Land Costs Research Articles

Effect of Land Area, Production Amount, Cost and Price on the Income of Vaname Shrimp Pond Farmers in Malaha Village, Samaturu District, Kolaka Regency

This study aims to determine the effect of land area, amount of production, cost and price partially and simultaneously on the income of vaname shrimp pond farmers in Malaha Village, Samaturu District, Kolaka Regency. This research method uses quantitative methods and data analysis methods using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study in the partial test showed that Land Area had a positive and partially significant effect on the Income of Pond Farmers with a value of Tcalculate (5,154) > Ttable (2,030), Total Production had a positive and significant partial effect on the Income of Pond Farmers with a value of Tcalculate (8,802) > Ttable (2,030), Cost had a negative and partially significant effect on the Income of Pond Farmers with a value of Tcalculate (2,837) > Ttable (2,030), and Price has a positive and partially significant effect on the Income of Pond Farmers with the value of Tcalculate (3,094) > Ttable (2,030). Meanwhile, the simultaneous test shows that Land Area, Production Amount, Cost, and Price have a significant effect simultaneously or together on the Income of Pond Farmers with a value of Fcalculate (119.172) > Ftable (2.63).

Home Development in Relation to Spatial Functions Infisherman’s House

The stilt house model is a very suitable form to be developed in coastal areas known to experience frequent flooding. In addition, the model is very flexible to create because it saves land and construction costs. In developing space that takes up the area under the house (underneath), the homeowners are different in their implementation but adapt to various things such as the economy, family needs, and space availability. This paper aims to determine the form of changes in the function of space due to the development of family needs related to the material used. Research using phenomenology methodology. The data collection techniques were through in-depth observation, interviewing the community, and distributing questionnaires. Data analysis techniques using descriptive and correlation. Correlation analysis aims to see the relationship between related variables, namely the function of the development space with the material used and the part being developed. After that, a discussion was held to see or relate it to previous research regarding the suitability or incompatibility with the research results. As a result, homeowners generally develop the house by closing the pit, starting from the middle to the back. Generally, the function of the additional space is for service activities. Generally, they also use brick materials, and from the correlation, there is a significant relationship between work, income, and development room. The conclusion is that the development of the kolong space is influenced by the action of residential space requirements due to physical growth and the development of the number of family members and is supported by the economic development of the homeowner.

A multinomial modeling approach to assess supplier delivery performance for buyer-supplier alignment

Purpose Untimely delivery of goods and services, especially in a post-COVID landscape, is a critical harbinger of end-to-end fulfillment. Existing literature in supplier delivery modeling is focused on penalizing suppliers for late deliveries built into a contractual transaction, which eventually erodes trust. As such, a holistic modeling technique focused on long-term relationship building is missing. This study aims to design a supplier evaluation model that analytically equates supplier delivery performance to cost realization while replicating a core attribute of successful supply chains – alignment, leading to long-term supplier relationships. Design/methodology/approach The supplier evaluation model designed in this paper uses delivery deviation as a unit of measure as opposed to delivery duration to enhance consistency with enterprise resource planning protocols. A one-sided modified Taguchi-type quality loss function (QLF) models delivery lateness to construct a multinomial probability penalty cost function for untimely delivery. Prescriptive analytics using simulation and optimization of the proposed mathematical model supports buyer–supplier alignment. Findings The supplier evaluation model designed herein not only optimizes likelihood parameters for early and late deliveries for competing suppliers to enhance total landed cost comparisons for on-shore, near-shore and off-shore suppliers but also allows for the creation of an efficient frontier toward supply base optimization. Research limitations/implications At a time of systemic disruptions such as the COVID pandemic, global supply chains are at risk of business continuity. Supplier evaluation models need to focus on long-term relationship modeling as opposed to short-term contractual penalty-based modeling to enhance business continuity. The model offered in this paper is grounded in alignment – a cornerstone of successful supply chain integration, and offers an interesting departure from traditional modeling techniques in this genre. Practical implications The results from this analytical approach offer flexibility to a supply manager toward building redundancies in the supply chain using an efficient frontier within the supply landscape, which also helps to manage disruption and maintain end-to-end fulfillment. Originality/value The model offered in this paper is grounded in alignment – a cornerstone of successful supply chain integration, and offers an interesting departure from traditional modeling techniques in this genre. The authors offer a rational solution by creating an evaluation model that uses penalty cost modeling as an internal quality measure to rate suppliers and uses the outcome as a yardstick for negotiations instead of imposing penalties within contracts.

Growth performance and physiological responses of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) under different carbohydrates supplemented biofloc aquaculture systems

Biofloc technology is booming in inland aquaculture sector across the world especially in the places where water scarcity is high and land cost is expensive. Currently, the lack of appropriate selection and application feasibility of suitable carbohydrate in water quality management and fish health in biofloc aquaculture system are the major concern for wider adaptability of the technology. Therefore, the present experiment investigated the effect of different carbohydrate sources on overall wellbeing of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings. The experiment was randomly designed in four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and one control in triplicates in indoor tanks (1.0 m3). T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups supplemented with tapioca flour, sugarcane bagasse, molasses and jaggery, respectively under biofloc system at C:N ratio of 15:1, whereas the control group was not supplemented with carbohydrate source. Pre-acclimatized 525 fingerlings (7.2 ± 0.03 cm, 7.4 ± 0.003 g) were randomly stocked (35 nos. m−3) in the tanks and reared for 90 days. Overall, better water quality, fish performance and health status were observed in all the carbohydrates supplemented treatments than the control. Higher abundance of heterotrophic bacteria (5.88–118.18%) and biofloc associated microorganisms in jaggery supplemented biofloc, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite‑nitrogen, and increased nitrate‑nitrogen concentrations than other treatments. In the T4 treatment, jaggery supplementation enhanced biofloc volume, which influenced enhancement of fish body weight gain, specific growth rate, and improvement of feed conversion ratio than other biofloc treatments. Enhanced gut microbial population and digestive enzymes activity in fish significantly enhanced protein efficiency ratio, apparent net protein utilization, and flesh protein content in the T4 treatment. Fish showed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher haematological, immunological, and improved antioxidative responses in the T4 treatment than other treatments. Consumption of biofloc significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved intestinal villi microarchitecture as higher villi surface area, width and height were detected in the T4 treatment. Collectively, the findings suggested that jaggery was the suitable carbohydrate source in terms of overall improvement of the culture system including growth performance and health status of P. hypophthalmus, if applied appropriately in biofloc aquaculture system. The present study comprehensively addressed carbohydrate sources, biofloc formation, total ammonia nitrogen management, fish growth and health resulting in better adoptability of biofloc technology by farmers in aquaculture.

Urban bird diversity conservation plan based on the systematic conservation planning approach - A case study of Beijing Ecological Cultivation Area

In China, especially in countries with state-owned land use rights, the loss of urban bird diversity due to rapid urbanisation can't be contained or ameliorated by equitably weighing the ecological and economic values of land. Climate change could further threaten urban bird biodiversity and ultimately lead to a “tragedy of the commons”. The Beijing Ecological Cultivation Area (BECA) is one such area that has suffered from low eco-efficiency due to climate change and chaotic management. There is a need to find more effective solutions for urban bird conservation to reduce the negative impacts of rapid urbanisation while avoiding wasting more conservation costs. For this purpose, the protection priorities for BECA based on 4 global future climate models (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) for the years 2041–2060, 56 species of local resident birds in the “Beijing Terrestrial Wildlife - Birds” were used as study subjects, which were identified through systematic conservation planning (scp) with combinatorial modelling (MaxEnt-Marxan). In addition, three scenarios were innovatively developed in Marxan with maximum respect for the original land use types. The eco-efficiency and eco-corridor of these three scenarios were compared and identified through ArcGis. The results of the survey show that 'Comprehensive Conservation' has the largest mean distribution area, with the results for RCP 2.6–8.5 being: 52.34%; 65.25%; 48.34%; and 45.42%. It had the highest spatial continuity, the lowest fragmentation, and the highest conservation efficiency. Moreover, We recommend a phased implementation of the conservation plans and and suggest planning options for three landform types: High-altitude mountain; Medium or Low-altitude shallow mountainous; and Water conservation areas. It is important to establish ecological corridors from the Huairou district’s northern part to the Yanqing district’s northeastern part and beyond. This paper quantifies the land costs, ecological values and human impact factors of the planning area in a comprehensive climate context with the theme of conserving urban bird diversity. This study aims to maximise the conservation benefits of urban bird diversity and to provide basic research for ecological conservation on state-owned land.

State of urbanization in Nepal: The official definition and reality

Nepali government's official delineation of several human settlements as new urban areas has been questionable because many important criteria such as urban infrastructure and services, open space, population density, and economic viability are not thoroughly analyzed while defining what is urban. Many settlements in Nepal officially defined as urban, often driven by political considerations, are operating in the rural framework forming ruralopolises. This paper analyzes various criteria needed for defining urbanization that are internationally accepted to assess Nepal's official definition of urban settlements. Urban areas have been expanding in Nepal at the cost of agricultural, forest, and shrubland land uses. We found that using the road as the main variable but keeping agriculture, forest, and shrubland constant, a one percent increase in road length will lead to an increase in the geographical area of urban settlements by 0.47 percent. Spatial visualization of urban expansion and road network clearly indicates that new urban areas that are radiating from the established large urban centers are expanding along the road network on land that is relatively flat with less than 15° slopes to the horizontal plane. In the mountainous region, undulated landscape, low-density population, and lack of road infrastructure, among other factors, have limited the expansion of urban areas. To develop a sustainable urban development plan, this paper detailed land use and land cover analyses of all seven provinces. Using 10 × 10 m sentinel satellite imagery, the paper presents analyses of land use and cover changes from 2017 to 2021. These years were chosen because rapid urbanization started after the promulgation of the new constitution in 2015. However, its implementation and state restructuring began only after 2017. The urban areas, as defined by the government, expanded rapidly in the Tarai and mid-Hills regions from 23 % in 2014 to 66.08 % in 2015.

Land tenure and cost inefficiency: the case of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation in Chile

This study aims to examine the impact of land tenure arrangements on production costs in a sample of rice farmers in Ñuble Region, Chile. A stochastic frontier model was estimated using the primal approach on a panel of 107 farmers in 2014-2015. Production cost was broken down into frontier costs and inefficiency. According to findings, economic inefficiency raises rice production costs by 82%. Technical inefficiency accounts for a 61% increase, while allocative inefficiency accounts for 21%. Across tenure types, land is the input with the highest misallocation, accounting for 93% of allocative inefficiency costs. Sharecropping is the arrangement allocating inputs most efficiently, producing significant differences in production costs relative to leasing and ownership. This finding suggests that before designing a policy to induce a tenure system, it is necessary to evaluate specific cases as there is no system superior to another, strictly speaking. Highlights: Economic inefficiency raises rice production costs by 82%. Technical inefficiency accounts for a 61% increase, while allocative inefficiency accounts for 21%. The sharecropping system stood out as the most efficient, with production costs 13.5% lower than the rental system and 3.4% lower than those of the ownership system. Sharecroppers have a higher incentive to exert more effort and complete all responsibilities more efficiently, which can cut down on or do away with the costs associated with supervision that are typical in wage labor systems.

Review: Factors That Can Contribute to Profit Maximizationin Real Estate

Profit maximization is a central business goal that can influence the strategies adopted by real estate developers, investors, companies, and sellers. Achieving profit maximization can ensure the continued sustainability of a real estate business and offer new avenues of progress and development within the real estate sector. Unfortunately, profit maximization remains a challenge in the UAE. The oversupply of homes in the UAE can diminish the potential for profit maximization and reduce the viability of real estate investments. It can also put the future of the sector at risk. Identifying the variables that impact real estate profitability can offer a solution to these challenges. Accordingly, this study reviews the factors that have an impact on real estate price levels in UAE and other countries. As per our findings, the key factors that impact profit maximization in real estate include GDP, inflation rate, financing methods, savings, Consumer Price Index, supply and demand ratio, land costs, construction costs, the sale of off-plan properties, buying capacity, and taxes and fees. We also offer suitable recommendations on the use of these variables for maximizing profit. Real estate developers, companies, sellers, and investors can attempt to integrate these variables in their pricing strategies for real estate and reap potential benefits. Keywords: Real estate, profit maximization, property market, real estate prices

Preference for multi-layered, flowering, woody streetscape plantings in a mediterranean-type climate

Urban vegetation provides many social and environmental benefits, yet integrating diverse vegetation into urban areas can be difficult due to spatial and financial constraints. Naturalistic streetscape plantings have gained popularity as a method to improve vegetation diversity without requiring additional land or maintenance costs. In temperate climates, these plantings are typically meadow-style and informed by research on people’s preferences. Yet in mediterranean-type climates, naturalistic plantings reflect shrub-dominated native vegetation, for which public aesthetic preferences are largely unknown. To address this gap we conducted an online survey in Perth, Australia where respondents (n = 985) rated their preferences for 32 computer-generated images of public streetscape, naturalistic, woody plantings that differed in structure (low (<1 m), mid, and upper (>2 m)), flower presence, foliage colour, and visual symmetry. These were compared to an image of low-input lawn, representing a typical local government-maintained streetscape. We also assessed how environmental worldviews, plant knowledge, demographics, and suburb scale tree cover influenced preferences. Naturalistic woody plantings were liked by 88%, and lawn disliked by 87% of respondents. The most preferred aspects of naturalistic plantings were multiple structural layers, flowers, and both green and grey foliage. Positive preferences for naturalistic plantings and dislike of lawn were stronger from respondents with pro-environmental worldviews, greater plant knowledge, and who resided in suburbs with higher tree cover. Therefore, we recommend naturalistic woody plantings as a publicly acceptable method to improve streetscape quality. Overall, this research provides insights into the nexus between social and ecological values of streetscape plantings for the planning and design of sustainable urban greening in a warming, drying mediterranean-type climate.

Electrical power harvesting enhancement of PV module by a novel hemispherical configuration

The energy generation demand from environmentally friendly sources is increasing rapidly nowadays. One of the most essential renewable energy systems in this regard is the photovoltaic (PV) module. However, this technology accompanies several limitations, including the ground footprint and tilt angle sensitivity. In this study, the PV module shape has been modified to enhance the productivity of the PV system. The proposed PV module with a hemispherical shape is established to reduce the land cost and provide a perpendicular PV area exposure to the sun all day to harvest sunlight and generate more power without any supporting system. Besides, the proposed hemispherical shape has advantages in aesthetic terms of the PV system to enhance the flat black shape of this technology. The current paper also attempted to develop a new design of a curved PV hemispherical shape that needed less land footprint than the traditional flat shape by 19%. The experimental results showed that the tilted 45° hemispherical PV module generated more power than the conventional tilted PV module by 5%–6% per day in summer. Besides, the power line behaviour was more likely to be as the power generated from the traditional PV module with a tracking system.

Expanding the coverage and accuracy of parcel-level land value estimates.

Planning for cost-effective conservation requires reliable estimates of land costs, spatially-differentiated at high resolution. Nolte (2020) provides a county-by-county, parcel-level estimation approach that dramatically improves estimates of fair market value for undeveloped land across the contiguous Unites States. Much undeveloped land of conservation interest is under threat of conversion to agricultural use or is already agricultural. This paper demonstrates the value of accounting for additional variables that affect agricultural productivity and demand for undeveloped land, as well as the benefit of modeling at scales corresponding to regional agricultural markets. We find that countywide median home value, climatic variables, and several parcel-level soil type variables contribute substantially to predictive power. Enlarging the set of predictors and the geographical scale of modeling improves accuracy by approximately 15 percent and, relative to a more restricted modeling benchmark adapted from Nolte (2020), extends coverage into 376 counties occupying 1.35 million km2. To assess the practical benefits of our modeling approach, we simulate the protection of 30 percent of US lands via government purchasing, modeled after the Biden administration's "30x30" initiative. Using our proposed modeling strategy, the purchasing agency saves approximately $15 million per year, or 4 percent of the USDA's annual land easement budget.

The Barriers in Adopting Sustainable Affordable Housing (SAH) Development: An Article Review

The insistence to have guidelines on Sustainable Affordable Housing (SAH) development has gained substantial courtesy in recent years due to the vast needs for affordable houses and increasing awareness of environmental concerns especially in most developing countries. The affordable housing development in Malaysia has been progressively improving since the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (11th Malaysia Plan) commencement, which focuses on increasing the affordability and accessibility of housing within low and middle-income groups, especially in urban areas. However, in order to achieve proper urban development, affordable housing must also be sustainable. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse the barriers in adopting SAH from the perspectives of developers, householders, and Governments. The objective of this study also is to draft out the barrier indicators pertaining to SAH development. This extended literature review research applied the Content Analysis Method which analysed 12 articles on the challenges of integrating affordable houses into sustainable houses by various authors in different countries and with diverse legislative practices. The findings consist of six (6) main barriers and thirty-seven (37) challenges from the perspectives of the main participants (developers, householders, and the Governments) of SAH development. The result revealed that the financial, expertise and technology, education, knowledge and awareness, accessibility and land use planning, enforcement and initiatives, land assessment, and land cost are the main barriers in implementing SAH development. The findings of this research will provide a comprehensive understanding of the limitations that hinder the widespread adaptation of SAH development initiatives. The future research will underscore the verification and validation of SAH development indicators from the main participants to initiate strategic planning on SAH developments. Ultimately, addressing the barriers will contribute to the realisation and potential of sustainable affordable housing options for all.

Spatiotemporal changes of coastal land use land cover and its drivers in Shanghai, China between 1989 and 2015

The coastal zone, an ecotone that provides vital diverse ecosystem services, is one of the most ecologically fragile and sensitive areas on the Earth. It has been strongly influenced by human activities and climate change. Thus, understanding the spatiotemporal changes of land use land cover in the coast is an essential prerequisite for the comprehensive evaluation of coastal ecosystems and the promotion of sustainable development. This study investigated the spatial and temporal changes of land use land cover in the coastal zone of mainland Shanghai by using high spatial resolution aerial images, and the associated driving factors obtained from statistical yearbooks between 1989 and 2015. Our results show that the total land area in the coastal zone exhibited an increasing trend at an annual rate of 7.6% on average. The coastal urban land use also experienced substantial increases, with the degree of urban expansion reaching 42.1% in 2015. The coastal urbanization was at the cost of natural and semi-natural lands. Nearly 64.4% of agricultural land, 24.4% of ocean area within the buffer, 84.9% of fresh water, and 92.8% of the tidal flat had been converted to urban land during 1989–2015. The gradient analysis of land use land cover change along the north-to-south coastal line revealed the spatiotemporal patterns of total land, urbanization degree, and natural and semi-natural lands. The majority of the socioeconomic factors influenced land use land cover change in the coastal zone, positively contributing to the increase of public facilities’ use of land, but negatively affecting the freshwater areas. These findings can provide insights for decision-making in the future for coastal land use land cover planning and management in Shanghai.

Hidden Champions

Large-scale housing estates were the most significant and largest single investments implemented in many municipalities in the post-WWII period. They were emblematic of modern urban development until criticism of modern housing became widespread and reached Western Germany in the wake of the fundamental socio-critical movements shaking Europe around 1968. This criticism primarily reflected the voice of middle-class academics, who fed it into the media as well as into the architecture and planning discourse, which continues to dominate to these days. We will argue that this criticism stands in the way of recognizing large-scale housing estates as important testimonies of post-WWII history worthy of preservation. In times of tight housing markets, this criticism also enables significant alterations to the estates’ urban fabric as well as densification to generate additional homes without incurring land costs. As a result, we currently risk even the outstanding examples being altered beyond their ability to function as cultural monuments. This paper combines literature, archive material and extensive surveys of large-scale post-WWII housing estates in the Frankfurt Rhine-Main region to trace the changing perception of this housing type over time and its implications for the formal listing process. Whilst the current German legislation allows for the best specimens of large-scale post-WWII housing estates to be listed but factors outside the professional field prevents the authorities in charge from doing so. At the same time the benefits of listing would extend beyond the realm of building preservation to include better acceptance within the general public and improved identification for the residents. Two examples from the Rhine-Main Region will exemplify the challenges related to the preservation of large-scale housing estates.

Oil Subsidy, Corruption Risk, Midstream and Downstream Oil Revenue in Nigeria: Problem, Prospects and Methodology

The exploratory research identified the problem and prospects on the oil subsidy corruption risk and downstream oil revenue in Nigeria. The study focused mainly on the revenue generated from oil refining, storing, marketing, distribution and sale of petroleum products with the purpose of investigating Nigeria’s oil subsidy payments and its effects on the growth of downstream oil revenue and finding out if the level of corruption affects the downstream oil revenue sustainability in Nigeria. It is revealed that the following factors could explain downstream oil revenue and models are conceptualized that landing cost of PMS, poverty index, demand for local consumption, refining capacity and official pump price global oil price and exchange rate variation are probable significant variables in determining the volume of oil revenue in the downstream sector in Nigeria. A quantitative study and methodology are recommended to evaluate the impact of fuel oil subsidy and corruption indices on the dependent variable (downstream oil revenue) with a view to predicting and forecasting a sustainable and dependable oil revenue in refining, storing, marketing and distribution of petroleum products in Nigeria

Analysis and evaluation of the bioclimatic productivity of agricultural land in Samara region

The article substantiates the need to take into account the climatic factor in the structure of the natural agro-potential of the territory and the assessment of agricultural land with the same degree of spatial detail as the soil cover. The method for estimating the standard yield based on a combination of a statistical forecast of production and simulation modeling of MPY (maximum possible yield) for grain crops has been implemented in this work. The paper also contains land appraisal and mesoclimatic zoning of the territory and considers the issues of using the results for assessing the suitability and cost of land, solving problems of land use and land administration.

Think Globally, Act Globally: Opportunities to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are a global public good, which makes it efficient to act globally when addressing this challenge. We lay out several reasons that high-income countries seeking to mitigate climate change might have greater impact if they invest their resources in opportunities in low- and middle-income countries. Specifically, some of the easiest and cheapest options have already been tapped in high-income countries, land and labor costs are lower in low- and middle-income countries, it is cheaper to build green than to retrofit green, and global targeting matters in integrated economies. We also discuss economic counterarguments such as the challenge of monitoring emissions levels in low- and middle-income countries, ethical considerations, the importance of not double-counting mitigation funding as development aid, and policy steps that might help realize this opportunity.

An Economic Analysis of Cost, Returns and Profitability in Production of Cashew Nut in South Goa District of Goa

Cashew is known as ‘Gold mine’ of wasteland because it can give high yield under any climatic conditions and soil condition with little or no maintenance. Due to its high nutritive value cashew is gaining importance among the health-conscious people both in domestic market and international market. Implementation of new technology and optimum utilization of resources will help the farmers to reduce the cost of production and to increase net returns. Cashew nut cultivation plays vital role in Cherishing and sustaining the momentum of rural development in study area. The study was conducted in South Goa district of Goa during the year 2023 and is based on both primary and secondary data collected from 100 cashew nut growers with the help of pretested personal interview scheduled from 5 villages selected randomly and the data was analysed using analytical tools. The results revealed that total establishment cost of cashew of marginal category is Rs 175320.67, small category is Rs 172541.83, semi medium category Rs 171890.83 and medium category is Rs 170401.34. Total annual cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) from 5th year onwards of marginal category was Rs 99512.45, small category was Rs 97091.63, semi medium category was Rs 95443.67 and medium farmer was Rs 93202.29. It Clearly reveals that cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) increases with decrease in farm size. It clearly indicates that in all the size groups average maximum cost was spent on hired human labour around (30.41%) followed by rental value of owned land (20.77%) and miscellaneous cost (20.50%). It shows that net returns were more in medium category (Rs 77072.72) followed by semi medium (Rs 70761.33), small category (Rs 62048.37) and marginal category (Rs 55487.55). Input-output ratio was found to be 1:1.56 for marginal farmers, 1:1.64 for small farmers, 1:1.74 for semi medium farmers and 1:1.83 for medium farmers. It inferred that the cashew nut production is profitable enterprise for medium farmer than semi medium, small and marginal farmers.

Massive Green Hydrogen Production Using Solar and Wind Energy: Comparison between Europe and the Middle East

This comparative study examines the potential for green hydrogen production in Europe and the Middle East, leveraging 3MWp solar and wind power plants. Experimental weather data from 2022 inform the selection of two representative cities, namely Krakow, Poland (Europe), and Diyala, Iraq (Middle East). These cities are chosen as industrial–residential zones, representing the respective regions’ characteristics. The research optimizes an alkaline water electrolyzer capacity in juxtaposition with the aforementioned power plants to maximize the green hydrogen output. Economic and environmental factors integral to green hydrogen production are assessed to identify the region offering the most advantageous conditions. The analysis reveals that the Middle East holds superior potential for green hydrogen production compared to Europe, attributed to a higher prevalence of solar and wind resources, coupled with reduced land and labor costs. Hydrogen production costs in Europe are found to range between USD 9.88 and USD 14.31 per kilogram, in contrast to the Middle East, where costs span from USD 6.54 to USD 12.66 per kilogram. Consequently, the Middle East emerges as a more feasible region for green hydrogen production, with the potential to curtail emissions, enhance air quality, and bolster energy security. The research findings highlight the advantages of the Middle East industrial–residential zone ‘Diyala’ and Europe industrial–residential zone ‘Krakow’ in terms of their potential for green hydrogen production.

Land and housing price increases due to metro effect: An empirical analysis of Santiago, Chile, 2008–2019

This research investigates whether properties near metro lines in Santiago, Chile, are sold for higher prices. To achieve this, a multiple regression analysis is carried out, considering fixed and temporal effects, comparing data within and outside a 1 km buffer zone around each metro station. The study focuses on three variables: (1) capitalization by landowners, (2) capitalization by apartment prices, and (3) a "land incidence" ratio, which is the proportion of land cost-to-apartment prices and acts as a proxy for residential density. The results indicate a positive correlation between metro proximity and capitalization by landowners and apartment prices, at 5.1% and 9.2%, respectively. However, the land incidence shows a negative correlation of − 11.8%, which suggests that apartment prices and residential densities increase more than land costs near metro stations. An approximate estimation also finds 23.5% higher premium to developers within the metro buffer zone, based on apartment prices, density, land cost, and average building cost. These findings support previous studies that show the positive impact of the metro on land and housing values. The study sees the influence of the metro in transforming Santiago's residential densities and private profits.