Environmental Protection Costs Research Articles

Exploration of Collaborative Design Practice and Potential Issues of Blockchain Technology in the Whole Process Project Management of Construction Engineering

With the development of social economy, urban planning has been paid more and more attention. At present, China is implementing low-carbon environmental planning in stages, stages and stages with the development goal of building two types of society, namely, national master plan and strategic development. This paper analyzes low-carbon environmental planning based on blockchain, then expounds the specific content of whole process project management, and completes the design of green building index system based on low-carbon environmental planning. At the same time, the design method of new dynamic structure and index system of green building is expounded. The comparative analysis shows that the material loss cost of the new environmental protection building engineering and index system is low, and the material utilization rate is high, accounting for more than 95%.

A Method for Calculating the Environmental Protection Cost of Cement Plants Taking into Account the Diffusion Characteristics of Air Pollutants

Abstract In recent years, China’s installed capacity of new energy has been continuously improved, and the problem of new energy consumption has become increasingly prominent. The cement load has considerable demand response potential and can effectively help absorb new energy sources, but its high emission characteristics limit the development of the cement industry. In this context, the establishment of a systematic and refined cement load emission cost model will be of great significance to improve the wind power absorption capacity and promote the low-carbon and environmentally friendly operation of the power system. In this paper, the emission characteristics of SO2, NOx, particulate matter and CO2 from the cement load are analyzed. according to the cement production process. Then, the air pollutant emission cost of the cement plant is described from the aspects of environmental protection tax and environmental protection supplementary cost, and the carbon emission cost of the cement plant is calculated by using the laddered carbon transaction cost model, and finally the emission cost model of the cement plant is constructed.

Новые возможности и новые риски устойчивого развития российской Арктики в условии климатических изменений

The Arctic climate has been changing dramatically in recent years. This external condition, on the one hand, increases the risk of sustainable development of the Arctic; on the other hand, in combination with the management factors of the Russian Federation’s Arctic zone, it provides new development oppor-tunities. Based on the authors’ methodology, the paper assesses the efficiency of sustainable development management of the Arctic by comparing the costs of environmental protection and the volume of pollutants entering the Arctic ecosystems. The study showed that, despite the growth of current expenditures on sustainable development management in the Arctic, their use cannot be considered fully effective and efficient: financial investments do not always lead to a reduction in pollution; investments in sustainable development are uneven and depend on the current conjuncture. Changes in the Arctic climate were assessed by comparing indicators for the period from 1971 to the present, characterizing air temperature, precipitation, snow cover, sea and river ice, permafrost, etc. The analysis revealed an accelerated growth of Arctic climate change indicators. The impact of climate change on new opportunities and new risks for the sustainable development of the Russian Arctic was determined on the basis of authors’ research and correlated with the opinion of authoritative Arctic researchers. Based on the results of the study, the positive and negative effects of the implementation of new opportunities for the Arctic territories in the context of climate change have been identified.

Horizontal ecological compensation standards based on ecosystem services flow

The determination of compensation standards is the core of horizontal ecological compensation (HEC). However, existing studies focused on the ecological value stocks of ecosystem services (ESs) within an administrative area but ignored their spatial mobility when determining standards, so the HEC policies had difficulty in achieving the desired goals. This study takes the upper-middle reaches of the Yangtze River as the study area, adopts the gravity model to calculate the ecosystem services flow (ESF) in the eight provinces of the area, and formulates a HEC standard accounting model to determine the compensation standards. The results show that there are inhomogeneous distributions of ESs supply and demand from 2005 to 2020. The ESs supply tends to decline, then increase, whereas the demand continuously increases. The total ESF volume from the ESs-providing areas (ESPAs) to the ESs-benefiting areas (ESBAs) first increases and then decreases. In 2020, Tibet, Qinghai, Chongqing, and Hunan are the ESPAs, with Qinghai obtaining the highest compensation standard of 308.56 million CNY and accounting for more than 50% of the total. The ESBAs include Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, and Jiangxi, among which Sichuan is the main source of HEC funds with payments of 375.79 million CNY. This study can provide theoretical references for improving HEC rationality, as well as resolving the contradictions between environmental protection costs and benefits externalities for large-scale regions.

Assessing the eco-intensity of industrialized regions in the context of economic decarbonization

Subject. This article discusses the peculiarities of the development of the Russian manufacturing industry focusing on environmental problems. Objectives. The article aims to rank the industrial regions of Russia according to the negative impact of pollutant emissions on the environment. Methods. For the study, I used the methods of statistical, index, and structural analyses. Results. The article singles out industrially developed regions, the indicators of which can indicate their transition to balanced development, which involves taking into account environmental factors. The reduction in environmental protection costs occurred in those regions where the negative impact of production enterprises on the environment was weakened. Relevance. The results of the study can be taken into account in the development of programmes aimed at improving the environmental safety in the industrial regions of Russia.

Multi-Objective Optimal Scheduling of Microgrids Based on Improved Particle Swarm Algorithm

Microgrid optimization scheduling, as a crucial part of smart grid optimization, plays a significant role in reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. The development goals of microgrids not only aim to meet the basic demands of electricity supply but also to enhance economic benefits and environmental protection. In this regard, a multi-objective optimization scheduling model for microgrids in grid-connected mode is proposed, which comprehensively considers the operational costs and environmental protection costs of microgrid systems. This model also incorporates improvements to the traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm by considering inertia factors and particle adaptive mutation, and it utilizes the improved algorithm to solve the optimization model. Simulation results demonstrate that this model can effectively reduce electricity costs for users and environmental pollution, promoting the optimized operation of microgrids and verifying the superior performance of the improved PSO algorithm. After algorithmic improvements, the optimal total cost achieved was CNY 836.23, representing a decrease from the pre-improvement optimal value of CNY 850.

Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Mitigation Actions in Greece: Quantitative Assessment and Public Perception

Appropriately designed and implemented climate mitigation actions have multiple co-benefits (yet some trade-offs cannot be excluded) that result in substantial social and economic value beyond their direct impact on reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions. Despite their wider acknowledgement by the research community, decision makers and the public have incomplete information on these multiple effects. This paper has a twofold objective: First, through analytical bottom-up approaches, it assesses, in quantitative terms, the macroeconomic effects and the public health benefits attributed to a variety of mitigation actions under consideration in the context of the Greek Energy and Climate Plan. Second, it investigates, through a social survey, how citizens perceive climate change and value these multiple impacts of mitigation actions, and to what extent they are willing to pay for them and support the adoption of policy measures aiming at the green transition of the Greek economy. We show that mitigation actions bring about significant health benefits, particularly in cities, and generate significant positive macroeconomic effects, particularly if mitigation actions focus on the decarbonization of the building sector and on the exploitation of local renewable sources. We also argue that most people do not realize that climate mitigation actions can have wider benefits for society, such as tackling energy poverty, improving public health, and creating new jobs. Unwillingness to pay tends to be the prominent attitude. People who are more reluctant to cover a part of the cost of environmental protection are less likely to perceive that climate change is one of the main challenges at global and national level and support the adoption of climate mitigation policies. In this context, the national strategy for climate change should focus on effectively informing and engaging the public in climate mitigation strategies, strengthening the public trust in government institutions, promoting mutually acceptable solutions with the local communities, and providing incentives for changing citizens’ behavior towards climate-related actions.

Financial assessment of the implementation of state policy measures in the field of environmental protection: macroeconomic aspect

In the current article, financial aspects of the state environmental policy in Russia at the present stage are observed. The authors study the scale of financial resources allocated for environmental protection at the macroeconomic level in the context of ensuring environmental safety. The review of periodical press materials allowed us to highlight the most pressing issues of eco-investment. When processing statistical data to conduct an analysis of the costs of implementing environmental measures and assessing dissipation of funds in the main categories of expenses, the authors used dyna mic and structural methods of economic analysis with determination of absolute and relative difference. A comparative method was implied in comparing retrospective information to monitor annual budget allocations for the needs of ecology alongside with the table method combined with the graphical one. The assessment of expenditures for environmental protection in Russia for 2017–2021 showed an annual stable growth with an almost twofold increase in the whole five years. A structural analysis in the context of environmental protection activities allowed us to identify the dominant cost items as the most significant in the implementation of state environmental policy. A comparative analysis of the unit costs of environmental protection in percentage of gross domestic product through international comparisons indicates the underfunding of this area by Russian state authorities. The limited amount of finance to ensure rational use of natural resources requires implementing principal measures in accordance with the main priorities of state policy in the field along with application of the most effective ecological and economic tools.

Analysis and Modeling of the Dynamics of Neutralized and Disposed of Industrial Production and Consumption Waste

The issues of modeling neutralized and disposed of waste from production and consumption of industrial production facilities are considered. The types of economic activities related to industrial production are considered: mining, manufacturing, supply of electricity, gas and steam;air conditioning. For these types of economic activity, statistical data on the volume of shipped products of own production, the volume of generated production and consumption waste, disposed and neutralized waste, and current environmental protection costs were analyzed. The general trends inherent in all types of economic activity under consideration, as well as the characteristic features of each of them, are revealed. Regression multifactorial models have been developed that reflect the impact of production volume and environmental protection costs on the amount of non-neutralized and non-utilized production waste.

Environmental financing: does digital economy matter?

Sustainable development and ecological restoration are a common goal pursued by countries around the world to mitigate the collision between economic growth and the environment. Digital economy has been rather instrumental in settling this type of conflict. The study is intended to identify the relationship between digital financing and environmental financing by assessing the specificities of their temporal and industry-specific dynamics, as well as to determine the side effects that the digital economy has in terms of current environmental investments and costs. The special attention is paid to the effect of the digital economy on both total environmental financing and its components, namely, environmental investment and current environmental protection costs. The authors come up with two indicators to evaluate the impact of the digital economy, these are digital financing (direct impact) and digital capital (indirect impact). To calculate these indicators, the authors’ own method is developed. The impact of the digital economy on environmental financing was tested using the least squares method with clustering of annual standard deviation and individual fixed effects. The research data were retrieved from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) of the Russian Federation for 2012–2022. Our findings show that digital financing exerts a significant positive effect on environmental financing, which indicates that two dynamic processes in the economy—digital transformation and introduction of advanced environmental digital technologies—are synchronized. The authors prove that digital investments stimulate a comparable increase in environmental investment due to the effects created by digital technologies penetrating into environmental protection technologies. We demonstrate that the level of digitalization of the population, companies and the state assessed through the digital capital index has a positive effect on environmental financing. The results of the study are of use in the sphere of public policy.

FEATURES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The successful functioning of any business entity in a complex and rapidly changing environment of the economy is determined by its competitiveness. A competitive entity is an organization that has a high value and demand for its products. Therefore, one of the most important conditions for business development and expansion is considered to be the correct accounting of environmental costs, along with the skillful Organization of the methodology for accounting for production costs and costing. This article reveals the need to study environmental accounting in modern conditions aimed at achieving the ultimate goal of any production in order to reduce the impact of environmental damage caused by industrial enterprises. The purpose of the article is to disclose the methodology of "environmental cost accounting", which reflects the relationship between economic costs and environmental protection costs, which allows ensuring the competitiveness and reliability of products. During the execution of the article, various research methods were used, including the dialectical approach, monographic research and graphic methods. The results and conclusions obtained from the study are highlighted by the degree of influence of companies on the effective organization of environmental activities of organizations, in addition to demonstrating the ability of companies to use rational methods of effective management of economic and environmental costs and the formation of cost. In the scientific article, the definition of the formation of the target cost is formulated, the importance and methods of environmental accounting are studied to determine the competitiveness of products and the impact of production on the environment.

Integrated cost accounting for quality and environmental protection in the context of sustainable development

ObjectivesPresentation of a modern approach to managing quality costs and environmental protection costs in the context of sustainable development requirements and actions taken in this area in the Polish economy.Material and methodsThe method of critical analysis of scientific literature in the field of quality cost management, environmental protection costs, and accounting was used. Induction and deduction methods were used. In the empirical part, research was conducted - interviews on the comprehensibility and usefulness of the integrated cost accounting for quality and environmental protection.ResultsThe article indicates that because traditional cost measurement accounts are characterized by low accuracy and low cost of measuring quality costs and environmental costs, it is reasonable to implement and use an integrated quality and environmental protection account, especially in the era of sustainable development requirements.ConclusionsThe added value of the article is an example of an integrated model of quality costing and environmental protection costs developed by the authors to be used in enterprises and the resulting conclusions from the conducted research, which can be a recommendation for practice.

ECOLOGIZATION MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL PRODUCTION IN THE CONTEXT OF USING THE POTENTIAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES

In today's conditions, the importance of the problem of environmentalization of social production is increased by the shortage of natural resources and will take on a threatening character in a few decades. Economic methods of regulation, transfer of processes of transformation of external costs into internal require consideration of the environmental component in the production costs of the enterprise, which includes environmental protection costs and part of the economic loss that is compensated through the system of environmental payments for pollution of the natural environment. The economic evaluation of natural resources is the conceptual basis of the paid nature use of enterprises of the branches of the national economy. In conditions of a certain limitation of natural resources, the main source of environmental aggression is actually political conflicts, although in most cases they have an economic origin. From the point of view of environmental management, political conflicts are considered as a struggle for possession of natural and other resources. Yes, conflicts have recently started to arise due to the lack of natural resources. Imperceptibly, but steadily, the importance of resource security is growing and, in our opinion, it will become dominant in 50–100 years, and will actually grow into national security. The growing rate of use of natural resources by the agricultural sector caused the problem of rational use, extended reproduction and preservation of natural resources. In the context of environmental management, the greening of social production must take into account the economic and social component. Based on our research, the harmonization of relations in the "society-nature" or "economy-ecology" system requires the orientation of the national economy to achieve optimal environmental sustainability of social production. If the state ignores microeconomic problems, it will not achieve stable macroeconomic indicators. And, as the experience of the developed countries of the world shows, the problem of establishing proper economic and legal responsibility is organically connected with the formation of the ecological and economic mechanism of nature management, and hence the direction of transformational processes.

Государственная политика ресурсосбережения в Российской Федерации

The problems of sustainable development, the development of a resource-saving economy, and a closed-cycle economy are becoming increasingly relevant for the Russian Federation, as a state whose economy accounts for a significant volume of its raw materials sector. The stable state of the extractive industry enterprises, the continuing internal and external demand for natural resources of our country reinforce the need for the formation and implementation of a balanced macro- and meso-economic policy of resource conservation, financial and investment support for extractive and processing enterprises for the implementation of environmental and environmental programs, as well as further development and improvement of economic tools for managing resource conservation processes. The problem of resource conservation is complex and its solution is impossible without the participation of the state and business. The significant role of the regions of Russia and its subjects in solving issues and problems of resource conservation on the ground is also noted. The proposed relevance of the study determined its purpose and objectives, research methods and approaches to its implementation. The research methodology is a combination of general scientific research methods — analysis, synthesis of the information received, interpretation of data. The study uses data from statistical observation of current (operational) environmental protection costs in the Russian Federation, posted on the official website of the Federal Statistics Service. The article presents statistical data on the volume of extraction of raw materials in Germany. The method of economic analysis is logically defined as the main research method. In modern Russian economics, in general, the composition of economic instruments for managing resource-saving processes has been formed. The main economic tool for managing resource-saving processes on the part of the state are government subsidies to the regions of Russia. A significant contribution to protective and environmental measures is also made by business entities, primarily corporate business.

Decomposition of industrial SO2 emission in China with firm entry and exit

The difficulty of the sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution control task has deepened step by step in recent years, while the marginal cost of environmental protection in China has also been higher. Therefore, it is necessary to study the main impact factors of China's industrial SO2 pollution. Based on China's Industrial Environmental Statistics Database from 2004 to 2013, this paper extends the Index Decomposition Analysis (IDA) with firm entry and exit to conduct a micro-level decomposition study. The industrial SO2 emission in China is decomposed into scale effect, composition effect, firm growth effect, and firm selection effect. Also, we use the Dagum Gini coefficient to analyze the spatial differences of firm growth effect and selection effect between the eastern, central, and western regions in China. This paper finds that the main contribution of industrial SO2 emission control in China is the firm growth effect, which was −103% between 2004 and 2013. And the second largest contribution term is the firm selection effect, which is −18%, while the composition effect is −15%. In terms of temporal patterns, the size of the firm growth effect shrinks as time grows, and the composition effect changes from negative to positive after 2009. For spatial difference analysis, the Dagum Gini coefficient of technique effect and firm growth effect between different regions have become smaller and smaller over time, while the spatial differences of firm selection effect between regions remain unchanged.

Gender Differences in Pro-Environmental Behavioral Intentions, Environmental Values, Tolerance of Environmental Protection Cost, and Confidence in Citizen Participation in Environmental Policies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan

Gender Differences in Pro-Environmental Behavioral Intentions, Environmental Values, Tolerance of Environmental Protection Cost, and Confidence in Citizen Participation in Environmental Policies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Taiwan

Long-term prediction for railway track geometry based on an optimised DNN method

Railway transportation becomes increasingly important due to the rapidly emerging needs of global trade, environmental protection, and high oil costs. Thus, railway infrastructure companies are required to provide higher reliability and safety for railway transportation. With the fast development of computer science, Deep Neural Network (DNN) models are developed for track geometry prediction to improve the efficiency of track maintenance. However, existing DNN models are still not widely adopted by railway companies because they are often needed to be re-programmed intensively by experienced engineers for customization. Therefore, an optimised DNN model using the Random Search algorithm is developed in this paper for track geometry prediction. The track longitudinal level measured for 2 years on a monthly basis is used to train and validate the prediction model. The results show short-term and long-term prediction accuracy of the optimised DNN model are both high while the customization time is shortened. The growth pattern and the location characteristics of track geometry can be predicted and the maintenance effect can be considered. The prediction results can advise the time and locations for track maintenance.

Creating a comprehensive mechanism of financial and economic incentives for environmental investments as an imperative for sustainable growth of the Russian economy

Subject. We consider progressive tools and mechanisms to stimulate environmental investment. Objectives. The study aims, in the context of the global ESG agenda, to underpin the need to create and give a theoretical idea of decomposition of a comprehensive mechanism for financial and economic incentives for environmental investment, in the interests of progressive growth of total factor productivity (TFP) and sustainable development of the Russian economy. Methods. We employ traditional methods of cognition (analysis and synthesis, analogy, generalization, combination of historical and logical, etc.), and multivariate regression analysis. Results. The study proves the need to create a comprehensive mechanism of financial and economic stimulation of environmental investment in Russia, which optimally combines methods of State support with market instruments of its regulation, incentives, and responsibility. Particular attention is paid to financing environmental protection costs in Russia during 2005–2021. Based on the best practices of the world’s leading economies, we give recommendations on creating a comprehensive mechanism to encourage environmental investments in Russia. Conclusions. A comprehensive mechanism of financial and economic incentives for environmental investment should be focused on mitigating the negative environmental impact of industrial activity as a whole, maximizing the involvement of waste resources in economic turnover, reducing environmental pollution. The findings can be used by public authorities and management to formulate investment strategy.

NOx reduction over catalysts with inborn resistance to multipoisons

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NH3 is a widely used technology for eliminating NOx, but alkali metals, heavy metals, SO2, and other flue gas contaminants can drastically reduce the service life of catalysts and increase the cost of environmental protection. This study demonstrates that the TiOSO4/CeO2 catalyst exhibits natural resistance to multipoisons for NOx reduction. Despite being poisoned with 1 wt% K2O and 3 wt% PbO, the catalyst retained a NOx conversion rate of over 95% across a wide temperature range of 225–450 °C and showed excellent tolerance to SO2. The catalyst's interfacial structure is composed of cross-linked TiO6-SO4-Ce-O units. When K&Pb were deposited on the TiOSO4/CeO2 catalyst, the SO42- ions distributed on the catalyst surface preferentially combined with K&Pb to protect the Ce active sites. Additionally, the cross-linked TiO6 layer structure on the catalyst surface effectively blocked the adsorption of SO2. This anti-poison strategy enhances NOx reduction and resistance by modifying intrinsic active sites, rather than constructing additional sacrificial sites traditionally. These findings have significant implications for the development of effective NOx reduction catalysts with excellent resistance to multipoisons for practical applications.

Is it worthwhile to implement the reform in green GDP accounting?---- Analysis From an ARMA-based Model

Compared with the internationally accepted national income accounting method, green GDP takes environmental governance and protection costs into account economic indicators, which is of great significance to the new era of sustainable development. On the premise of comprehensive consideration of economic and environmental benefits, we predict the green GDP growth curve after the reform through the time series method. We find that the reform of accounting methods can indeed promote sustainable development and have a more positive impact on economic development itself.