find base shear, storey drift and story displacement and eigen value and eigen vector by response spectrum analysis. Cost analysis has also been done. Analysis is done as per IS 456:2000 and IS 1893:2002. It focuses on dynamic analysis of buildings. Without increasing the area, we can extend only the building’s floor to design a multi-storied building as this will save overall building cost. Key Words: Seismic Analysis, Response Spectrum Analysis, Base Shear, Storey Drift, Story Displacement, STAAD.Pro

EVALUATION OF A BUILDING LIFE CYCLE COST (LCC) CRITERIA IN EGYPT USING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

Recently, life cycle cost (LCC) has gained a wide acceptance in the field of industrial building construction, where it is categorized under economic sustainability in the overall sustainability of buildings. Hence, it is necessary to think about the categories and criteria that affect the building’s cost over its lifespan. In this study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), a multi-criteria decision-making methodology, is employed to evaluate and weight four categories which are building blocks of the LCC of industrial building construction. The assessment model applies seventeen criteria which are distributed under the following four categories: initial cost, operating or maintenance cost, environmental impact cost, and the end of life. These are evaluated by thirty-seven civilian experts responding to a pair wise questionnaire. The results are significant as they reflect the viewpoints of the civilian experts and can aid in the development of a building's economic sustainability by illuminating the impact factors of the life cycle cost of buildings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to handle criteria evaluation of LCC for sustainable building using the AHP multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methodology.

Methods of Construction to the Meet Housing Crisis in the UK Residential Sector: A Comparative Study between Timber Frame and Masonry Construction

Major efforts have been invested in the UK Residential sector to meet the increasing housing demands, deliver sustainability, and improve its resiliency against many uncertainties. While data/information within the UK residential sector relating to location, sizes and volumes are annually updated, there is limited emphasis on the methods of construction that support meeting housing demands. Over the years, it has been recognised that the UK residential sector has been dominated by two methods of construction: timber frame and masonry. This study aims to holistically compare timber frames with masonry as the two domineering construction methods for the UK residential sector. The comparison will be based on build costs, preference and drivers by construction professionals, longevity and consumer confidence, and sustainability. The research methodology was developed based on applying mixed methods of quantitative data analysis of build costs and qualitative data assessment of semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that, from a build cost perspective, masonry methods of construction are a more cost-effective choice with major variation in material cost. However, although the masonry method of construction was more favoured, in many respects, small-in-size developers show more tendency to timber frames, as this is being rationalised by meeting sustainability targets. Practical implications show that the future of the residential sector in meeting the housing demands would heavily depend on Modern Methods of Construction (MMC), as it offers a more optimised mechanism; however, the uptake of this is considerably low. Future studies will enquire into pillars to make MMC efficient in the UK residential sector.

The cost of building a wall for a fermion

We analyse the energy cost of building or demolishing a wall for a massless Dirac field in (1+1)-dimensional Minkowski spacetime and the response of an Unruh-DeWitt particle detector to the generated radiation. For any smoothly-evolving wall, both the field’s energy density and the detector’s response are finite. In the limit of rapid wall creation or demolition, the energy density displays a delta function squared divergence. By contrast, the response of an Unruh-DeWitt detector, evaluated within first-order perturbation theory, diverges only logarithmically in the duration of the wall evolution. The results add to the evidence that a localised matter system may not be as sensitive to the rapid wall creation as the local expectation values of field observables. This disparity has potential interest for quantum information preservation scenarios.

Environmental and cost life-cycle approach to support selection of windows in early stages of building design

The selection of windows with the lowest life-cycle environmental impacts in an early-design stage is important to minimize impacts of buildings. Hence, an environmental and cost streamlined life-cycle assessment (LCA) approach, incorporating probabilistic triage, has been developed to support early-decision making for selection of window materials and components. This approach permits also to reduce the uncertainty in the estimated results by means of sequentially specifying attributes based on the attribute ranking. For demonstration purposes, a large number of window alternatives has been assessed for a reference office room. This approach proved to be effective in providing robust results to support the selection of windows by specifying very few window-related attributes (less than 8). The attribute ranking results show that the most influential attributes in terms of cost and environmental LCA are window-to-wall ratio and orientation, respectively. Future market window solutions with a wide range of alternative materials and components, impacting thermal transmittance and solar factor values, can be assessed using this approach to find optimal cost and environmental performance of buildings.

A Comprehensive Game-Theoretic Model for Electric Vehicle Charging Station Competition

En-route charging stations are essential to ensure the adoption of electric vehicles. However, careful planning is necessary due to high cost in infrastructure and potentially long waiting queues. Existing literature on the placement of charging stations largely disregards competition, sets prices to cover costs and/or disregards queues. In contrast, this work models competing station investors who aim to maximise expected profit, while electric vehicle drivers aim to minimise expected travel costs including queues. Following a game-theoretic approach, investors strategically decide station capacities, locations and charging unit power outputs as well as fees, taking into consideration building and operational costs. Given the complexity of the problem, the solution involves a combination of theoretical and algorithmic techniques to obtain subgame-perfect equilibria of investor and driver choices. Subgame-perfect equilibria are found to be at least 92.85% efficient, for reasonable fluctuations of problem parameters. Furthermore, it is found that charging prices can be up to approximately 5 times higher than marginal cost due to long charging times, and also that better charging technology may not necessarily benefit drivers in the near future. Finally, subsidies towards the purchase of charging units are shown to be beneficial for both drivers and investors, being able to generate up to 14.3% additional value than the cost of the subsidy. In contrast, subsidies on the energy price for stations are found to have small effect and can be abused by investors.

Simultaneous Effect of Seismic Intensity and Shear Wall Design on the Cost of High-Rise Buildings in Saudi Arabia

This research study intends to investigate the influence of shear wall design and seismic intensities on the potential cost of Reinforced Concrete (RC) high-rise buildings in Saudi Arabia. The seismic intensities of the proposed locations vary from relatively low to relatively high. Conventional and ductile design methods are considered for designing the shear walls in different locations. The influence of these selected locations and employed design methods associated with the anticipated cost is numerically computed and quantified. The three-dimensional finite element models are created using the available structural software package ETABS. Cost analyses are performed and obtained for the conventionally designed buildings in the considered different locations. The corresponding cost analyses considering the ductile design of shear walls are also computed for all the considered models. Reinforcement steel material and labor costs are utilized to determine the total cost of the shear walls. Other cost elements such as concrete, formwork, machinery, finishing, etc. are not included. The relation between spectral accelerations and required reinforcement for each shear wall design is made. Sensitivity analysis, using @Risk software, with respect to the labor cost is performed to cover the expected risk during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

An inter-city energy migration framework for regional energy balance through daily commuting fuel-cell vehicles

Spatiotemporal energy interaction and sharing are promising solutions to penetrate renewable energy, enhance grid power stability, and improve regional energy flexibility. However, the current literature is restrained in a small-scale neighborhood level, without considering inter-city energy migration through spatiotemporal complementarity between renewable-abundant regions (like suburb or countryside areas) and demand-shortage regions (like city centers). In this study, the energy interaction boundary is extended from a neighborhood scale to an inter-city scale, to maximize the renewable energy penetration, demand coverage, and reduce regional energy imbalance. This study firstly proposes a holistic framework on inter-city transportation-based energy migration, consisting of a residential community with rooftop photovoltaic systems and electrical batteries, an office building, hydrogen vehicles (HVs), a hydrogen (H2) station, and local power grids, for the energy transmission between building groups in spatially different regions through the daily commuting of HVs. Optimal grid-regulation strategies are thereafter proposed and adopted to stabilize the grid power and reduce energy costs. Parametric analysis on energy trading strategies and prices has been conducted, to improve the participation motivations of different stakeholders. Results indicate that, compared to the reference case with isolated buildings and vehicles, the transportation-based energy migration framework covers 23.2 % of the office energy demand and elevates the community’s renewable self-use ratio from 72.7 % to 98.6 %. Meanwhile, the maximum grid-export power in the renewable-abundant region (suburb residential community) and the annual grid-import power in the demand-shortage region (city-center office) are reduced by up to 86.9 % (from 155.7 to 20.4 kW) and 29.4 % (from 49.0 to 34.6 kW), respectively. Moreover, even considering the fuel cell degradation cost of HVs, the transportation-based energy migration framework reduces the operating costs of the office building and HVs (the H2 cost and the fuel cell degradation cost) by 16.4 % (from $52791.3 to $44154.7) and 1.7 % (from $27172.5 to $26707.4), respectively. Afterward, compared to the reference case, the peak-shaving and load-shaping grid-regulation strategies can decrease the peak grid-export power of the community by about 71.6 % (from 155.7 to 44.2 kW), and the maximum grid-import power of the office by 23.7 % (from 49.0 to 37.4 kW), respectively. Furthermore, the transportation-based energy migration framework is economically feasible, only when the renewable export price for H2 production is 0.07 $/kWh, the onsite-renewable-generated H2 lower than 6.5 $/kg for the HV owners, and the vehicle-to-building electricity lower than 0.3 $/kWh for the office building. This study provides a novel inter-city energy migration framework with hydrogen networks to enhance district energy sharing, improve regional energy balance and reduce carbon emission, together with frontier guidelines on energy trading prices to promote participation motivations from different stakeholders.

Green Landscape Design Based on Niche Genetic Algorithm for E-Business Solutions

In order to solve the unreasonable problems in green environmental protection design, this paper proposes a green building landscape space environment optimization design scheme based on niche genetic algorithm, which optimizes the building landscape size by multi-objective. The target of optimization includes the cost of building and public facilities such as green belt. The purpose of this article is to present an optimization design scheme using genetic algorithm that can optimize the size of landscape and cost reduction and providing facilities by processing the information. The results show that: People's satisfaction value of square and Pedestrian Street is 0.61 and 0.38, respectively. In conclusion it has been analyzed that the scientific planning and design of urban architectural landscape is of great significance to improve the urban appearance. It has been further concluded that the proposed approach enhances the quality of urban environment, development of urban economy and open to the outside world.