Cost Of Milk Production Research Articles

Swot Analysis and Constraints Faced by Farmers: With Reference to Omfed in Sambalpur District of Odisha

Dairy farming has emerged as most important alternative for diversification of agriculture in Odisha. The problems perceived by the livestock owners should be taken into consideration while formulation of strategies for enhancing milk production in the state. Keeping this in view, the present study was conducted in villages Sambalpur district of Odisha. Based on the data analysis the strengths, weaknesses, opportunity and Threats of the dairy sector development in Sambalpur were identified. The finding of the Study would be very helpful for all the concerned stakeholders who are working for the Dairy development in the state. The problems perceived by the livestock owners should be taken into consideration while formulation of strategies for enhancing milk production in the state. Weekly milk payment system and regular payment of bonus provided by the co-operatives, educated board members with diversified experience and knowledge in the dairy sector, dairy farming is a livelihood occupation of the majority of the rural population , regular and guaranteed supply of raw milk from the milk co-operative societies , suitability with respect to ecological conditions for dairy development are the weaknesses. Milk shed area is scattered with less membership and members producing miniscule quantities, low price for milk as compared to other private companies , low productivity of animals and high cost of milk production, lack of support services , milk collection centres are not well equipped, limited market coverage due to less procurement as compared to private players, lack of structured and clear benefit packages, low level of milk procurement and insufficient raw milk supply for milk processing plants. More producers willing to join the co-operatives societies, developing infrastructure like processing equipment, etc growing milk demand scope for convergence with allied departments and substantial scope for modernization were the opportunities. Decline of grazing lands due to urbanization , increasing cost of inputs, the high cost of credit for dairy farmers, farmers losing interest in dairy farming , lack of financial assistance for dairy enterprise, existence of competition from other private units, lack of appropriate government policy favouring the dairy sector were the threats. The major production constraints were high incidence of diseases, lesser availability of nutritious feed, high interest rate on loans, high cost of input, inadequate credit, delay in sanction of crop loan, uncertain weather and high labour charge. The marketing constraints were price fluctuation, illegal deduction, market is far from production point, high cost of transportation and malpractices in weighing.

Economic analysis of dairy production in Uganda, a case study on the performance of dairy cattle enterprises in Southwestern Uganda

Abstract. Waiswa D, Günlü A. 2022. Economic analysis of dairy production in Uganda, a case study on the performance of dairy cattle enterprises in Southwestern Uganda. Asian J Agric 6: 61-67. The economic performance of dairy cattle enterprises in Southwestern Uganda was analyzed in this study. A survey was conducted on 100 dairy cattle enterprises in Mbarara, Kiruhura, Lyantonde, Ibanda, and Isingiro Districts using data compilation forms covering the 2019/20 production year. The unit production cost of milk was determined as US$0.19L-1. Veterinary expenses had the largest share of the production costs at 24.94%, followed by labor costs, depreciation of the inventory value, other expenses, and feed costs, which contributed 14.11%, 12.46%, 11.96%, and 11.41%, respectively. Additional costs included the depreciation of animals, electricity and water, buildings, equipment and machinery, maintenance-repair, and general administrative expenses, which contributed 9.95%, 7.86%, 2.54%, 2.29%, and 2.48% to the total production costs, respectively. As a result, while the net profit of the enterprises was determined as US$1435.29, their financial profitability was 0.59, the profitability factor was 12.20, and the output-input ratio was 1.06. The overall profitability of the enterprises was affected mainly by the high veterinary expenses due to the high prevalence rates of tick-borne infections and the irrational distribution of capital elements. Therefore, measures to reduce the occurrence of tick-borne diseases are considered vital in lowering milk production costs, thereby increasing the profitability of enterprises.

Cow milk production cost in a semi-specialized system in the mountainous region of Veracruz, Mexico

Objective: To analyze cow milk production cost in farm production units (UPPs), in a semi-specialized system, in the mountainous region of Veracruz, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: A questionnaire was applied to milk producers; additionally, the production units were visited. Results: The main elements of the variable cost of milk production included: feeding, animal health, and fuel (86% of the total). The workforce accounted for 35 to 60% of the fixed costs. The production cost per liter fluctuated between USD$0.26 and USD$0.352 and the selling price ranged from USD$0.28 to USD$0.30; consequently, the profit margin is low. The profit per liter of milk fluctuated between USD$0.02 and USD$-0.04. The improvement in milk quality can increase profitability. Study Limitations/Implications: The analysis focuses in the last year of operations and only takes into account six production units; therefore, the conclusions are only valid in that context. Findings/Conclusions: Some UPPs have a positive profit; however, the combination of production factors must be reviewed. Additionally, in order to guarantee that more producers obtain a profit, some adjustments must be made.

The role of livestock feed fertilization as an improvement of sustainability in the dairy sector

Fertilization of crops used as feed in the dairy industry represents up to 50% of greenhouse gases (GHG) and 30% of milk production costs. The environmental impacts raised from this activity are mainly associated with fertilizer manufacturing. Proper fertilizer selection for feed production is an alternative to improve the dairy industry's sustainability. This study proposes a strategy to mitigate the environmental and economic impacts in the dairy industry via optimization of crop fertilizer blends by using a parametric linear programming model. Individual fertilizers' environmental impacts and costs were evaluated through the ecoinvent database v. 3.3. and governmental information, respectively. The effect of the optimized fertilizer blends used in each crop on the life cycle of a dairy supply chain in the Mexican Bajio region was evaluated. Three analysis tiers were considered: livestock feed production, dairy cattle diet, and dairy farming system. The optimization results of fertilizer blends revealed an opposite behavior between the environmental and cost indicators for all crops; a reduction of 1% in the environmental impacts could increase the fertilization cost by 5.5%. In addition, the results indicated that with the use of optimized fertilizer blends, a reduction of GHG emissions up to 22 g CO2 eq kg−1 of milk could be achieved compared with those conventional ones. Focused on the Mexican Bajio region, this contribution implies up to 2.2% of Mexico's commitments in the COP21 agreement for the livestock sector. Our results show that potential savings in costs of 29.6 MUSD y−1 could be reached when the most economical fertilizer blends are used in the optimization. This work presents an alternative to improve the sustainability in the dairy sector, which could be easily implemented for the agricultural producers, especially in countries such as Mexico, where government budgets dedicated to mitigating environmental impacts are limited.

Garrett scoring technique for assessing the constraints faced by dairy farmers of Madhepura district, Bihar

The present investigation is entitled as Garrett scoring technique for assessing the constraints faced by dairy farmers of Madhepura district, Bihar. The primary data were collected from 120 cooperative farmers through the random sampling method. During the study, various constraints under economics and marketing of milk were evaluated as per the response of sample dairy farmers of the study area. Major economic constraints recognised among the group of sample farmers were higher cost of cattle feed, easy availability of veterinary facilities, high cost of the improved animal, while major marketing constraints were low price of milk, lack of suitable transportation, delay in getting milk price. It was also found that the number of dairy farmers decreased in the cooperative milk collection centre with the increase of distance. There was also scope for reduction in the cost of milk production by using modern methods and technologies of dairy farming that was completely absent in the study area.

Cost and Returns of Milk Production from Dairy Animals in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh

An investigation was conducted to study the cost of milk production in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 300 dairy farmers were selected from the Godavari delta, the upland and the agency areas of the district. The study revealed that the gross cost (Rs/-) of milk production per animal per day was higher in graded Murrah buffalo (167.17) followed by cross bred cow (140.61), local buffalo (96.22) and local cow (58.32). The cost of milk production per litre was higher in graded Murrah buffaloes (22.75) followed by local buffalo (22.82), local cow (18.89) and crossbred cow (14.02). The gross income (Rs/-) per animal per day was higher in graded Murrah buffaloes (292.78) followed by crossbred (236.51), local buffalo (154.84) and local cow (71.45). The net income (Rs/-) per animal per day was higher in graded Murrah buffaloes (125.61) followed by crossbred (95.90), local buffalo (58.62) and local cow (13.13). The average cost of milk production was Rs/- 23.03 and net income per litre was Rs/- 146.85 in graded Murrah buffaloes which was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the Godavari delta. The average cost of milk production was Rs/- 23.73 and net income per litre was Rs/- 71.77 in local buffalo which was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the upland area. The average cost of milk production and net income per litre in local cow was significantly (p ≤ .01) higher in the Godavari delta (20.14 and 15.46, respectively) than that in upland and agency areas.

Innovative feed preparation solutions

Sustainable fodder production, feeding capacity, and high animal productivity are the basis of effective animal husbandry. Nutritious, high-quality feed additives and vitamin premixes have been delivered to Russia from Denmark, France, Belgium and other countries for many years. However, it is possible to improve the feeding value of grains and their accessibility for animals through innovative solutions in using balanced concentrates or dry feed technologies. Regarding current conditions, it is only innovation-oriented development of dairy farming that will reduce milk production cost, ensure profit increase, and consequently production profitability, by means of technological, organizational and economic innovation, an optimal combination of primary, auxiliary and service production. The article discusses new approaches to organizing the use of grain fodder on farms enabling them to provide dairy cattle with more nutritious feeds, realise animal genetic potential, reduce feed costs by about 7-10%, thus improving animal husbandry profitability. An organizational and technological innovation has been proposed in the case of Limited Liability Company «Agribusiness Firm «YUMA» in Krasnodar Territory. Introducing feed preparation unit extruder KMZ-2U will increase milk production profitability from 11 to 16.3%.

Direct cost method applied to calculate milk production costs

The objective was to apply direct costing (DC) methodology to calculate dairy farms costs located in the semiarid region of Sergipe, Brazil. Productive and financial data were used from 30 dairy farms, in which milk market is the farms primary activity. Costs were segregated as fixed and variable, as profitability index, contribution margin (CM) and net income (NI). Profit before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) was adopted as financial index. In rural farms analyzed, CM was negative equivalent to R$ - 0.06 per liter of milk, due to the high production cost setting the sold goods cost (COGS), exceeding the net income by 4.49 percentage points, equivalent to R$ 1.31 per liter of milk, contributing to the result of R$ -0.20 (twenty cents) per liter of milk, equivalent to -16.8% of the raw milk price. The direct costing methodology has applicability to calculate costs in dairy farming, as it provides full data and information from the economic-financial point of view, well segregated.

Cost and returns of milk production in selected arid district of Rajasthan

The significance of the sector further increase in arid western Rajasthan where frequent droughts are the primary concern. Milch animals are kept as farming household from very long time in India. The Bikaner district of Rajasthan is selected for the study purposively as it is having largest cattle population and another reason for selecting the district is that if has higher indigenous cattle population in the area is second largest enterprise after crop production. Predetermined samples of 180 farmers, selected farmers were categorized into small, medium and large herd-size categories using cumulative square root frequency method. It was evaluated region wise cost of concentrate of indigenous cows; green fodder and total feed cost per day per indigenous cow were highest for canal irrigated region causing highest variable cost also. Due to good feed, the returns were highest in the area. It was found by the perusal of result that per litre cost of milk production was highest for unirrigated region followed by canal irrigated region and least by tube well irrigated region but average per day milk production and net return per day per buffalo was highest on tube well irrigated region followed by canal irrigated region and least unirrigated region, respectively.

Management and economic feasibility of dairy farming

India is the ‘Oyster’ of the global dairy industry with opportunities galore for the entrepreneurs globally. Since last 15 years, India continues to be the largest producer of milk in the world (Singh, 2017). It offers opportunities in large number to entrepreneurs, who wish to capitalize on one of the world largest and fastest growing market for milk and milk products. The breeding, feeding, housing and health care practices followed in Abhinav dairy farm are as per current scientific recommendations. The farmer is well trained and experienced in buffalo management. The total cost of per animal per year was Rs. 93419 of which total fixed cost constitute Rs. 1307 per animal and total variable cost was Rs.90890 per animal. Amongst total cost maximum cost incurred on feed and labour i.e. 80%.While the cost on medicine and vaccination, electricity, shop rent and transportation are the minimum factors contributing 5% of total cost per annum. Per litre cost of milk production was Rs. 32 which is economical because of presently fetching maximum selling price, in the market. Benefit cost ratio of Abhinav dairy farm was 1.20 which is greater than one. It is implied that expenditure of Rs. 1 /- will fetch returns of Rs, 1.20 per annum. Certainly returns are comparable to returns obtained from any bank deposits or other guaranteed sources of income. Internal rate of return was 39 %. It ensures that Abhinav dairy farm investment makes more money than its actual cost. It shows that this project is financially feasible. Strength points of Abhinav dairy farm are quality of milk, location to nearby city and direct selling. Opportunities for this unit are widening of market, value addition and innovation in packing.

Assessing snowball effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Indian dairy sector

Dairy sector experienced supply setback as well as demand uncertainties owing to restrictive measures imposed for the control of COVID-19 pandemic. The present paper attempts to assess the multi-dimensional impact of pandemic on dairying by reviewing the emerging literature. The assessment shows that availability of feed and fodder declined by 11% during the initial months of lockdown making it the most affected supply chain. The dairy farmers incurred dual losses due to increase in cost of milk production (+6%) and simultaneous fall in milk prices (–5.6%). Major challenge for the dairy processors was posed by the fall in demand which declined steeply particularly for the ice-creams and milk based beverages. The estimated loss incurred by the dairy farmers is `4,000 per milch animal in the initial 40 days of lockdown which can further rise if losses due to missed artificial insemination and change in animal prices are also taken into account. Assessment of impact on the unorganized dairy sector is still unavailable without which the loss estimation from the perspective of milk buyers stands incomplete. Huge inventories of the Skimmed Milk Powder (SMP) are the immediate challenge which requires proper policy intervention for arresting further losses in the dairy sector.

Economics of milk production among different types of dairy farms in Kerala

The present study was carried out to study the variation in the cost of milk production among different types of dairy farms in Kerala. A stratified multistage random sampling procedure was used to select the area of study and respondents. The farmers/farm households were categorized into small or subsistence farms (1-3 cows), medium (4-10 cows), and large farms (more than 10 cows). When calculated on a milch animal basis, the average costs of production per litre of milk (cost B) were rupees 28.09, 28.49, 25.68, and 27.69 in small, medium, large and overall farms, respectively. The average costs/litre of milk after deduction of imputed family labour (cost A) were 19.93, 22.78, 24.93, and 21.81 in small, medium, large, and overall farms, respectively. It was observed that on the milch animal basis, the average cost/litre of milk (cost B) were 32.51, 34.29, 29.08, and 32.29 in small, medium, large, and overall farms, respectively. The average cost per litre of milk after deduction of imputed family labour cost (cost A) were 22.02, 26.33, 27.08, and 24.34 in small, medium, large, and overall farms, respectively. The present study indicated that the average cost of milk production in the state of Kerala was very high, and the milk price has to be regulated accordingly so that dairy farming becomes a lucrative livelihood opportunity for poor farmers.

Azolla as a Green Fodder Feed Supplent of Cross Breed Cows in District- Sehore (M.P.)

Background: Azolla is a floating fern also known as duck weed is belongs to the family Salviniaceae. Azolla is a good source of protein and contains almost all essential amino acids and minerals such as iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, manganese etc. Methods: In the present dairy business, the cost of milk production is increasing due to market based feed management and lack of green fodder. In the context of which, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, District- Sehore (M.P.) were conducted 20 no of trais in the field of farmers during 2014-15 and 2015-16. KVK, Sehore assessed the technology is Dry fodder 4 Kg/ Day/ Animal + Green Fodder @ 20 Kg/ Day/ Animal + 2 Kg Concentrate feed/Day/Animal for body maintenance alongwith additional 1 Kg Concentrate feed/Day/Animal in every 3 litre Milk yield + 50 gm mineral mixture/ Day/ Animal. Result: Under the assessed technology, farmers found 12.5 per cent milk enhancement in assessed technology 2 as compared to farmers practice (Assessed technology-1) and 26.04 per cent higher milk yield in assessed technology 3 as compared to farmers practice (Assessed technology-1) likewise 4.76 per cent enhance the fat per cent in assessed technology 2 as compared to farmers practice (Assessed technology-1) and 9.24 per cent enhance the fat per cent in assessed technology 3 as compared to farmers practice (Assessed technology-1).

Actual problems and priority areas of milk production in the Chuvash Republic

The article presents an analysis of milk production in the Russian Federation and the Chuvash Republic. The main problems and perspective directions are allocated. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the cost of milk production, an increase in prices for feed and mineral fertilizers. All this affected the milk yield and the growth rate of livestock in the territory of the Russian Federation and its subjects. Political situations in the world also continue to make adjustments in the pricing of dairy products.

Detection of virulence associated genes in Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis.

Mastitis is one of the most expensive diseases in the dairy industry. It causes heavy monetary losses by decreasing milk production and treatment cost. Streptococcus agalactiae, the cause of contagious bovine mastitis, possesses various virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution of virulence genes of S. agalactiae. In the current work, 98 Streptococcus species were isolated from 320 milk samples, collected from Veterinary Clinical Complex, Junagadh. Out of the isolates, 42 S. agalactiae isolates were used for virulence genes detection. All Streptococcus spp. were confirmed at genus level by targeting tuf gene, and S. agalactiae was identified at species level by targeting 16S rRNA gene. For virulence gene detection, scpB, cfb, and cylE genes were targeted. Of 42 S. agalactiae isolates, 15, 16, and 10 isolates possessed scpB, cfb, and cylE genes, respectively. This study aids us to know virulence characteristics and mechanisms responsible for the development of new strains in mastitis epidemiology in response to prevention and control strategies.

World and Domestic Trends in the Production of Dairy Products

In modern economic conditions, the dairy industry, on the one hand, belongs to the complex in both organizational and technological aspects of its components, and on the other hand, it is an industry that remains a leader in animal husbandry. The study is to consider current trends in dairy production, identify areas for increasing milk production in farms and identify practical recommendations for possible transformational changes in farms It is determined that the dairy industry is gaining more importance in the food systems of most countries. The productivity of cows by regions of Ukraine and at the international level in some countries was studied. It was found that the importance of increasing the production of all types of products, especially milk for the development of the livestock industry, and the dairy industry in the agri-food sector to provide the population with wholesome food. Problems that hinder the development of the industry are identified. A number of restraining factors in the development of the dairy industry have been identified, namely: low purchase prices, difficulties with capital construction and modernization of farms and premises due to unprofitable credit policies of financial institutions for farmers, low level of integration of dairy production and processing, low concentration of cows at enterprises, the use of traditional obsolete technologies in the production of raw materials and others. Thus, the dairy industry, both at the state level and worldwide, needs systematic further intensification and development. Reserves for improving the quality of milk, increasing production can be a system of measures to increase milk productivity of cows and reduce the cost of milk production. Leading measures in the future should be innovative approaches to the development of the industry, based on technology, advanced animal feeding systems, modern technical and technological support, the use of IT technologies, breeding and energy and resource conservation.

World and Domestic Trends in the Production of Dairy Products

In modern economic conditions, the dairy industry, on the one hand, belongs to the complex in both organizational and technological aspects of its components, and on the other hand, it is an industry that remains a leader in animal husbandry. The study is to consider current trends in dairy production, identify areas for increasing milk production in farms and identify practical recommendations for possible transformational changes in farms It is determined that the dairy industry is gaining more importance in the food systems of most countries. The productivity of cows by regions of Ukraine and at the international level in some countries was studied. It was found that the importance of increasing the production of all types of products, especially milk for the development of the livestock industry, and the dairy industry in the agri-food sector to provide the population with wholesome food. Problems that hinder the development of the industry are identified. A number of restraining factors in the development of the dairy industry have been identified, namely: low purchase prices, difficulties with capital construction and modernization of farms and premises due to unprofitable credit policies of financial institutions for farmers, low level of integration of dairy production and processing, low concentration of cows at enterprises, the use of traditional obsolete technologies in the production of raw materials and others. Thus, the dairy industry, both at the state level and worldwide, needs systematic further intensification and development. Reserves for improving the quality of milk, increasing production can be a system of measures to increase milk productivity of cows and reduce the cost of milk production. Leading measures in the future should be innovative approaches to the development of the industry, based on technology, advanced animal feeding systems, modern technical and technological support, the use of IT technologies, breeding and energy and resource conservation.

Incidence, risk factors and economic impact of clinical mastitis in dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The study aimed to investigate the incidence, risk factors and economic impact of clinical mastitis in an organized camel herd located at Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. Furthermore, bacterial pathogens were isolated and identified using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The overall annual incidence of clinical mastitis was 25%, with highest incidence in Bikaneri and Mewari breed followed by Kachchhi and Jaisalmeri breeds. Animals with high peak yield appeared at higher risk, though statistical significance could not be established for any risk factor included in the study. Highest incidence was recorded in camels falling in 4th or higher parity group. In 80% cases, only one udder quarter was involved, while in rest 20% cases, two udder quarters were involved. Quarter-wise incidence was maximum in right fore-quarter followed by left fore-quarter, right hind-quarter and left hind-quarter. Important pathogens identified included Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Bacillus clausii and Corynebacterium amylocolatum. Other isolates included Staphylococcus hominis, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Aerococcus viridians and Moraxella osloensis. The mean cost of clinical mastitis per animal per month was calculated as Indian Rs. 181.63 (~ US$ 2.45), while the mean cost per animal per annum was Indian Rs. 2179.29 (~ US$ 29.37). The maximum cost incurred in purchase of drugs (43.63%), followed by cost of discarded milk plus milk production loss (18.17%) and cost of veterinary services (17.03%). To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting economic impact of clinical mastitis in camel.

Cost and Returns of Milk Production Under Different Types of Dairy Farms in Kerala

Cost and Returns of Milk Production Under Different Types of Dairy Farms in Kerala

Economy coefficient and costs of raw milk production depending on the price of animal feed

Food costs are the highest costs in milk production so they need to be minimized. In large dairy farms, the total share of food in the cost structure ranges from 50-60%, while in small farms it is above 60%. By producing one's own voluminous food, the sustainable needs of animals and lower milk production can be met, while higher milk production requires the use of concentrated nutrients produced on one's own farm (corn, cereals). The purchase of ready-mixed feeds should be avoided because it is economically unjustified. Poorer quality and inadequate quantities (more or less than technological needs) in the diet of dairy cows have a direct effect on the amount of milk produced, and thus on income. The production of own fodder and its use greatly reduces the cost of milk because the internal factors of the farm's business determine the success of the business more than the selling price. The cost of food in the total cost of milk production participates from 44.50% in small farms that have a grazing system in the feeding, to 56.71% in Holstein cows in 2021. The share of concentrate in the total cost of feeding is from 55.80% in Holstein cows in 2020 to 71.23% in small farms with a grazing system in the feeding. The costs of production of corn silage in the feeding ratio in 2020. yaer amounted 0.0514 BAM / kg, and in the feeding ratio in 2021. Year 0.0433 BAM / kg. The price of concentrate in the feeding ratio in 2020. Year was 0.55 BAM / kg, and in 2021. Year 0.72 BAM / kg (1 BAM = 0,511 €) (1 BAM = 0, 59 $) The coefficient of economy is from 1.4920 in farms with up to 10 Simmental cows, to 1.8214 in larger Holstein cow farms.