Cost Of Money Research Articles

A Comparative Study of the Reusable Mortgage Systems in French Civil Code and Chinese Civil Code

The rechargeable mortgage created by French security law reform in 2006 and perfected in several following security law reforms, and the maximum mortgage contained in Chines Civil Code are both relatively new type of security interests for related parties. Both of them are reusable for parties to secure debt other than the debt designated in the constitution contract. These new types of security interests maintain the safety value of the traditional general mortgage systems on the one hand, and strengthens the superiority of mortgage system on the other hand, by simplifying the procedures of constitution and realization, remarkably reduce the costs of time and money of usage. From the point of view of economic analysis, these new types of security interests not only conform to the economic criterion of Karldor-Hicks efficiency, but also play an important role for improving the guarantee ability and financing ability of domestic enterprises from either domestic financial market or international market, and further affect the evaluation of performance of the countries in the frame of Doing Business of the World Bank.

Developing interactive interaction of dual buffering systems and conversion class systems with continuous supply of technological products

Many modern industrial production facilities consist of sequentially operating systems with a continuous supply of technological product. The task of stabilizing the qualitative and quantitative parameters of output products at all stages of such production is a very difficult task and often leads to additional time and money costs. Therefore, improving the efficiency of these processes is a relevant issue. A review of analogous solutions to this type of problem revealed the variability of their authors’ approaches. However, all of them are aimed at optimizing existing control trajectories, rather than creating a new, more accurate trajectory. Earlier, as part of the description of the basic principles of structural and parametric optimization of the management of production processes of this type, only the improved work of technological subsystems was reported. This paper describes the principles of control over the proposed dual buffering system and its interactive interaction with other technological subsystems. The introduction of buffering systems makes sequential technological subsystems more independent of each other. That makes it possible to increase the degree of freedom for each control subsystem and thereby improve the efficiency of finding the optimal mode of operation of the entire cybernetic system. A conceptual model of the dual buffering system was built, the stabilization of the quantitative parameter at the output of the buffering system was substantiated through the development of an adaptation mechanism, and simulation modeling of the synthesized system was carried out. The study shows that the use of buffering systems could improve the quality of energy utilization and reduce the wear of technological mechanisms by 14 % in general

Pan-European Satellite-Derived Coastal Bathymetry—Review, User Needs and Future Services

Low-lying coastal zones are home to around 10% of the world’s population and to many megacities. Coastal zones are largely vulnerable to the dynamics of natural and human-induced changes. Accurate large-scale measurements of key parameters, such as bathymetry, are needed to understand and predict coastal changes. However, nearly 50% of the world’s coastal waters remain unsurveyed and for a large number of coastal areas of interest, bathymetric information is unavailable or is often decades old. This lack of information is due to the high costs in time, money and safety involved in collecting these data using conventional echo sounder on ships or LiDAR on aircrafts. Europe is no exception, as European seas are not adequately surveyed according to the International Hydrographic Organisation. Bathymetry influences ocean waves and currents, thereby shaping sediment transport which may alter coastal morphology over time. This paper discusses state-of-the-art coastal bathymetry retrieval methods and data, user requirements and key drivers for many maritime sectors in Europe, including advances in Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB). By leveraging satellite constellations, cloud services and by combining complementary methods, SDB appears as an effective emerging tool with the best compromise in time, coverage and investment to map coastal bathymetry and its temporal evolution.

LITERATUR REVIEW: TERAPI NON FARMAKOLOGIS UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS TIDUR PASIEN DI ICU ATAU CCU

Abstract
 Sleep is one of the basic human needs. Good quality sleep can increase the improvement of the disease. Sleep disturbances are common among hospitalized patients in CCU and ICU. The purpose of this literature review is to compare several research results on non-pharmacological therapies (eye masks, earplugs, music therapy, turning off lights, environmental modifications) in improving sleep quality to determine the best nursing action and safe for treating sleep disorders patients. Search articles using the PICO framework in the database; Google Scholar, Ebscho, Science direct, Elseiver, MedLine, CINAHL, PubMed, and ProQuest, limited to the last 10 years; 2011 to 2021, 10 International Journals were obtained. Improved sleep quality can be done in several ways; the use of eye masks, earplugs, music therapy, light and sound reduction, switching treatment schedules outside of bedtime, and combinations. The results of the review show schedules outside of bedtime, and combinations. The results of the review show that the most effective actions applied locally to improve sleep quality are reducing lighting and noise and diverting treatment schedules outside of bedtime because it is easy, safe, and does not cost money. If the intervention has not helped, eye masks, earplugs, and/or music can be offered according to the patient's choice, local culture, and facilities available at the hospital. Further research is needed on patients outside the ICU/CCU with a larger number of samples, different age and condition characteristics, longer treatment duration, and using objective sleep quality measurement tools such as polysomnography.

Impact of LPG promotion program in Ghana: The role of distance to refill

This study investigates the impact of a clean cooking intervention on primary fuel choice and on households’ willingness to pay for an improved LPG distribution model in Ghana. Using data obtained via a survey of 904 households in two beneficiary districts, we found that the intervention led to higher LPG usage. The program increases the probability of households choosing LPG as a primary cooking fuel by 24% and the rate of use of LPG among households by 33%. Furthermore, an analysis of willingness to pay shows that delivery preference is not statistically different between beneficiary and control groups. The distance to refill the cylinder significantly affects LPG usage and willingness to pay. A policy that brings LPG refill closer to households and reduces the time and money cost of accessing a refill station is key to increasing the adoption of LPG as the primary cooking fuel.

Automation of Control of Technological Process of Storage in a Granary with Horizontal Silos

Grain storage and processing is the most important component of the grain market infrastructure. The task of grain storage is to ensure complete safety of quantity and quality with minimal labor and money costs. In the laboratory of the M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, a prototype of an innovative type of grain storage was developed using horizontal silos, designed to reduce the cost of construction and reconstruction of elevators while improving quality, increasing storage times and reducing current storage costs. The design feature makes it possible to automate most of the operations of the technological process of grain storage. This article proposes a method for the automated formation of control actions on grain storage equipment as a result of data analysis from temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide level sensors and 3D measurements of the grain surface. A project of an automated system for monitoring and controlling grain storage facilities with horizontal silos has been developed. A distinctive feature of the proposed automated system is the most complete set of conditions for the correct storage of grain in comparison with other control systems for the technological process of a granary. Automation of work is achieved through the developed method for generating control signals, as well as such computational algorithms as forecasting the completion time of loading based on the conditional filling rate of the grain storage section, forecasting the completion time of unloading based on the conditional grain release rate, calculating the grain volume in the section using 3D measurements. The logic of the functioning of the basic algorithms for an automated monitoring and control system for a granary with horizontal silos is based on the analysis of the parameters of temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide level and 3D measurements of the grain surface in the sections of the granary. In the presented project of an automated system, scientific knowledge and achievements in the field of grain storage and the theory of identification measurements were taken into account, which makes it possible to use the described algorithms in information systems for monitoring grain storage facilities of other types.

The Impact of CSR/ESG Reporting on the Cost of Capital: An Example of US Healthcare Entities

Purpose: Identifying the direction and strength of the relationship between individual elements of ESG and ESG as a whole and the cost of capital (weighted average, equity, and debt) in the healthcare industry. Design/Methodology/Approach: This paper incorporates an analytical approach based on the results of the original research. Findings: According to our conclusions based on empirical studies of the US healthcare industry, ESG and its corporate governance component translate into the weighted average cost of capital and one of its components, i.e., the cost of equity. Practical Implication: The healthcare sector is a critical element of the pandemic-determined economic reality. The possibility of obtaining cheaper capital, e.g., for its development, is therefore of considerable importance. This paper shows that the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and the cost of equity is significantly affected by ESG and the corporate governance component. About the cost of debt, no such relationships can be established. In our view, the existence of such dependencies (allowing for reducing the cost of capital) is crucial for the managers of companies from this socially important sector. Originality/Value: The article studies on the healthcare industry rarely focus on rationalizing the cost of capital. The literature presenting similar studies (linking the presentation of ESG disclosures with the cost of money), although concerning other industries, also suggests a lack of comprehensive empirical studies on this topic. Therefore, our study reduces this research gap in this context while the research methodology itself is also innovative.

Large Elasticity at Introduction

For tolling in urban areas, the measured elasticity of demand with respect to money cost is much larger when tolls are introduced than when tolls are raised. This paper names this phenomenon “Large Elasticity at Introduction” (LEI). It has been observed in four of five cities with urban tolls: London, Singapore, Stockholm and Gothenburg. After describing these cities’ experiences, the paper discusses why LEI is surprising from a modeling perspective, and then discusses and formalizes three plausible explanations for LEI: (i) transaction costs; (ii) the “zero-price effect”; and (iii) the “price-sensitive users” theory proposed by Börjesson and Kristoffersson (2018).

Decision tree analysis for pathogen identification based on circumstantial factors in outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in calves

Respiratory tract infections continue to be a leading cause of economic loss, hampered animal welfare and intensive antimicrobial use in cattle operations, worldwide. To better target antimicrobial therapy, control and prevention towards the involved pathogens, there is a growing interest in microbiological tests on respiratory samples. However, these tests are time consuming, cost money and sampling might compromise animal welfare. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to develop immediately applicable decision trees for pathogen identification in outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease based on circumstantial factors. Data from a cross sectional study, involving 201 outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in dairy and beef farms between 2016 and 2019 was used. Pathogens were identified by a semi-quantitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) on a pooled non-endoscopic broncho-alveolar lavage sample from clinically affected animals. Potential risk factors of involved animals, environment, management and housing were obtained by enquiry. Classification and regression tree analysis was used for decision tree development with cross-validation. Different trees were constructed, involving a general 3-group classification tree (viruses, Mycoplasma bovis or Pasteurellaceae family) and a tree for each single pathogen. The general 3- group classification tree was 52.7 % accurate and had a sensitivity of 81.5 % and a specificity 52.2 % for viruses, respectively 51.7 % and 84.4 % for M. bovis and 28.9 % and 93.6 % for Pasteurellaceae. The single-pathogen trees were more specific than sensitive: Histophilus somni (Se = 25.8 %; Sp = 94.5 %), Mannheimia haemolytica (Se = 69.2 %; Sp = 70.6 %), bovine coronavirus (Se = 42.2 %; Sp = 89.6 %) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Se = 34.0 %; Sp = 96.6 %). For Pasteurella multocida, M. bovis and parainfluenzavirus type 3 no meaningful tree was obtained. The concept and trees are promising, but currently lack sensitivity and specificity in order to be a reliable tool for practice. For now, the obtained trees can already be informative for decision making to some extend depending on the end node in which an outbreak falls.

Semi-Systematic Review of the Perceived Cost of Mobile Payment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract Financial technology offers convenience, security, and affordability. In sub-Saharan Africa, mobile money is the flagship offering hypothesized to promote financial inclusion. Nonetheless, the persistent complaints from end-users about the cost associated with mobile money usage in the sub-region have gone under the radar. Therefore, using the semi-systematic review of news articles and blogs’ in direct content analysis, we explore the cost of mobile money usage in the sub-region. We examine the state of mobile charges and how it potentially reverses the original purpose of FinTech. Results indicate that governments and other stakeholders find mobile money charges to be high. The imposition of mobile money tax and the regressive structure of mobile money charges affect the poor. The effort of policymakers to reduce the cost of mobile money in the sub-region is ineffective because the FinTech market is dominated by few foreign-owned telecommunication companies. Thus, the creation and promotion of a domestic FinTech market are necessary to promote greater financial inclusion.

Semantic Recognition and Location of Cracks by Fusing Cracks Segmentation and Deep Learning

For a long time, cracks can appear on the surface of concrete, resulting in a number of safety problems. Traditional manual detection methods not only cost money and time but also cannot guarantee high accuracy. Therefore, a recognition method based on the combination of convolutional neural network and cluster segmentation is proposed. The proposed method realizes the accurate identification of concrete surface crack image under complex background and improves the efficiency of concrete surface crack identification. The research results show that the proposed method not only classifies crack and noncrack efficiently but also identifies cracks in complex backgrounds. The proposed method has high accuracy in crack recognition, which is at least 97.3% and even up to 98.6%.

An interpretable framework for investigating the neighborhood effect in POI recommendation.

Geographical characteristics have been proven to be effective in improving the quality of point-of-interest (POI) recommendation. However, existing works on POI recommendation focus on cost (time or money) of travel for a user. An important geographical aspect that has not been studied adequately is the neighborhood effect, which captures a user's POI visiting behavior based on the user's preference not only to a POI, but also to the POI's neighborhood. To provide an interpretable framework to fully study the neighborhood effect, first, we develop different sets of insightful features, representing different aspects of neighborhood effect. We employ a Yelp data set to evaluate how different aspects of the neighborhood effect affect a user's POI visiting behavior. Second, we propose a deep learning-based recommendation framework that exploits the neighborhood effect. Experimental results show that our approach is more effective than two state-of-the-art matrix factorization-based POI recommendation techniques.

Analisis Peramalan Pemakaian Raw Material Round Bar Carbon Dengan Metode Single Moving Average (Studi Kasus PT Pindo Deli Pulp And Paper Mills – 2 Departemen Workshop)

PT. Pindo Deli Pulp and Paper Mills 2 is a company engaged in the production of paper and tissue. This company consists of several departments. One of them is the workshop department. The department's material order system uses the SAP application, when the material is used, each input will reduce the amount of the initial material until the material approaches the least amount, the SAP application will automatically order the material to the supplier. however, this method is considered less effective, because for the use of the material itself, it is almost different from one another, which results in ordering materials at different times, once ordering the shipping cost also costs money. The number of orders always uses the initial order amount, as a result of which rarely used materials take up a lot of space. The approach that can be taken is the Forecasting method, namely Single Moving Average. This method produces material forecasting, D16: 2 kg, D20: 15.65 kg, D25: 61.55 kg, D30: 69.77 kg, D35: 101.04 kg, D40: 141.63 kg, D45: 16.60 kg, D50: 122.86 kg, D60: 63.73 kg, D65: 551.11 kg, D70: 258.62 kg, D75: 279.03 kg, D80: 317.68 kg, D90: 302.23 kg, D100: 596.97 kg

The practical use of social vulnerability indicators in disaster management

As climate change focuses more frequent and intense disasters on vulnerable communities across the globe, mitigation and response resources need to be allocated more efficiently and equitably. Vulnerability assessments require time, skill, and cost money. In the United States (US), these assessments are mandated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to qualify for federal funding. However, new trends in the literature clearly question their practical value. This study begins with a focused literature review which demonstrates that popular social vulnerability indices that create a single vulnerability score can diminish the significance of a lone variable, overlook the relevancy of all interconnected variables, and can result in contradictory policy recommendations. Next, existing case studies that used popular vulnerability assessment frameworks were compared to maps generated of the same study area that employed the single variable of poverty. These case study comparisons demonstrated how considering this greatest common variable among different vulnerable groups can often - quickly, efficiently, and inexpensively - reveal close to the same county and sub-county level community vulnerabilities detailed in costly assessments. Finally, a national survey of emergency managers was conducted to determine how much current social vulnerability indices were actually governing the ongoing distribution of resources to the communities being served. Results indicate that, while these indicator models may be underused nationally, those who do find them effective tend to be from higher income areas. This study questions the practical value of these indices for emergency management practice in the US and for meeting the goals of the Sendai Framework and other compacts.

Could Private Legislation Be the First Key to Unlocking the Nation’s Information Resources in the Battle against Misinformation?

Unfiltered, unverified information flows freely on the web and is much more easily found and used than reliable sources. There are logical reasons for this, as quality, reliable information often costs both time and money to investigate, verify, and publish. However, that type of investment only justifies the charging for the information at the outset, not the cabining of it once it is available and has been purchased. Where public libraries have acquired content, they should be allowed to maximize its use in society within the bounds of copyright. Such use is within the spirit of copyright and its hope for an informed citizenry and more equal access to information. Private legislation coupled with library collaboration on multiplying access points could make quality information available to the public in a quantity and manner that could help fight the war on misinformation.

True “costs” of neurological illness in human immunodeficiency virus patients in a “free” health facility

Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and neurological illness cause heavy financial burden to the patients. The economic costs of each of the disease have been reported in many studies, but the toll of both together on the patients has not been studied clearly. As neurological illnesses are seen in up to one-third of HIV patients, the combined costs need to be understood. Even with free public health services, there are out of pocket expenditures on the patients. Material and Methods: In the tertiary Government General Hospital, Guntur in India, we studied the out-of-pocket costs of time and money borne by 50 HIV-seropositive individuals hospitalized for a neurological illness during April and May 2019. We obtained data from the patients and caregivers by face-to-face oral questionnaires. Results: The median duration of HIV infection was 2.5 (IQR 0.4–7.8) years. A high proportion of our patients (20/50) was diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis. The total median time lost by each HIV-seropositive patient due to neurological illness (private consultation, travel, and hospital stay) was 27.5 (8.7–134.3) days. The total median financial burden due to neurological disease requiring hospitalization (travel, food and medicine, wages lost, private consultation expense, and loans incurred) on each patient was ₹19,150 (855–59881). Conclusion: HIV patients with neurological illness are burdened by heavy costs of time and money. They are forced into debt and lose substantial wages, most of it due to private consultation.

Actionable Analytics: Stop Telling Me What It Is; Please Tell Me What To Do

The success of software projects depends on complex decision making (e.g., which tasks should a developer do first, who should perform this task, is the software of high quality, is a software system reliable and resilient enough to deploy, etc.). Bad decisions cost money (and reputation) so we need better tools for making better decisions. This article discusses the "why" and "how" of explainable and actionable software analytics. For the task of reducing the risk of software defects, we show initial results from a successful case study that offers more actionable software analytics. Also, we present an interactive tutorial on the subject of Explainable AI tools for SE in our Software Analytics Cookbook (https://xai4se.github.io/book/), and we discuss some open questions that need to be addressed.

Performance evaluation for scramjet based on ground direct-connected test: A method investigation

Scramjet has become one of the most efficient hypersonic vehicles because of its broad application potentiality. The ground direct-connected test is a relatively easy and economical way to test the performance of the scramjet under “real” condition. In this paper, an efficient performance evaluation method based on ground direct-connected test was developed. It can determine the performance parameters of the scramjet combustor (internal resistance, combustion efficiency, and total pressure recovery coefficient) and that (specific impulse and thrust) of the overall scramjet during the working time under the assumptions of adiabatic inlet and adiabatic-isentropic nozzle. Compared with the previous evaluation methods, using this method not only greatly reduces the time and money cost, but also provides more accurate boundary conditions for unsteady numerical simulation, and reference values for free jet and flight test furtherly. In the end, a case analysis was conducted and the real-time performance parameters were obtained. The results show that the internal resistance, combustion efficiency, and total pressure recovery of combustor are about 280 N, 0.69, and 0.21, respectively. The specific impulse and thrust of the overall scramjet reach about 6000 Nskg−1 and 370 Nskg−1, correspondingly.

Real-Time Office Seat Allocation System using Spring MVC framework

Real-time Seat Allocation System is a web application that assists employees and employers in handling modern-day seating issues at work. Currently, seats are assigned to employees manually, which is a time-consuming process. This might cause issues if seats were not assigned or if none were available for some employees. Furthermore, during pandemics, social distance rules must be followed, making it difficult to manage the workforce. The proportion of individuals allowed in the workplace must adhere properly. As the firm grows, so does the number of employees, which necessitates the expansion of infrastructure, which costs money and time. These issues can be addressed to some extent by a shared office concept, in which employees have access to a desk and can work as needed. This article presents a responsive web application through which company employees can registerusingtheircompanyIDandreserveaseatifoneisavailableonaspecified day and time. Admins can add or remove offices, floors, and seats with certain permissions. To implement the business logic, the application uses Java, Spring MVC web framework with Tomcat server, renders the views using Java Server Pages, and uses front-end technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the front-end design of the User Interface. The web application built promotes the concept of using a shared workspace to maximize resource use. It also aids in increasing employee productivity by providing them with workplace seating and schedule flexibility.

The Determinants to Promote College Students’ Use of Car-Sharing: An Empirical Study at Dalian Maritime University, China

Sustaining the development of car-sharing is considered an efficient way to counter environmental issues worldwide. Against this background, college students are recognized as a promising customer group of car-sharing service providers in China. However, the determinants that promote students’ willingness to use car-sharing services are rarely studied, and the uniqueness of college students in China in the context of car-sharing is justified. Therefore, this paper examines the key factors that affect Chinese college students’ adoption of car-sharing. An empirical study using samples from Dalian Maritime University was conducted, and survey data were collected via the Internet. Specifically, respondents’ socio-demographics were obtained, and their latent attitudes on car-sharing services were measured in terms of willingness to use car-sharing services, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and safety concerns. In addition, nine hypothetical travel scenarios were defined, and regarding each travel scenario, the respondents were asked to state whether they were willing or not to use car-sharing services. On this basis, a hybrid logit model was established to investigate the key factors that influenced the willingness to use car-sharing services. Aside from the common findings in line with previous studies, the results indicate that with the increase in the number of travel fellows, willingness to use car-sharing services went up. Furthermore, college students’ willingness to use car-sharing services was significantly affected by money costs rather than time costs. Additionally, college students in China are more likely to use car-sharing services during workday off-peak hours and weekends. Separately, among the respondents’ latent attitudes, only the perceived usefulness of car-sharing services was found to have a significant and positive impact on students’ willingness to use them. Relevant policy implications with regards to theoretical findings are also offered in this paper to car-sharing service providers in China.