Cost-efficient Strategy Research Articles

Energy Management Strategy for Smart Meter Privacy and Cost Saving

We design optimal privacy-enhancing and cost-efficient energy management strategies for consumers that are equipped with a rechargeable energy storage. The Kullback-Leibler divergence rate is used as privacy measure and the expected cost-saving rate is used as utility measure. The corresponding energy management strategy is designed by optimizing a weighted sum of both privacy and cost measures over a finite time horizon, which is achieved by formulating our problem into a belief-state Markov decision process problem. A computationally efficient approximated Q-learning method is proposed as a generalization to high-dimensional problems over an infinite time horizon. At last, we explicitly characterize a stationary policy that achieves the steady belief state over an infinite time horizon, which greatly simplifies the design of the privacy-preserving energy management strategy. The performance of the practical design approaches are finally illustrated in numerical experiments.

Optimal design and cost of ship-based CO2 transport under uncertainties and fluctuations

This study investigates the impact of operational fluctuations and uncertainties on the design and expected cost of ship-based CO2 transport. The model analysis is based on a two-stage stochastic investment model for a single-source single-sink CCS value chain with a ship-based transport system. The sailing time of the ship is uncertain due to changing weather conditions. The optimal investment decisions are driven by the expected cost of operating the value chain in the stochastic operational scenarios. This approach is demonstrated on a case study in which 0.4 MtCO2/y is transported over 715 km, from a cement plant located in Brevik to a harbor in Kollsnes in Norway.The results show that a transport rate of 99 % of the available CO2 leads to the lowest average cost of transport at 33.8 €/ton. Once the delays caused by the weather are considered, the buffer storage capacity that is 18 % above the ships transport capacity, seems to be the most efficient solution for recovering normal operation after weather delays. The expected transport cost increases with 1.9 €/ton (i.e. 5%) when the uncertainty in weather conditions is neglected in the value chain design decisions. Furthermore, seasonal variations in emissions lead to the need of a larger ship rather than maintaining the same ship size and increasing the power when required. The seasonal storage of CO2 never appears to be a cost-efficient strategy, compared to increasing ship capacity. Finally, the risks of higher future fuel prices and ship breakdowns will cause the value of buffer storage capacity to increase, and thus resulting to select a buffer capacity up to 73 % larger than the ship size.

Time and Cost Efficient Cloud Resource Allocation for Real-Time Data-Intensive Smart Systems

Cloud computing is the de facto platform for deploying resource- and data-intensive real-time applications due to the collaboration of large scale resources operating in cross-administrative domains. For example, real-time systems are generated by smart devices (e.g., sensors in smart homes that monitor surroundings in real-time, security cameras that produce video streams in real-time, cloud gaming, social media streams, etc.). Such low-end devices form a microgrid which has low computational and storage capacity and hence offload data unto the cloud for processing. Cloud computing still lacks mature time-oriented scheduling and resource allocation strategies which thoroughly deliberate stringent QoS. Traditional approaches are sufficient only when applications have real-time and data constraints, and cloud storage resources are located with computational resources where the data are locally available for task execution. Such approaches mainly focus on resource provision and latency, and are prone to missing deadlines during tasks execution due to the urgency of the tasks and limited user budget constraints. The timing and data requirements exacerbate the efficient task scheduling and resource allocation problems. To cope with the aforementioned gaps, we propose a time- and cost-efficient resource allocation strategy for smart systems that periodically offload computational and data-intensive load to the cloud. The proposed strategy minimizes the data files transfer overhead to computing resources by selecting appropriate pairs of computing and storage resources. The celebrated results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique in terms of resource selection and tasks processing within time and budget constraints when compared with the other counterparts.

Soft-template fabrication of hierarchical nanoparticle iron fluoride as high-capacity cathode materials for Li-ion batteries

Iron fluoride cathode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries has attracted extensive attention in recent years due to its high theoretical energy density (712 mAh g−1, 1951 Wh kg−1) and plentiful sources. However, its poor electronic conductivity, sluggish kinetics and volume effect during cycling cause the fast capacity fading. In this work, a hierarchical nanoparticle iron fluoride has been successfully prepared by reverse micelle soft-template method to improve the sluggish kinetics of ions diffusion and electrons transport in iron fluoride. Hierarchical nanostructure not only promotes the sufficient infiltration and soak of electrolyte, but also provides a path for the rapid diffusion of lithium ions. As cathode material for batteries, the as-prepared hierarchical nanoparticle material delivers a high initial discharge capacity of 526.9 mAh g−1 and a long-term cycle performance with a low capacity fading rate of 0.55% per cycle for 100 cycles at 23.7 mA g−1, which outperforms most FeF3/C materials. Even up to 600 mA g−1, it displays a superior rate performance with discharge capacity of 207.6 mAh g−1. Furthermore, the simple adjustment of the alcohols-water ratio realizes the fabrication of iron fluoride samples with different morphology, microscopic dimension and crystal structure. The results show that the reverse micelle soft template method is a cost-efficient, tunable and potential feasible strategy for the preparation of high-performance iron fluoride material and it can also be extended to the synthesis of other nanoscale metal fluorides.

Fabrication of monodispersed plasmonic photocatalysts on activated carbon with the carbon source and reduction property of sewage sludge

Fabrication of porous carbon supported plasmonic photocatalysts with the low-cost carbon waste is a promising strategy for resource utilization. Herein, a sewage sludge was chosen for the synthesis of the sewage sludge activated carbon (SSC) supported Bi3+-doped TiO2 and Bi0 (SSCTB) photocatalysts. Through the pyrolytic carbonization, the sewage sludge was simultaneously displayed as the carbon precursor and reduction agent for the formation of SSC and Bi0, respectively. The results showed that the monodispersed Bi3+-doped TiO2 nanoparticles embedded with Bi0 were in-situ formed on the porous SSC. The synergistic effect of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Bi0, Bi3+ doping in TiO2, and the carbon of SSC greatly improved the light response ability and charge separation efficiency of the SSCTB samples. Under UV–Vis-NIR light irradiation for 60 min, the SSCTB sample with 5% of Bi (SSCTB5) possessed higher degradation rate of 47% for methyl orange compared with those of other samples. The photocatalytic mechanism was proposed based on the LSPR effect and the charge transfer process, where SSCTB5 was able to yield the highest numbers of OH and O2− radicals. The fabrication of the SSC supported plasmonic photocatalysts provides a cost-efficient strategy for the resource utilization of sewage sludge.

Genetic diversity analysis of advanced chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes in Ethiopia for identification of high-yielding and novel Fusarium wilt resistance sources

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important food legumes in the world. However, Fusarium wilt is one of the major yield limiting factors in chickpea. Breeding for host plant resistance is the most cost-efficient and eco-friendly strategy to control the disease. The deployment of resistant varieties has not been extensively used due to lack of stable resistance source with desirable yield and yield-related morphological traits in cultivated chickpea with a narrow genetic base for traits’ improvement. Therefore, creating significant genetic diversity is a fundamental step to develop Fusarium wilt-resistant varieties. In this study, 47 advanced recombinant inbred lines derived from multi-parent intraspecific crosses and three checks were assessed for Fusarium wilt resistance and major yield-related morphological traits for two consecutive years. Analysis of variance showed the presence of significant difference (P < 0.05) among test genotypes for major yield-related morphological traits. Consistently, multivariate analyses showed high genetic diversity between test genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped test genotypes into four distinct clusters. The first two principal coordinates with eigenvalues greater than one accounted for 93.94% of the total variation suggesting high genetic diversity between test genotypes. Based on these, we identified 20 high-yielding and novel Fusarium wilt-resistant genotypes with mean wilt incidence of 3.83%. Therefore, these genotypes can be utilized in any chickpea breeding program as a novel Fusarium wilt resistance sources to develop wilt-resistant varieties with high yield and yield-related morphological traits.

Evaluasi Biaya Penerapan Tanggung jawab sosial Dan Efisiensi Biaya Operasional Perusahaan Pada Pt Bukit Asam (Persero), Tbk

Implementation of tanggung jawab sosial as well as environmental management activi-ties has become a thing that must be done by the company, demanding the company to spend more for the activities. This forces the company to perform efficiency in terms of management activities, as well as in terms of cost. When linked to tanggung jawab sosial and environmental management activities, the concept of efficiency can aim for the creation of more environmental-ly friendly goods and services, while reducing costs and improving environmental conditions. One of the efforts towards operational cost efficiency that can be done by the company is by syn-ergizing the business activities of tanggung jawab sosial partners with the company's operation-al activities.This research was conducted at PT Bukit Asam (Persero), Tbk Tanjung Enim, using de-scriptive study approach. The data collection was performed by means of observation, direct in-terview with related parties, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the disbursement of funds for the tanggung jawab sosial each year in is accordance with the program contained stipulated in the ministerial regulations, including the imposition of funds for social responsibility activities that are charged as corporate expenses. Moreover, there are still tanggung jawab sosial activities that have not been effective, especially the tanggung jawab sosial activities in 4 villages, namely Kebur Village, Merapi Village, Telatang Village, and Muara Maung Village. The operational cost efficiency strategy implemented by PTBA is quite efficient, but there are still operational cost efficiency strategies that have not been effective, such as the cost efficiency strategies synergized with the Corporate social responsiblity partners. PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk is expected to continue making improvement efforts in carrying out Corporate social responsibility activities as well as in implementing the company's operational cost efficiency strategies.

Cost-Efficient Strategy for High Renewable Energy Penetration in Isolated Power Systems

Remote areas and islands isolated from the main electric power system ensure reliability and stability of power supply using diesel generation. Due to the high purchase and transportation costs of diesel fuel, isolated communities are exploring other options for efficient and reliable power supply. Renewable energy sources can reduce operating costs, although are unable to achieve high penetration without expensive and complex enabling technologies such as energy storage. Furthermore, the stochastic and intermittent nature of renewable sources (i.e., wind and solar) makes the control system complex, decreasing power system reliability and requiring highly qualified personnel in local control centres. The problem becomes particularly acute when diesel engines are forced to operate at partial load, resulting in poor combustion efficiency and potential engine damage. This paper suggests a fuel-efficient control strategy, adopting low load diesel application to reduce fuel consumption and improve renewable energy penetration without overcomplicating the control architecture. A mathematical model is initially developed, then validated against real data, to facilitate comparative assessment of various control approaches. Optimised control methodologies are shown to deliver fuel savings of 16.7%, with a 14% increase in renewable energy penetration, in comparison to conventional management.

Product-market planning capability and profitability

We test the profit implication of product-market planning as a dynamic capability, from a contingency theory perspective. Among a sample of high-technology industrial organizations, we find that product-market planning capability is significantly and positively related to profits under marketing differentiation, but negative implications ensue for those adopting cost efficiency strategies. Pursuing hybrid strategies has no significant effect, while technological turbulence also has no moderating effect. Additional analysis establishes the temporal effects of product-market planning capability on 3-year lagged profits. These differential results are considered within a contingency framework. Implications are identified and discussed for industrial marketing management theory and practice.

Using memetic algorithm for robustness testing of contract-based software models

Graph Transformation System (GTS) can formally specify the behavioral aspects of complex systems through graph-based contracts. Test suite generation under normal conditions from GTS specifications is a task well-suited to evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) metaheuristics. However, testing the vulnerabilities of a system under unexpected events such as invalid inputs is essential. Furthermore, the mentioned global search algorithms tend to make big jumps in the system’s state-space that are not concentrated on particular test goals. In this paper, we extend the HGAPSO approach into a cost-aware Memetic Algorithm (MA) by making small local changes through a proposed local search operator to optimize coverage score and testing costs. Moreover, we test GTS specifications not only under normal events but also under unexpected situations. So, three coverage-based testing strategies are investigated, including normal testing, robustness testing, and a hybrid strategy. The effectiveness of the proposed test generation algorithm and the testing strategies are evaluated through a type of mutation analysis at the model-level. Our experimental results show that (1) the hybrid testing strategy outperforms normal and robustness testing strategies in terms of fault-detection capability, (2) the robustness testing is the most cost-efficient strategy, and (3) the proposed MA with the hybrid testing strategy outperforms the state-of-the-art global search algorithms.

Ultrafine Fe/Fe3C decorated on Fe-N -C as bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for efficient Zn-air batteries

Abstract Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for ORR and OER are fundamental to the development of high performance metal-air batteries. Herein, a facile cost-efficient two-step pyrolysis strategy for the fabrication of a bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst has been proposed. The efficient non-precious-metal-based electrocatalyst, Fe/Fe3C@Fe-Nx-C consists of highly curved onion-like carbon shells that encapsulate Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles, distributed on an extensively porous graphitic carbon aerogel. The obtained Fe/Fe3C@Fe-Nx-C aerogel exhibited superb electrochemical activity, excellent durability, and high methanol tolerance. The experimental results indicated that the assembly of onion-like carbon shells with encapsulated Fe/Fe3C yielded highly curved carbon surfaces with abundant Fe-Nx active sites, a porous structure, and enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards ORR and OER, hence displaying promising potential for application as an air cathode in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. The constructed Zn-air battery possessed an exceptional peak power density of ~147 mW cm−2, outstanding cycling stability (200 cycles, 1 h per cycle), and a small voltage gap of 0.87 V. This study offers valuable insights regarding the construction of low-cost and highly active bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for efficient air batteries.

Electronic-Grade High-Quality Perovskite Single Crystals by a Steady Self-Supply Solution Growth for High-Performance X-ray Detectors.

High-quality perovskite single crystals with large size are highly desirable for the fundamental research and high energy detection application. Here, a simple and convenient solution method, featuring continuous-mass transport process (CMTP) by a steady self-supply way, is shown to keep the growth of semiconductor single crystals continuously stable at a constant growth rate until an expected crystal size is achieved. A significantly reduced full width at half-maximum (36 arcsec) of the (400) plane from the X-ray rocking curve indicates a low angular dislocation of 6.8 × 106 cm-2 and hence a higher crystalline quality for the CH3 NH3 PbI3 (MAPbI3 ) single crystals grown by CMTP as compared to the conventional inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) method. Furthermore, the CMTP-based single crystals have lower trap density, reduced by nearly 200% to 4.5 × 109 cm-3 , higher mobility increased by 187% to 150.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 , and higher mobility-lifetime product increased by around 450% to 1.6 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 , as compared with the ITC-grown reference sample. The high performance of the CMTP-based MAPbI3 X-ray detector is comparable to that of a traditional high-quality CdZnTe device, indicating the CMTP method as being a cost-efficient strategy for high-quality electronic-grade semiconductor single crystals.

Targeted bisulfite sequencing: A novel tool for the assessment of DNA methylation with high sensitivity and increased coverage

DNA methylation analysis is increasingly used in stress research. Available methods are expensive, laborious and often limited by either the analysis of short CpG stretches or low assay sensitivity. Here, we present a cost-efficient next generation sequencing-based strategy for the simultaneous investigation of multiple candidate genes in large cohorts. To illustrate the method, we present analysis of four candidate genes commonly assessed in psychoneuroendocrine research: Glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1), Serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), FKBP Prolyl isomerase 5 (FKBP5), and the Oxytocin receptor (OXTR).DNA methylation standards (100 %; 75 %; 50 %; 25 % and 0 %) and DNA of a female and male donor were bisulfite treated in three independent trials and were used to generate sequencing libraries for 42 CpGs from the NR3C1 1 F promoter region, 84 CpGs of the SLC6A4 5′ regulatory region, 5 CpGs located in FKBP5 intron 7, and additional 12 CpGs located in a potential enhancer element in intron 3 of the OXTR. In addition, DNA of 45 patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and 45 healthy controls was assayed. Multiplex libraries of all samples were sequenced on a MiSeq system and analyzed for mean methylation values of all CpG sites using amplikyzer2 software.Results indicated excellent accuracy of the assays when investigating replicates generated from the same bisulfite converted DNA, and very high linearity (R2 > 0.9) of the assays shown by the analysis of differentially methylated DNA standards. Comparing DNA methylation between BPD and healthy controls revealed no biologically relevant differences.The technical approach as described here facilitates targeted DNA methylation analysis and represents a highly sensitive, cost-efficient and high throughput tool to close the gap between coverage and precision in epigenetic research of stress-associated phenotypes.

Complete Photocatalytic Mineralization of Microplastic on TiO2 Nanoparticle Film.

SummaryRecently, the environmental impacts of microplastics have received extensive attention owing to their accumulation in the environment. However, developing efficient technology for the control and purification of microplastics is still a big challenge. Herein, we investigated the photocatalytic degradation of typical microplastics such as polystyrene (PS) microspheres and polyethylene (PE) over TiO2 nanoparticle films under UV light irradiation. TiO2 nanoparticle film made with Triton X-100 showed complete mineralization (98.40%) of 400-nm PS in 12 h, while degradation for varying sizes of PS was also studied. PE degradation experiment presented a high photodegradation rate after 36 h. CO2 was found as the main end product. The degradation mechanism and intermediates were studied by in situ DRIFTS and HPPI-TOFMS, showing the generation of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carbon-hydrogen groups during the photodegradation of PS. This study provides a green and cost-efficient strategy for the control of microplastics contamination in the environment.

Analysis of thermal-hydraulic performance and flow structures of nanofluids across various corrugated channels: An experimental and numerical study

The combination of nanofluid and corrugated surface is regarded as a very cost-efficient strategy for providing high heat transfer performance between the target surface and working fluid in different heating and cooling system applications. Herein a comparison study is reported on the thermal performance of different corrugated channels using nanofluids under turbulent flow and constant heat flux conditions. Three shapes, namely, semicircle corrugated channel (SCC), trapezoidal corrugated channel (TCC), and straight channel (SC) are fabricated and tested with 1% and 2% volume fraction of SiO2-water and Al2O3-water nanofluids. Nanoparticles with a size of 20 nm dispersed in water with specific volume fractions are used for comparison and evaluation. The numerical simulations present the flow structures of nanofluids in terms of velocity, isotherms, turbulent viscosity, vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy contours. The findings show that the heat transfer and pressure drop increase as volume fractions of nanofluids and Reynolds number increase. The experiments also revealed that the use of modified channels significantly increases the heat transfer ratio and the greatest enhancement ratio was achieved through the use of a trapezoidal corrugated channel with ϕ=2% of silica nanofluid. Over ranges of considered flow, silica nanofluid was better than alumina nanofluid and the best thermal performance of 1.94 was recorded using silica nanofluid at ϕ=2% and TCC at Reynolds number of 10000. Additionally, new empirical correlations were proposed and reported based on experimental data.

Direct solid-state growth of Fe/N Co-doped coordination structure between carbon nanotubes and ultra-thin porous carbon nanosheets towards oxygen reduction reaction

Developing sufficient resources, low prices and easy availability non-noble metal-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to substitute Pt-based materials is extremely desirable but still a grand challenge.Notably, a facile and cost-efficient pyrolysis strategy is demonstrated to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) structural ORR electrocatalyst (denoted as Fe@N–CNS/CNTS)based on Fe/N Co-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNT) with ultra-thin porous carbon nanosheets (NCNS) via a ZnCl2-assisted approach. The ZnCl2 play a crucial role in creating the 3D porous structure which is more beneficial for enhancing specific surface area and exposing sufficient active sites. Anecdotally, the rationally designed catalysts have multifactorial synergistic function of ultra-thin porous NCNS, NCNTS with iron carbide and oxide (Fe3C,Fe2O3). The prepared optimal Fe@N-CNS/CNTS-0.5 revealed catalytic performance with onset potential of 0.983V (vs RHE) and relatively small Tafel slope of 63 mV dec−1 in 0.1 M KOH solution. More importantly, after 25,000s chronoamperometry, the as-prepared electrocatalyst possessed excellent durability with only 7% current decay surpassing that of the 20% Pt/C (17%), which is also further evaluated in realistic quasi-solidstate flexible Zn-air batteries. As a consequence, this strategy provided a universal approach for future development of the multifunctional cathode catalysts.

Enhanced thermal conductivity for traditional epoxy packaging composites by constructing hybrid conductive network

A cost-efficient and practical strategy was developed for preparing high thermal conductive epoxy packaging composites. The effective conductive network was constructed by the bridging effect between boron nitride (BN) and spherical silica (SiO2). Compared to the epoxy (EP) composites with randomly dispersed BN and SiO2, the EP/SiO2@BN showed a great enhancement in thermal conduction. The thermal conductivity of EP/SiO2@BN reached to 0.86 W m−1 K−1 with 60 wt% content of hybrid filler, which was 91% higher than that of EP/SiO2 samples and was around 12% higher than that of epoxy composites with unmodified BN and SiO2. In addition, the EP/SiO2@BN exhibited lower thermal interface resistance in comparison with EP/SiO2&BN composites according to the effective medium theory (EMT). The encapsulation of BN on the surface of SiO2 greatly enhanced the thermal transfer efficiency of the epoxy matrix and showed great potential in the epoxy packaging practical application.

An integrated assessment of safety and efficiency of aircraft maintenance strategies using agent-based modelling and stochastic Petri nets

Aircraft maintenance is key for safe and efficient aircraft operations. While most studies propose cost-efficient maintenance strategies, the safety and efficiency of these strategies need to be quantified. This paper proposes a formal framework to assess the safety and efficiency of maintenance strategies by means of agent-based modelling, stochastically and dynamically coloured Petri nets, and Monte Carlo simulation. We model an end-to-end aircraft maintenance process, considering several maintenance stakeholders. We apply our framework for aircraft landing gear brakes, and use a Gamma process to model the degradation trends of the brakes. The numerical results show that applying data-driven strategies reduces the number of inspections by 36%, while maintaining the same level of safety as in the case of traditional time-based maintenance strategies. Furthermore, in order to discuss the possibility to substitute all inspections by sensor monitoring, an advanced data-driven strategy using prognostics is considered. Overall, our proposed framework is generic and can readily be applied to assess the safety and efficiency of the maintenance of other aircraft components and maintenance strategies.

Outstanding piezoelectric properties of Al-substituted potassium-sodium niobate-based lead-free piezoceramics

Abstract High piezoelectric constants (d33) and electromechanical coupling factor (kp) are extremely critical for the usage of potassium-sodium Niobate (KNN)-based piezoceramics. In this work, outstanding d33 and kp (∼570 pC/N and 60%, respectively) were obtained in Al-substituted potassium-sodium Niobate-based lead-free piezoceramics [0.955(K0·5Na0.5)(Nb0·965Sb0.035)O3-0.045(Bi1-xAlx)Na0·5ZrO3, abbreviated as KNNS-BAxNZ]. The mechanism of significantly enhanced piezoelectric properties was addressed here. R-T phase coexistence and unique domain configurations facilitated irreversible non-180° domain motion which played an indispensable role in property enhancement of such ceramics. In conclusion, doping Al is an effective and cost-efficient strategy to realize pronouncedly improved electrical properties of KNN-based ceramics as well as decrease the damage of Bi, and in combination of high Tc (∼280 °C) and low tanδ (∼2.8%), KNNS-BAxNZ ceramics with x = 0.1 are regarded as promising candidates for lead-based piezoceramics in some applications.

CSIRO In-Situ Lab: A multi-pronged approach to surface gas and groundwater monitoring at geological CO2 storage sites

In February 2019, at the CSIRO In-Situ Laboratory CCS project, a test was conducted where 38 t of gaseous CO2 were injected over 5 days into a fault zone at a depth of approximately 340 m. As a release test, this project enabled the testing and validation of surface and shallow well monitoring strategies at intermediate depths (i.e. depths much deeper than previous release projects and shallower than reservoirs used for CO2 storage). One of the aims of this project is to understand how CO2 would behave at intermediate depths if it did migrate from deeper depths (i.e. from a storage reservoir); the CO2 was not intended to migrate to the shallow subsurface or to surface/atmosphere. To verify that the injected CO2 remained in the subsurface, and to comply with environmental performance requirements on site, a comprehensive surface gas and groundwater monitoring program was conducted. The monitoring strategy was designed such that any leakage(s) to the surface of injected CO2 would be detected, mapped and, ultimately, quantified. The surface air monitoring program was comprised of three different but complementary approaches allowing data to be efficiently collected over different spatial and temporal scales. These approaches included continuous soil-gas chamber measurements at fixed locations, periodic soil-gas chamber measurements on gridded locations and near-surface atmospheric measurements on a mobile platform. The surface air monitoring approaches gave self-consistent results and reduced the risk of “false negative” test results. The only anomalous CO2 detected at the surface flowed from the observation well and could be directly attributed to a breach in the well casing at the injection depth providing a conduit for CO2/water to rise to the surface. Groundwater monitoring program revealed no impact on the groundwater resources attributable to the carbon injection project. Based on this work, we demonstrate that this multi-pronged monitoring strategy can be utilized to minimize the overall resources devoted to monitoring by increasing the number of monitoring approaches and diminishing the resources devoted to each technique. By maximizing the effectiveness of each element of the monitoring program, a cost-efficient and robust monitoring strategy capable of early leak detection and attribution of any leaking CO2 can be achieved.