Cost Of Energy Resources Research Articles

The development of energy saving measures as a basis of ensuring energy efficiency in higher education institutions in healthcare of Ukraine

The implementation of efficient energy management systems (EnMS) to meet the requirements of ISO 50001 is an urgent problem, taking into account the aggravation of the issue of energy supply and energy saving in the country, especially in the conditions of martial law. The main issue facing higher education institutions (HEIs) of Ukraine when creating rational activities for the use of energy resources is the implementation of an energy management system to meet the requirements of DSTU ISO 50001:2020. The main problems faced by all HEIs now are revision of legislation, rising prices and cost of energy resources, high inflation, frequent exchange rate changes. EnMS will allow each institution to monitor energy consumption and provide an opportunity to develop and implement effective energy saving projects. Aim. To theoretically substantiate and propose practical energy saving measures for a higher education institution (HEI) in the healthcare sector of Ukraine within the framework of the implemented energy management system. Materials and methods. The research materials were data from scientific publications, statistical reports and the results of own research, in particular measures for the energy modernization of electric lighting in public areas of educational buildings of HEI. Such scientific methods as the method of content analysis, comparative analysis, the method of generalization and systematization of information, as well as the methods of mathematical and statistical calculations were applied. Results and discussion. The calculation of electricity costs and savings for lighting public areas of all educational buildings of HEI of healthcare of Ukraine has been carried out, and the need for lighting equipment has been formed. The total electricity savings during the energy modernization of lighting in educational buildings of HEI of healthcare of Ukraine and the total economic efficiency from the electricity savings have been calculated. It has been found that the energy efficiency during the energy modernization of lighting in the educational buildings of HEI is 25,126 kWh/year, and the total economic efficiency from electricity savings is 69,600 UAH/year. Conclusions. Energy saving measures have been proposed as part of the implemented energy management system, which will make it possible to significantly save electricity and reduce the financial costs for its purchase and distribution. This, in turn, will allow HEI to form its own general energy supply strategy aimed at improving both energy efficiency and overall operational efficiency.

ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ЕКОНОМІКИ: МОЖЛИВОСТІ ІМПЛЕМЕНТАЦІЇ ЗАРУБІЖНОГО ДОСВІДУ

The author’s definition of energy efficiency of the economy has been proposed in the article. The main indicators of energy efficiency, which determine the rating of Ukraine among other countries of the world, have been analyzed. It is emphasized that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine and the full-scale war significantly affected the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy due to the destruction of many energy infrastructure facilities. Attention is focused on the need to organize a systematic and standardized increase in the efficiency of the use of energy resources in domestic production systems. Based on the use of statistical information of the World Economic Forum, the indicators of energy saving efficiency of the countries of the world and their rating have been given. The foreign experience of using modern smart technologies and the main tools for ensuring energy efficiency of the economy have been studied. The authors stress that energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of energy consumption. The growing world population and rapid economic growth lead to increased energy consumption. However, many countries face challenges related to limited resources and growing energy dependence. Energy efficiency can help reduce dependence on energy imports and provide a more sustainable and efficient economy. The expediency of implementing modern technologies and tools of ensuring energy efficiency as a factor in the future revival and development of the economy of Ukraine has been proven. It has been substantiated that in modern conditions, Ukraine needs to change the policy of energy consumption and energy supply as soon as possible, maximizing the consumption of fuel and energy resources, which the country is rich in (coal, nuclear fuel, renewable sources), and accordingly reducing the consumption and import of natural gas - the most expensive and scarce resource. It is noted that in order to ensure the energy efficiency of residential construction, it is necessary to lay down energy-saving technologies and new energy-saving methods at the design stage. The introduction of martial law and full-scale war significantly affected the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy due to the destruction of many energy infrastructure facilities. A decrease in energy efficiency can have serious consequences for the country’s economy, in particular, an increase in the cost of energy resources, a decrease in the competitiveness of enterprises, and a threat to the stability of electricity supply to the population and industry. The destruction of energy infrastructure facilities, such as power plants, transformer substations, gas pipelines and oil pipelines, can lead to a decrease in energy production capacity and a deterioration in the quality of supply. This can cause problems with electricity supply, heating, education, maintenance of industrial enterprises and infrastructure. In connection with the explosion by the russian occupiers of the Kakhovskaya HPP, the Ministry of Energy initiates the decision to increase electricity imports from the EU to 2 GW. On the other hand, military actions on the territory of Ukraine may lead to a decrease in investments in the field of energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources, priority is given to military needs and the restoration of damaged infrastructure.

Economic Aspects of Final Energy Consumption in Ukraine: Prospects of Implementation of the Positive Experience of the European Union

The lack of a proper system for the use of energy resources is a nationwide problem in Ukraine. Payment for the consumed services for energy carriers mainly formed according to “consumption rates”, which can significantly ex-ceed the actually received amount of services and leads to an unjustified in-crease in the cost of energy resources. All this requires a search for new tools to stimulate energy intensity, effective accounting of the total volume of ener-gy consumption and the introduction of the best foreign experience in the field of energy saving in Ukraine. The analysis of energy consumption in the coun-try made it possible to identify the existing problems that subsist in the energy sphere today and provided an opportunity to propose ways to eliminate imbal-ances. The proposed methodology makes it possible to build models for estab-lishing the relationship between energy intensity and final energy consump-tion in Ukraine. Evaluation of foreign European experience makes it possible to implement the most necessary reforms and measures in domestic practice to improve the sphere of energy consumption.

Шляхи зменшення різнотовщинності товстолистового прокату

The purpose of the work is to develop scientific and technical proposals for reducing the longitudinal and transverse thickness variations of thick sheets when rolling on thick sheet mills. In recent years, there has been a constant increase in the cost of energy resources and increased competition between producers of rolled steel. Therefore, increasing the efficiency of the sheet rolling process by reducing the thickness variation and reducing the consumption coefficient is an urgent task. The Iron and Steel Institute of Z. I. Nekrasov National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine investigated the possibility of solving this problem in the conditions of one of the 3600 plate mills. Experimental and analytical studies of the formation of longitudinal and transverse thickness variations in thick sheets were carried out. The well-known fact has been confirmed that the main factor in the formation of longitudinal thickness variations is the fluctuation of the rolling force. Sheets produced on the 3600 mill have an average longitudinal thickness variation of 0.35-0.58 mm (the weighted average value for the entire assortment is 0.52 mm). The main factors influencing the transverse thickness variation are roll deflection, flattening of work rolls in contact with the strip, and roll wear. The average transverse thickness variation is 0.10-0.35 mm (the average for the assortment is 0.25 mm). The influence of the mass of the assembly batch of sheets on the wear of work rolls and, accordingly, the cross-sectional profile of the sheets was experimentally established. As a result of the research, three directions for solving the problem of reducing the variation in thickness of sheets were proposed: 1) regulating the allowance for the thickness of rolled products, taking into account actual data on the longitudinal variation in thickness of sheets by assortment groups; 2) implementation of an expert system for correcting the specified final thickness of sheets on the computer of the finishing stand regulator; 3) ensuring optimal values of convexity of the transverse profile of sheets. In order to reduce the convexity of the cross-section of the sheets, an experimental study was carried out on the use of convex work rolls in the finishing stand instead of rolls with a cylindrical profile. This ensured a decrease in the average convexity of the cross-sectional profile of the sheets from approximately the average initial level of 0.25 mm to the expected 0.15 mm and, accordingly, an increase in the yield of suitable by 0.3%, as well as a decrease in the waviness of the sheets. It is recommended to introduce convex work rolls into continuous operation in the finishing stand of thick-sheet condition 3600 (convexity of the upper roll is 0.15 mm, the lower one is 0.10 mm).

Foreign trade relations of Ukraine AND China: current state and development prospects

The war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine changed the world, caused many risks and threats, caused turbulent processes in the political, economic and security sectors, and the consequences of this war are now difficult to predict. Russian aggression has intensified conflicts in the modern world, worsening socio-economic conditions in the regions and around the world. In particular, the crisis in the food market, which led to an increase in the cost of energy resources, caused an increase in the price of consumer goods and, as a result, a significant impact on the level of well-being of the population of many countries around the world. At the same time, inflation has increased all over the world. Today, friendly relations between China and Ukraine are in a difficult state. If the Sino-Ukrainian trade and economic and other spheres of cooperation have developed rapidly over the past thirty years, there is hope that these countries will actively cooperate not only in the field of trade over the next thirty years. China and Ukraine are the two main economies of the world. Ukraine is one of the most important countries supporting the Belt and Road. In December 2013, it actively responded to China's proposed Belt and Road initiative and became the first country in Europe to express its support. Ukraine is an important country of the «Belt and Road» to Europe, as it is located in the eastern part of Europe, connecting Europe and Asia. Ukraine has always sought comprehensive, multifaceted cooperation with China. In recent years, the two countries have made significant progress in the areas of investment, infrastructure, agriculture, energy and high technology. Since 2019, Ukraine has had the largest trade partner with China. The political situation and the covid-19 pandemic have significantly affected trade between the two countries, causing trade to plummet and stagnate in some areas. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, the two countries can strengthen strategic coordination and optimize trade policies, increase cooperation in various fields, especially in hightech sectors, and comprehensively increase trade volumes. This essay examines the current state of Sino-Ukrainian economic and trade cooperation, examines its features, and examines the prospects for the future development of this cooperation in the light of current international circumstances.

Justification of the power of the heat pump used in the cooling system of the steam turbine condenser of the CCGT-CHP

THE PURPOSE. Determination of the permissible power of the heat pump (HP) used in the cooling system of the steam turbine condenser for a thermal power plant (TPP) based on double-circuit combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT).METHODS. Mathematical modeling of the operating modes of a heating CCGT with a HP in the cooling system was used as a research method. The research was conducted using statistical data on technical parameters and economic indicators of CCGT-450, for climatic and market conditions of St. Petersburg. The research of the most characteristic modes of operation of the main power equipment, in the annual context, was carried out. The maximum permissible capacity of the HP, from the point of view of the organization of stable heat supply to the consumer, available low-potential resources and breakeven operation of TPP in the electricity market was determined.RESULTS. It was found that lowpotential energy resources in the cooling system of the steam turbine condenser are formed in significant volumes and the thermal power of the consumer is consistently high, including in summer. Therefore, market restrictions related to the break-even operation of TPP in the wholesale electricity market are the most essential condition determining the permissible level of HP power. It was found that for the object of study, with an average annual electrical capacity of 650 MW, the maximum power of the HP is 160 MW.CONCLUSION. The main factors limiting the permissible level of HP power were analyzed using the example of a real power facility. A direct connection between the maximum capacity of the HP and external economic conditions, as well as the level of energy efficiency of the TPP equipment was established. This approach can be used to select and justify the HP capacity regardless of the location region, the type of power system, the cost of energy resources, market conditions, as well as the type and characteristics of the equipment used.

The impact of the technical decisions made in the operation of energy systems in Tashkent city

PURPOSE. Development and testing at a real facility of an integrated approach to the modernization of heat supply systems, taking into account the introduction of modern energy-saving technologies to reduce costs and optimize the processes of generation and consumption of thermal energy.METHODS. During the study, a comprehensive analysis of the performance of all parts of the system was carried out: instrumental measurements were made, information was collected on the parameters of the system for the last two heating-winter periods.RESULTS. Modernization of an outdated heat supply system to increase the efficiency of its operation in all elements of the system (source - heating network - consumer). The achieved practical significance today lies in the development of several measures to regulate the operating mode aimed at switching from an open heat supply system to a more efficient, closed one by equipping consumers with individual heating points, as well as optimizing the processes of generation and consumption of thermal energy.CONCLUSION. Modernization of the existing heat supply system from the boiler house under study will optimize the processes of generation and consumption of thermal energy, reduce the cost of energy resources used. The developed concept of the development of the object under study can be applied to similar facilities not only in the Republic of Uzbekistan, but also throughout the Russian Federation, as part of programs to improve the efficiency of morally and physically obsolete energy systems.

УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ПРОМИСЛОВИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ

The work shows the main features of the management of industrial enterprises' energy saving potential. Taking into account the significant increase in the cost of energy resources for the last time the use of the energy saving potential of industrial enterprises is a promising and quick way to reduce energy consumption, and, accordingly, the energy consumption of products. Such approach allows increasing profitability of the company, decreasing environmental pressure on the environment, using internal reserves of the company for optimization of its work. The definition of the concept of the potential of energy saving of the industrial enterprise is substantiated, approaches to its definition are considered. It is required to determine the potential of energy saving of the enterprise in thermal units. 
 One of the effective directions of energy saving is the use of the potential of electricity. Indirect combustion of primary energy resources is currently unreasonable. One of the ways to reduce the consumption of natural gas, the price of which has increased dramatically, is the use of heat pumps. These devices allow pumping thermal energy from the air, soil or water while consuming 3...5 kW of thermal energy per year for production close to 1 kW of electric energy per year. 
 The results of the real energy audit of the industrial enterprise are reviewed, and the cost of heat energy units generated from various sources is given. A set of economically sound measures of energy saving to be implemented in the enterprise was suggested. Net present value and environmental effect from implementation of the particular approach are determined. The value of the discount coefficient for calculations of economic feasibility of the measures was substantiated. Absolute and relative optimal energy saving potentials for all measures were calculated. The optimal limit value of the energy saving potential of 10% at values above which the energy saving measures should be implemented.

A WAY TO REDUCE THE COST OF ENERGY RESOURCES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC «INVERTER», ORENBURG

This article sets the goal of reducing the cost of energy resources for the production of products, describes in detail the proposed technology, and also conducts an economic calculation of the effectiveness of this proposal. This work presents an opportunity to introduce technology to reduce energy costs for industrial production.

Comparative analysis of straight grate machines and combined facilities grate-tubetype kiln-cooler for selection technologies of pellets production

At present, mainly straight grate machines (SGM) and combined facilities grate-tube-type kiln-cooler (GKC) are used for heat-strengthening induration of iron ore pellets. Their total share in the produced iron ore pellets in the world accounts for 93%, of which SGM takes 60% and GKC – 33%, which speaks about high efficiency of both methods of induration. At the same time, when making decision on construction a pelletizing plant, a question of selection of most effective technology of iron ore pellets production by SGM and GKC often arises. Results of comparative analysis of efficiency of technologies of iron ore pellets production by SGM and GKC presented. Features of various ore types pellets induration considered as well as possibilities of ensuring the required quality of finished pellets at application for induration SGM and GKC. Data on maximum productivity of the considered induration facilities, amount of dust, fines formation, emissions of harmful substances into environment and electric energy consumption presented. Importance of a possibility of accounting of fuel type selection, of heat expenses for heat treatment, of expenses for maintenance, capital and operation costs were noted. It was shown that choice of a particular variant of technology should be done at the stage of elaboration feasibility study accounting existing experience of facilities running, availability of fuel types, cost of energy resources, climate zone and assembling solutions.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENT PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OF AN APARTMENT BUILDING IN UKRAINE

The purpose of this article is to analyze the efficiency of management of an apartment building in the context of energy efficiency. The article describes the conduct of an energy audit for apartment buildings, which allows a thorough assessment of this problem and identify optimal ways to save energy resources by apartment buildings. Energy audit is a special examination of residential buildings or enterprises, conducted by specialized specialists in energy certification of buildings to determine their technical condition and energy efficiency. Methodology. Within the framework of this article, the results of a sociological survey conducted among the heads of condominiums to analyze the level of their interest in the implementation of energy efficiency measures were analyzed. The value of the cost of 1 apartment for the implementation of the energy modernization project is calculated. Currently, "energy efficiency" and "energy saving" are extremely popular in Ukraine, due to the following: increasing the cost of energy resources;limited financial capacity of vulnerable groups to pay for services. Results of the survey showed an insufficient level of implementation of energy-saving technologies, although the level of interest of apartment building heads is very high. The development of energy efficiency programs for an apartment building is carried out not only taking into account the necessary priority measures, but also based on the financial capacity of the co-owners of the apartment building. The reason for the insufficient implementation of energy saving measures is the insufficient financial capacity of co-owners and, as a consequence, the apartment buildings themselves. State support for the implementation of energy efficiency in the management of apartment buildings has been studied in detail. It is concluded that large-scale involvement of apartment buildings in the implementation of energy efficiency programs is constrained by the following problems: insufficient funding; insufficient state support for project financing; distrust of co-owners to the effectiveness of the project; unsatisfactory condition of the apartment building, which requires significant financial costs. The growth rate of the number of condominium applications shows an increase in public confidence in the Program. However, they are not enough to talk about launching large-scale energy modernization of multi-apartment housing. Financial support of local authorities to their residents in the implementation of energy saving measures will contribute to even better results.

RESEARCH OF CENTRIFUGAL GRINDER GRANTS

The processes of grinding dry and wet dispersed materials are common in alcohol, beer, sugar, meat, bakery, feed, chemical and a number of other industries, as well as in construction. Relevant for these processes, especially recently, in connection with the rise in the cost of energy resources, is the problem of reducing energy costs during their implementation, subject to high productivity, sufficient degree and uniformity of grinding and moderate cost of equipment for the process. The article proposes scientifically substantiated dependencies for calculating the minimum required electrical power of an experimental industrial grinder, which is considered as a replacement for hammer crushers, when used to grind wet grain of wheat, rye or corn and ensure the specified performance, taking into account the daily volume of raw materials processed at the enterprise. as well as the permissible degree of its refinement. In particular, equations were obtained to determine the power consumption for bringing the raw material in the grinder into rotary motion, for the friction between the grains of the raw material and the grinder discs, as well as the internal surfaces of its working chamber, for the friction between the grains themselves, the power required for grinding. The electric power of the grinder, the effective efficiency (41%) and the total efficiency (14%), by which it is superior to hammer crushers, have been calculated. In this work, based on the theory of contactless hydraulic seals, the analysis of possible trajectories of the particles of the processed raw materials in the working chamber of the grinder (grains of wheat, rye or corn moistened with water) is carried out, the forces acting on the particles of the raw material in the process of their movement from the axis of the grinder to the periphery of the working chamber are determined, as well as the analysis of the interaction of particles during their grinding, based on the theoretical provisions of the mechanics of quasi-solid and quasi-liquid bodies.

An analysis of effectiveness of air heat pump operation dependent on change of external air temperature

Currently, air-to-water heat pumps are more widely used, which due to the high coefficient of performance reduce energy consumption and negative impact on the environment. They decrease the dependency on costs of energy resources. The work is devoted to solving the urgent problem of improving the efficiency of air heat pumps at low temperature of outdoor air in winter. One of the main problems of an air heat pump is the reduction of productivity when the outdoor air temperature decreases in winter. In this paper, the effectiveness of LG Therma V air-to-water heat pump to provide apartments with heating and hot water supply was analyzed. The heat pump is reversive, which can cool or heat a heat carrier. A four-way valve swithes the coolant flows between air exchangers. On the basis of the obtained results, plots of effectivness of the heat pump dependent on outdoor air temperature are built. It is shown that the effectiveness of the heat pump significantly depends not only on the outside temperature but also on the water temperature at the outlet of the heat pump. The use of heat pumps with a high coefficient of performance can significantly reduce energy costs. The most effective are low-temperature heating systems, in which the water temperature does not exceed 45 °C. The example is floor heating, which requires very low temperature of the floor surface – up to 30 °C. At outdoor air temperature not less than milnus 7 °C the heat pump is effective at higher temperature off heat carrier at output – up to 55 °C. To provide the uninterrupted heat supply, an additional air heater is included. It covers heat load during defrosting and very low outdoor air temperature. On the basis of the conducted researches, the directions of the further experimental and field researches are planned.

The cost load regulation and management of electrical energy by directions of impact on the components of total price

The issues of optimizing regional pricing are especially acute for the Kaliningrad Region due to its exclave features. At the same time, the cost of energy resources has become one of the main issues in making managerial decisions. Recently, the so-called Technoparks have become one of the new forms of organizing the production process in a certain branch of industry, or a process that is at the junction of several branches. There are a variety of descriptions of the indisputable advantages of this work format for a specific technological process, however, the possibilities in the field of reducing the costs of consumed energy resources that arise with such a local siting of production are not discussed that often. According to the authors of the article, based on the structure of the tariff, it is possible to classify methods of reducing the cost price by the impact on the components of the final cost of energy supply services. It should be noted that the classification sign of saving methods will be precisely the component of the tariff, while the methods themselves can be aimed both at reducing the price expression of each component of the tariff and at the volume of services for this component. The authors have also identified regional features of the pricing processes in the energy industry.

Управление процессом энергопотребления предприятия

Decisions made adopted in an enterprise power system in managing the electric energy consumption are analyzed. The urgency of the subject matter is stemming from the global-wide growth in the demand for electric energy and a systemic increase in the cost of energy resources. The study was carried out at an operating enterprise considered as an organizational and technical system. The subject area boundaries and the types of power engineering structures are determined at the enterprise. The system was decomposed into subsystems with identifying the applied organizational and technical managing/control actions. The power consumption management problem is formulated taking into account the minimization of financial costs, and its solution is found for one element. An algorithm for determining the optimal measure to be taken in the system is proposed, which offers a solution taking into account the specified criterion (financial expenditures for consumed electricity) and constraints (prototype functionality and energy payment budget). The algorithm checks the control actions in the course of system operation, which is the system lifecycle longest part. The structure of the decision making support system for managing the power consumption of an element is developed. The structure determines the sequence of measures to be taken in applying control actions with subsequently verifying the decisions made. Experimental studies were carried out on a system element, which that have demonstrated the practical applicability and financial savings, thereby testifying the possibility of further application of the study results in the power systems of enterprises belonging to all levels.

THE EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT OF GROUPAGE CARGO DELIVERY BY ROAD TRANSPORT

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to study the generally accepted system of transport service, improve the technology of transportation planning and optimize the process of delivery of groupage cargo from the places of their consolidation to end users (enterprises, warehouses, outlets, post offices etc.). Method. When formulating the research task, it is important to take into account the maximum number of the most important factors: the size of the transported consignments; geographical of points of goods storage and loading, as well as end users’ location; type and load capacity of rolling stock; terms of delivery; special conditions for carrying out loading and unloading operations, etc. The problem of determining the optimal route was solved as a travelling salesman's problem using the methods of combinatorial optimization, logistics and some heuristic methods. Results. Researches of various methods of the car route planning for the delivery of groupage cargoes to end consumers were carried out. As a result, the recommendations of the method choice for planning the delivery routes of the goods in different situations were given. Practical significance. Despite the fact that groupage cargoes accounts for a small share of total transport work, but transport costs for them reach a third of all costs. In this regard a rational solution of the routing problem is necessary for effective management of the transportation process and reducing the cost of energy resources in the operation of road transport, which will allow to reduce the transportation costs and improve the economic performance of the whole.

A Reliable Transport Scheme for Human Opportunistic Networks

The human opportunistic networks (ONs) formed by hand-held smart devices can facilitate peer-to-peer communication when humans are on the move, despite contemporaneous end-to-end paths rarely existing. In some scenarios, where network resources, especially power, are scarce and the traffic is large, the data delivery is prone to poor user experience and unbounded delay, although the best effort mechanism “store-carry-forward” is used. To cope with that, most transport/routing schemes obtain an acceptable latency at the cost of energy resources. In real-life human ONs, however, excessive energy consumption will trigger passive participation of the relays in message forwarding, so as to save their limited energy resource. Thus, the reliability of these schemes may get worse in real-life human ONs. In this paper, a reliable transport scheme is developed by making an optimal trade-off between the file round-trip delay and the energy consumption of relays. We make use of acknowledgements and coding at the source to enable successful file delivery. When setting up the network model, the cache management rule referred as “full-duplex” strategy is formulated, and then a mathematical model is established to analyze the proposed scheme. This model describes the evolution of packet dissemination and allows both the mean file round-trip delay and the energy consumption up to the reception of the last acknowledgement by the source to be expressed. Subsequently, a new function based on these two metrics is proposed to reflect the number of files that can be delivered under time and energy constraints. Through optimization procedure, the configurations that can maximize the function are obtained; thus, the optimization of these two metrics is achieved. Numerous simulations and comparisons are conducted and the results verify the accuracy of the analytical model. Comparison results show that with limited energy and passive relays, the proposed transport scheme can significantly reduce the energy consumption of file delivery, which obviously alleviates the selfish behavior of nodes. Therefore, the reliability and stability of the communication service in human ONs are enhanced.

Methods for calculating the duration of baking of minced meat products during heat treatment in convection ovens

Saving energy resources, optimizing production processes and ensuring high quality of finished products are important tasks facing the food industry of the Republic of Belarus at the present stage of social and economic development. From this point of view, the current direction of scientific activity is development of methods for predicting duration of heat treatment of food products, which will allow to increase the level of production planning, implement production processes rationally, ensure production of finished products with high consumer parameters with no underheating or overheating of material of the processed bodies, and decrease the cost of energy resources for thermal processes. The paper proposes the method for theoretical calculation of baking duration for minced meat products in direct contact of the heating medium with the processed body in modern convection units. When developing a theoretical calculation, heat transfer processes are divided into internal and external. When describing internal heat transfer processes, changes in the thermal and physical characteristics of the material of the processed body are considered, determined by mass transfer processes and physical and chemical changes in structural elements with conversion of raw minced meat into finished product with baked crust. The processes of external heat exchange are described according to the operating parameters of modern convection ovens used in small and medium-sized enterprises of food industry and public catering. The values of duration of heat treatment on the example of products made of chicken mince at different temperatures of the heating medium are obtained. Special rod cassettes with a rigid thermocouple attachment design have been developed to ensure correct experiment. Deviations of baking duration values between the theoretically calculated and experimentally obtained values range from 1.49 to 4.44 % for different temperatures of heating medium, which indicates the efficiency of the developed technique. The proposed technique for calculating the duration of baking process for minced meat products when heated will allow optimizing production processes, saving energy resources and obtaining finished products with high consumer parameters. Acknowledgments. The research was carried out as part of the state program of scientific research “Quality and Efficiency of Agroindustrial Production”.

INFLUENCE OF CHANGES IN THE THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MATERIAL ON THE HEATING PROCESS OF MINCED MEAT PRODUCTS

This paper describes how the thermophysical characteristics change when meat products are heated. Possible methods of processing experimental data obtained by heating minced meat products are shown. It is established that changes in thermal parameters are caused by complex processes of protein denaturation, fat melting, moisture transition from the bound form to the free form, shrinkage of structural elements, and the formation of resilient-elastic-plastic finished product. As a result, knowing and taking into account the influence of thermal characteristics on the heating process of meat products, it is possible to
 accurately calculate the duration of heat treatment of minced meat products, which in turn will optimize the cost of energy resources for thermal processes and ensure the production of finished products with high consumer characteristics without underheating or overheating the material of processed products.

ASSESSMENT OF HEAT LOSS IN THE PANEL BUILDING OF THE RESIDENTIAL COMPLEX "ART-QUARTER OF THE SPIVOCHE"

Maintenance of buildings in Ukraine consumes a significant amount of energy because of the low resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures. The problem of improving the energy efficiency of buildings is not new for our country, but measures to improve their energy efficiency in some cities and regions have not become massive. First of all, this is due to the fact that the cost of energy resources was lower than market prices, which did not create the appropriate motivation for attracting investments in energy-efficient technologies in the construction industry. The current trend in the construction industry to reduce the cost of construction, due to the use of cheaper and less-quality materials and the violation of technological processes in the insulation and fitting of external fencing structures leads to a decrease in the quality of structures and increase the heat and energy during operation, especially for modern new buildings. The purpose of the work is to study heat flows and analysis of thermal losses through the enclosing structures of a panel house built in Kiev, the outer walls of which are insulated from the side of the facades and finished with thin-layer plaster. The article presents the main technical characteristics of the residential building of the Residential Complex "ART-Quarter of the Spivoche" analyzes its volumetric-planning and design solutions, performs the heat engineering calculations of the outer walls, conducts the thermal imaging examination of the external enclosing structures by the thermal imager, describes the main problems of heat loss through the outer shell and conclusions are made regarding the prospects for further research to improve the energy efficiency of the building.