Emission Reduction Cost Research Articles

Research on Emission Reduction Decisions in Supply Chains Considering Vertical Spillover Effects and Low-Carbon Preferences

The growth in carbon emissions is increasingly exacerbating global warming. As the principal source of carbon emissions, companies can effectively enhance their emission reduction levels through the vertical spillover of emission reduction technologies to investigate the impact of vertical spillover rates, consumers’ low-carbon preference coefficients, emission reduction cost coefficients on optimal supply chain decisions, and profits in centralized and decentralized decision-making environments. Considering consumers’ preferences for low-carbon options, this paper constructs a Stackelberg game model under centralized and decentralized supply chain decision-making scenarios. It examines the effects of considering the vertical spillover effects of emission reduction versus not taking them into account. Using backward induction, this study optimizes the emission reduction levels of leading suppliers and manufacturers. The results indicate that an increase in consumers’ low-carbon preference levels and vertical spillover rate not only enhances the emission reduction levels of suppliers and manufacturers but also increases their profits. Conversely, an increase in emission reduction cost coefficients impedes emission reductions, with a more pronounced effect under vertical spillover conditions. In centralized decision-making, increases in vertical spillover rates, consumers’ low-carbon preferences, and decreases in emission reduction cost coefficients create a synergistic effect, resulting in greater increases in emission reduction levels and profits for suppliers and manufacturers compared to the sum of the effects of changes in individual coefficients. This finding provides new insights for governments in formulating relevant policies to promote corporate emission reductions.

Assessing the effectiveness of SO2, NOx, and NH3 emission reductions in mitigating winter PM2.5 in Taiwan using CMAQ

Abstract. Taiwan experiences higher air pollution in winter when fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels frequently surpass national standards. This study employs the Community Multiscale Air Quality model to assess the effectiveness of reducing SO2, NOx, and NH3 emissions on PM2.5 secondary inorganic species (i.e., SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+). For sulfate, ∼ 43.7 % is derived from the chemical reactions of local SO2 emission, emphasizing the substantial contribution of regionally transported sulfate. In contrast, nitrate and ammonium are predominantly influenced by local NOx and NH3 emissions. Reducing SO2 emissions decreases sulfate levels, which in turn leads to more NH3 remaining in the gas phase, resulting in lower ammonium concentrations. Similarly, reducing NOx emissions lowers HNO3 formation, impacting nitrate and ammonium concentrations by decreasing the available HNO3 and leaving more NH3 in the gas phase. A significant finding is that reducing NH3 emissions decreases not only ammonium and nitrate but also sulfate by altering cloud droplet pH and SO2 oxidation processes. While the impact of SO2 reduction on PM2.5 is less than that of NOx and NH3, it emphasizes the complexity of regional sensitivities. Most of western Taiwan is NOx-sensitive, so reducing NOx emissions has a more substantial impact on lowering PM2.5 levels. However, given the higher mass emissions of NOx than NH3 in Taiwan, NH3 has a more significant consequence in mitigating PM2.5 per unit mass emission reduction (i.e., 2.43 × 10−5 and 0.85 × 10−5 µg m−3 (t yr−1)−1​​​​​​​ for NH3 and NOx, respectively, under current emission reduction). The cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that NH3 reduction outperforms SO2 and NOx reduction (i.e., USD 0.06 billion yr−1 µg−1 m3, USD 0.1 billion yr−1 µg−1 m3, and USD 1 billion yr−1 µg−1 m3 for NH3, SO2, and NOx, respectively, under the current emission reduction). Nevertheless, the costs of emission reduction vary due to differences in methodology and regional emission sources. Overall, this study considers both the efficiency and costs, highlighting NH3 emissions reduction as a promising strategy for PM2.5 mitigation in the studied environment in Taiwan.

Carbon Emission Analysis of Low-Carbon Technology Coupled with a Regional Integrated Energy System Considering Carbon-Peaking Targets

Analyzing the carbon emission behavior of a regional integrated energy system (RIES) is crucial for aligning with carbon-peaking development strategies and ensuring compliance with carbon-peaking implementation pathways. This study focuses on a building cluster area in Shanghai, China, aiming to provide a comprehensive analysis from both macro and micro perspectives. From a macro viewpoint, an extended STIRPAT model, incorporating the environmental Kuznets curve, is proposed to predict the carbon-peaking trajectory in Shanghai. This approach yields carbon-peaking implementation pathways for three scenarios: rapid development, stable development, and green development, spanning the period of 2020–2040. At a micro scale, three distinct RIES system configurations—fossil, hybrid, and clean—are formulated based on the renewable energy penetration level. Utilizing a multi-objective optimization model, this study explores the carbon emission behavior of a RIES while adhering to carbon-peaking constraints. Four scenarios of carbon emission reduction policies are implemented, leveraging green certificates and carbon-trading mechanisms. Performance indicators, including carbon emissions, carbon intensity, and marginal emission reduction cost, are employed to scrutinize the carbon emission behavior of the cross-regional integrated energy system within the confines of carbon peaking.

The Impacts on Regional Development and “Resource Curse” by Energy Substitution Policy: Verification from China

With the increasing “resource curse” phenomena relating to energy resources in China, research concerning energy substitution policies has become more meaningful. In this paper, a dynamic CGE model was built to evaluate the impacts of energy substitution policies on regional growth and the “resource curse”. The results show the following: (1) Compared to other regions, an energy substitution policy exerts a more considerable influence on economic growth in regions with high “resource curse”. (2) The changes in carbon emissions in regions with no or low “resource curse” are modest. The primary factor contributing to the rapid decline might be energy structure adjustments. As the intensity of substitution varies, the regional disparities in marginal emission reduction costs are expected to increase. (3) Energy substitution policies reduce the severity of high “resource curse” regions. As the intensity of energy substitution increases, the extent of “resource curse” regions decreases accordingly. Some suggestions are given as follows: (1) Further promote energy substitution and speed up the transformation of energy production and consumption modes in China. (2) Accelerate the energy transformation in “resource curse” regions to promote regional sustainable development. (3) Improve energy substitution policies in transportation, industry and other fields.

Rewetting on agricultural peatlands can offer cost effective greenhouse gas reduction at the national level

To reach EU’s carbon neutrality target by 2050, emission reductions in the land-use sector are needed. Agricultural peatlands attribute for half of the greenhouse gas emissions of cropland in both in EU and Finland. High greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatlands are primarily caused by CO2 emissions following aerobic peat decomposition due to deep drainage, and studies have shown that raising water-table has potential to slow down the decomposition process. Here we studied the emission reduction potential and cost of implementing controlled drainage, paludiculture, peatland restoration and afforestation to current land use on agricultural peatlands in Finland. We created three scenarios with increasing amount of wet field use on cultivated organic soils and estimated their effects on national greenhouse gas emissions and farmers’ income. The yearly emission reduction ranged from 0.3 to 5.0 Mt CO2 equivalents in the different scenarios compared to the current state in Finland. Emission reductive land use had a negative impact on the farmers income, which should be compensated. Assuming the government compensates the lost income for the farmers, the cost of emission reduction ranged from −4 to 45 € per ton of CO2 equivalents. Rewetting provided the most emission reduction per area and was the most cost effective. We conclude that substantial emission reduction is attainable by rewetting agricultural peatlands. The cost of emission reduction is inexpensive compared to average carbon price in European Union emission trading system, or to the costs of technical carbon capture and storage in Finland.

Methodology Underlying Indonesian Corporates Decarbonization Evaluator (INCODE)

The urgency to significantly decarbonize is increasing with the rising frequency of natural disasters caused by climate change. In 2019, the industrial sector produced more than 3 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) (Ritchie et al. 2023) and played a crucial role in the reduction of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, due also to substantial cross-sector emission contributions. The reduction of GHG emissions in the industrial sector can be achieved with proper and ambitious decarbonization planning, but formulating decarbonization strategies for the industrial sector is complex due to supply chain activities related to various sectors. Furthermore, the tools currently available are generally not easily accessible and have not integrated emission reduction with the impacts and costs generated. Recognizing this complexity, the Indonesian Corporates Decarbonization Evaluator (INCODE) was developed as an Excel-based tool that is easy to use, accessible, and comprehensive for the development and evaluation of net-zero emission strategies employed by companies involved in the industrial sector. In performing its functions, INCODE consists of two tools, namely the Corporate Greenhouse Gas Inventory Tool for Scopes 1, 2, and 3 (AIGRK) and the Decarbonization Evaluator Tool (AED). These two tools will offer four different features: emissions inventory, emission reduction evaluation, cost evaluation, and impact evaluation.

Comprehensive thermodynamic and economic analysis of an LNG cold energy recovery system using organic Rankine cycle and freezing-centrifugal desalination for power and water cogeneration

In this study, the LNG cold energy recovery combined with a freezing-centrifugal desalination system is proposed. The thermodynamic and economic analysis is also carried out of the proposed system. To verify the results of sea ice centrifugation process, experimental analysis of sea ice centrifugal desalination is presented based on different types of sea ice: slurry and solid, which are prepared by the method of suspension crystallization method and progressive freezing method, respectively. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that higher rotation speeds and longer centrifugal times enhanced the desalination rate but resulted in decreased freshwater yield in both slurry and solid ice. For the slurry sea ice, achieving a rotation speed of 5000 rpm and a centrifugal time exceeding 3.0 min resulted in melted water with a salinity level below 0.05%, satisfying the standards of drinking water. Moreover, the unit product cost, payback period, and unit cost of CO2 emission reduction for the proposed system are 0.49 $/t, 3.25 years and 18.92 kg/$, respectively. While the unit product cost, payback period, and unit cost of CO2 emission reduction for the conventional system are about 0.84 $/t, 4.80 years, and 15.66 kg/$, respectively. Hence, the proposed system shows higher economic and environmental performance.

Charting a path to low-carbon leadership: unlocking up to 90% emissions reductions in greenfield LNG

The liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry stands at the cusp of a transformation driven by the climate imperative. Focussing on the Middle Arm Industrial Precinct, this paper shows how carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are being reduced in a proposed world-class LNG project by assessing, screening and selecting known technologies using a Marginal Abatement philosophy linked to key emissions drivers. (1) We propose a new breed of electrified LNG facilities that could deliver an up to 90% reduction in CO2 intensity. (2) We show that through developing strategic partnerships in upstream renewable power, hydrogen supply, and enabled downstream carbon capture and storage (CCS), the significant low carbon energy requirements of an LNG facility can be delivered. (3) We discuss a Marginal Abatement assessment strategy which ensures a pathway to viable lowest cost opportunities selected in an ‘Avoid & Mitigate’ first approach. This proposed strategy ensures that CO2 emission reduction opportunities are assessed and selected consistently to determine both a lifecycle cost ($) and volume (tons CO2e) of emission reduction. These innovative strategies collectively articulate a roadmap for a low carbon future for LNG and other heavy industrial industries, underlining Australia’s potential to become a leading provider of low-carbon natural resources.

Analysis of current state, gaps, and opportunities for technologies in the Malaysian oil palm estates and palm oil mills towards net-zero emissions

Malaysia is the second largest producer and exporter of palm oil. Though several works have explored achieving emissions reduction in the palm oil sector, there existing gaps in analysing pathways for achieving net-zero emissions. Moreover, there are limited studies that evaluate the potential of palm oil biomass utilisation pathways based on emissions reduction capabilities, the cost of emissions reduction, and the technology readiness for implementation. Therefore, this study analysed decarbonisation pathways for the upstream and midstream segments of the palm oil sector in Malaysia, encompassing oil palm plantations and palm oil mills. Various sources of greenhouse gas emissions in oil palm plantations and palm oil mills were identified and estimates of emissions were determined as theoretical emissions. The current emissions were established based on the current best practice in the plantation and mill. Several biomass conversion technologies for the recovery of palm-based by-products and conversion into value-added products to decarbonise the palm oil sector and evaluated strategies to attain net-zero status are considered. In this work, the analysis considered both the existing technologies that are adopted by plantations and mills as well as the emerging technologies that have scope for implementation. With the proposed approach, the current emissions level for crude palm oil (CPO) production in Malaysia is estimated as 1121.49 kg CO2-eq/t CPO. In current industry practice, empty fruit bunch (EFB) is underutilised as mills are typically located at rural areas with lack of suitable transportation. Besides, the lack of accessibility to the grid also limits the potential of converting EFB into electricity as supply for national grid. This work examined various pathways for EFB utilisation under different scenarios evaluating their contribution potential towards net-zero target in an energy self-sustained CPO production. As shown in the results, converting EFB to briquettes and pellets are able to achieve the net-zero objective. Furthermore, EFB-biochar and EFB-syngas pathways also exhibit the potential to accomplish the net-zero target. Note that this work also assessed the technologies’ readiness levels, identified challenges in implementation, and proposed several recommendations.

THE PREFERRED EXTERNALITIES-CORRECTING SYSTEM FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATION

This study sets two goals which are represented by the answers to the following two basic questions. What are the possibilities of national policy-makers in terms of the efficient correction of negative externalities? Since available externality correction systems give suboptimal ex post results, which system is preferable, and under what conditions? The possibilities of the policy-maker to ensure the social optimum are determined by ‘enlightenment’ (‘knowledge’) and ‘commitment’ to social goals. When the actual (ex post) marginal private costs for emission reduction are higher than the planned (ex ante) marginal private costs for emission reduction, and when the marginal social benefit is elastic, the Cap-and-Trade system is more undesirable than the price system. When the actual (ex post) marginal private costs for emission reduction are greater than the planned (ex ante) marginal private costs for emission reduction, and when the marginal social benefit is inelastic, the price system is more undesirable than Cap-and-Trade system.

Comparative exergy and economic analysis of deep in-situ gasification based coal-to-hydrogen with carbon capture and alternative routes

The deep in-situ gasification based coal-to-hydrogen (deep IGCtH) is attracting attention for its unique advantage in utilizing unrecoverable coal seam. In this paper, its improvement scope in energy conversion and utilization is analyzed using advanced exergy analysis, and the efficiency from cumulative exergy consumption (CExC) perspective and economic competitiveness with Lurgi surface gasification based coal-to-hydrogen (Lurgi SGCtH), coke-oven gas-to-hydrogen (COGtH) and natural gas-to-hydrogen (NGtH) are compared. Results indicate 39.9 % and 25.1 % of the exergy destruction of deep IGCtH and Lurgi SGCtH are unavoidable, while steam methane reforming and coal gasification possess the largest improvable potential, with avoidable endogenous/exogenous destruction of 96.63 MW/81.58 MW and 162.52 MW/151.19 MW, suggesting thermodynamic improvement can also be achieved by improving other components or optimizing process structure in addition to increasing its own efficiency. The CExC of deep IGCtH outputting 1 kg hydrogen is only 83.6 % that of Lurgi SGCtH, indicating it is more efficient route with significantly energy consumption reduction and can better demonstrate its efficiency advantage under large production capacity condition. The deep IGCtH shows only 68.7 % that of Lurgi SGCtH in investment and also presents significant advantage in cost. However, its profitability advantage over NGtH loses with hydrogen price increasing and there exists lower limit on capacity of 0.46 billion Nm3 to maintain cost and profitability competitiveness over COGtH. Furthermore, deep IGCtH shows emission reduction cost advantage over Lurgi SGCtH when capture rate exceeds 80 %, and profitability will not be limited by carbon tax and coal seam thickness within the considered range.

Integration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy in Indonesia’s Electrical Grid

As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test case. A comprehensive energy system modeling approach using PLEXOS is presented, using historical data on electricity generation, hourly demand, and renewable energy, and multiple scenarios of charging patterns and EV adoption. Through a series of scenarios, we evaluate the impact of different charging strategies and EV penetration levels on generation capacity, battery storage requirements, total system cost, renewable energy penetration, and emissions reduction. The findings reveal that optimized charging patterns and higher EV adoption rates, compared to no EVs adoption, led to substantial improvements in renewable energy utilization (+4%), emissions reduction (−12.8%), and overall system cost (−9%). While EVs contribute to reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles, non-optimized charging behavior may lead to higher total emissions when compared to scenarios without EVs. The research also found the potential of vehicle to grid (V2G) to reduce the need for battery storage compared to zero EV (−84%), to reduce emissions significantly (−23.7%), and boost penetration of renewable energy (+10%). This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders seeking to leverage the synergies between EVs and renewable energy integration to pursue a sustainable energy future for Indonesia.

Study on China’s 2030 provincial carbon quota allocation scheme considering the positive and negative effects of historical emissions

The carbon quota allocation scheme serves as the fundamental backbone for ensuring the smooth and sustainable operation of the carbon market. Despite numerous prior studies, ongoing debates persist regarding the impact of historical emissions, both positive and negative, on carbon quota allocation. Utilizing the four indicators of historical emissions (both positive and negative), egalitarianism, payment capability, and emission efficiency, this paper employs the entropy method to develop 22 distinct carbon quota allocation plans tailored for China’s provincial regions in the year 2030. Subsequently, utilizing the shadow price method, the study calculates the emission reduction costs of each province under each allocation scheme, thereby evaluating the carbon quota plans from the perspective of emission reduction costs. Finally, a comparative analysis is conducted to assess the impact of both positive and negative historical emissions on the carbon quota allocation scheme, and the paper identifies the carbon quota allocation approach that minimizes the overall emission reduction cost for China. The findings suggest that: 1) allocating more allowances to provinces with higher historical emissions can effectively reduce emission reduction costs for each province; 2) the most cost-effective option for carbon quota allocation is a scheme that takes into account both egalitarian and historical emission criteria; 3) in order to further decrease the overall cost of emissions reduction, it is crucial to achieve comprehensive coverage of the carbon market and facilitate inter-provincial carbon quota trading.

Performance analysis and application of a novel combined cooling, heating and power system integrated with multi-energy storage system

The dynamic fluctuations of user energy demand places the combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system in a perpetual state of off-design operation, leading to significant performance deterioration. Integrating an energy storage system with the CCHP system is an effective approach to this issue. However, conventional methods often segregate the storage of cooling load, heating load and power of CCHP system, limiting their conversion and resulting in suboptimal utilization and low efficiency. Therefore, this study proposes a novel CCHP system integrated with multi-energy storage system, allowing flexible release cooling load, heating load and power to meet diverse user load profiles. Mathematical modeling, thermodynamic analysis and environmental assessment are conducted. The case study demonstrates that the proposed system surpasses the conventional CCHP system in exergy efficiency ηex, primary energy rate PER, primary energy saving ratio PESR, carbon dioxide emission reduction ratio CDERR and cost saving ratio CSR of the proposed system increase by 3.1 %, 13.6 %, 9.0 %, 6.2 % and 8.4 %, respectively. The proposed system effectively balances user energy demand and energy supplied by the CCHP system, efficient utilization of diverse energies, significantly enhancing off-design performance, and yielding high efficiency, energy saving, and reduced carbon emissions.

Research on enterprise production decision‐making considering consumer heterogeneity under carbon labeling system

AbstractThe article focuses on consumers with heterogeneous preferences for product carbon footprints under two carbon labeling systems: carbon reduction labels and carbon footprint labels. Using mathematical models, the study explores the optimal decision‐making behavior of enterprises under the carbon labeling system based on consumer utility theory at the enterprise level. It also investigates consumer surplus, environmental improvement, and social welfare under different production modes of the carbon reduction label and carbon footprint label systems at the societal level. The research findings are as follows: (1) At the level of economic benefits for enterprises, choosing to produce products with carbon reduction labels is more favorable when the investment costs for emission reduction are high, while choosing to produce products with carbon footprint labels is more favorable when the investment costs for emission reduction are low. The optimal prices of products under the two carbon labeling systems show opposite trends compared to the investment costs for emission reduction. (2) At the level of environmental benefits for enterprises, under the carbon reduction labeling system, whether through full production or a mixed production mode, enterprises are only willing to reduce the carbon footprint of products to the standard value. However, under the carbon footprint labeling system, especially in the mixed production mode, enterprises show a stronger willingness to overachieve in emission reduction target. (3) At the level of social benefits, compared to the situation under the carbon reduction labeling system, when the investment costs for emission reduction are low, the carbon footprint labeling system is more favorable in terms of consumer surplus and social welfare. However, this advantage gradually diminishes as the investment costs for emission reduction increase. (4) Excessive investment costs for emission reduction are detrimental to the implementation of both carbon reduction and carbon footprint labeling systems. The research conclusions suggest that companies should develop appropriate production strategies based on actual circumstances. Additionally, it is necessary for both the government and companies to reduce investment costs in emissions reductions by improving the system and optimizing emission reduction methods in order to better implement carbon labeling policies.

Efforts to Improve Ship Main Engine Efficiency and Ensure Its Safety

Efforts to improve ship main engine efficiency and ensure its safety have been ongoing endeavors in the maritime industry, driven by the dual imperatives of economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability. The main engine of a ship serves as its heart, propelling it through the vast expanses of the world's oceans while consuming significant quantities of fuel. Therefore, enhancing its efficiency directly impacts operational costs and reduces the environmental footprint associated with maritime transport. One primary focus of improving main engine efficiency lies in the advancement of engine design and technology. Over the years, there has been a concerted effort to develop engines that offer higher power output while consuming less fuel. This has led to the emergence of more efficient engine designs, such as slow-speed two-stroke engines and high-pressure, common-rail fuel injection systems. These innovations optimize fuel combustion, minimize energy losses, and enhance overall propulsion efficiency. Moreover, ongoing research and development efforts are aimed at harnessing alternative fuels and propulsion technologies to further enhance efficiency and reduce environmental impact. LNG (liquefied natural gas) has gained traction as a cleaner-burning fuel alternative, offering significant reductions in sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions compared to traditional marine fuels. Additionally, the exploration of hybrid and electric propulsion systems holds promise for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving overall energy efficiency. Ensuring the safety of ship main engines is paramount to the reliability and operability of vessels at sea. A robust maintenance regimen is essential to identify and address potential issues before they escalate into costly failures or pose safety hazards. Routine inspections, preventive maintenance, and condition monitoring play crucial roles in detecting abnormalities, wear, and tear, allowing for timely interventions and repairs. Furthermore, advancements in predictive maintenance technologies, such as remote monitoring systems and data analytics, enable real-time assessment of engine performance and early detection of potential malfunctions. The ARAS method lacks the capability to handle ambiguity, subjective judgments, and coping with incomplete information. It relies on unbiased good judgment to address uncertainty, particularly in unknown and complex conditions, making it a valuable approach. The method provides options for sequencing and analysis based on facts and special cases, allowing selectors to express both optimistic and rational attitudes. While it appears numerical on paper, it offers the flexibility to create e-learning pathways tailored to individual needs, emphasizing the importance of mastery. The proposed integrated software for this method is both cost-effective and validated for suitability, ensuring its practical application. Advanced Engine Designs, Improved Monitoring and Maintenance, Enhanced Fuel Management, Innovative Propulsion Technologies, Automation and Remote Monitoring and Advanced Materials and Coatings. the Rank Efforts to improve ship Main Engine efficiency and Ensure its safety for Additive Ratio Assessment method. Advanced Materials and Coatings is showing the highest rank and Advanced Engine Designs is showing the lowest rank. Fuel Efficiency Improvement, Emissions Reduction, Reliability and Maintenance Costs and Safety Performance.

Evaluation of by-product-gas utilization options for carbon reduction at an integrated iron and steel mill

The comprehensive utilization of steel mill by-product gases is an important method for achieving climate goals. In this study, a comprehensive model is proposed for analyzing carbon-emission reduction strategies of by-product gases comprehensive utilization system at an integrated iron and steel mill. The model is used to explore carbon-emission reduction performance applying blast furnace with top-gas recycling (TGR-BF) and carbon capture and storage (CCS) applications, as well as consequent influence on steam and power cogeneration system (SPCS) operation. Carbon-emission intensity, total emission reduction and unit reduction cost are used to evaluate the carbon reduction result of by-product gases comprehensive utilization system. The results of the study indicate that the upgrade of SPCS can achieve an emission reduction of 311,200 tCO2, and the carbon-emission intensity of the power and heat supply can be reduced by 0.14 tCO2/104 kWh and 0.02 tCO2/GJ, respectively. After TGR-BF technology is applied, the total emission reduction peaks at the top-gas recovery rate of 6%, which is 85,100 tCO2. The unit reduction cost is also minimized at the top-gas recovery rate of 6%. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the reduction of power price significantly reduces the unit reduction cost.

Scenario analysis of hydrofluorocarbons consumption and emission reduction in China's mobile air-conditioning sector

The automobile air conditioning industry is an important consumption area of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and the analysis of the use and emission reduction of HFCs in this industry is of great significance for environmental protection. This study aims to measure and analyze the HFC consumption and emission reduction in China's MAC industry and the cost of emission reduction in automobile enterprises through an in-depth analysis, to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of relevant policies and to support the country in achieving HFC emission reduction targets in the field of environmental protection. In this study, the Gompertz model combined with the vehicle survival rate Weibull was used to predict the vehicle ownership and sales in China, and then the HFC consumption and emission reduction in China's MAC industry and the cost of emission reduction in automobile enterprises were measured and analyzed with reference to the experience of relevant domestic and foreign measurement models. The results show that under the four scenarios of R27-X29, R29-X29, R29-X29, and R29-X35, the cumulative use of HFCs will be reduced by 61.44%−73.19%, and the cumulative emission will be reduced by 51.85%−64.55% in the period of 2023–2060, while the cumulative abatement cost of the automobile enterprises in the period of 2023–2060 will be RMB 419.31–481.02 billion. 481.02 billion yuan. The adoption of a policy banning HFCs refrigerants in M1 and N1 vehicles has a significant effect on reducing HFCs consumption and emissions, and the abatement cost will decrease with the expiration of new refrigerant patents, increased demand, and technological advancements.

Cooperative strategies of emission reduction in the 3PL-led supply chain

Abstract Accepted by: M. Zied Babai The third-party logistics (3PL) industry has grown rapidly over the past few years, and its emission reduction behaviour is gaining attention. This paper considers a supply chain system composed of a manufacturer, a retailer and a 3PL provider, in which both the manufacturer and the 3PL make the low-carbon investment. 3PL is a leader in the low-carbon supply chain. To promote emission reduction in logistics, the manufacturer and the retailer separately share the logistics emission reduction costs of the 3PL. Through comparing the no-sharing, manufacturer-sharing and retailer-sharing models, we discuss the cost-sharing strategy preference of each participant and analyze the impact on environmental benefit and social welfare. The results show that cost-sharing can effectively improve product demand, which also supports society in obtaining higher benefits. Moreover, the 3PL tends to be shared by the retailer when the low-carbon investment cost of logistics is high and the investment cost of production is low. Both the manufacturer and the retailer prefer the other party to share the cost, but sharing it together can effectively alleviate free-rider behaviour.

Multi-agent collaborative management of coastal pollution from land-based sources from the perspective of emissions trading: An evolutionary game theory approach

Emissions trading has been playing a very important role in addressing pollution of estuarine and coastal waters. This paper aims to explain mechanism of the multi-agent collaborative management of coastal pollution from land-based sources from the perspective of emissions trading and identify its influencing factors. Given the current participation of polluting enterprises in emissions trading, this paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model consisting of local governments, polluting enterprises, and the public. Drawing on this model and the ABM (agent-based modeling) for simulation and using artificial neural networks for error corrections, the numerical simulation of the data of Dongying, a pilot city of emissions trading is conducted, to examine the influence of different factors on the evolutionarily stable strategy. The results show that: ➀ increasing each agent’s initial willingness of participating in collaborative management can facilitate the evolution of their behavioral strategies towards collaborative management. Specifically, compared with the public, polluter’s stronger willingness for emission reduction and the government’s more proactive willingness for regulation can better promote collaborative management in land-based pollution; ➁ the increase in the reward standard for emissions cutters has a positive impact on enterprises and the public’s proactive participation in collaborative management, yet a negative impact on local governments; ➂ higher reward from the provincial government and the increase in the emissions trading price have a positive impact on the enthusiasm of local governments, enterprises and the public in collaborative management; ➃ the increase in the unit cost of emission reduction will undermine polluting enterprises’ enthusiasm in emission reduction. Policy suggestions are thus proposed, such as increasing the subsidies for emission reduction, promoting and perfecting the emission trading market, cutting the emission reduction cost of enterprises and the supervision cost of local governments, and increasing the public’s concern on the governance of marine pollution from land-based sources. The conclusion will provide a theoretical underpinning for and guide related practice of future preservation of coastal ecologies and management of coastal pollution from land-based sources.