Cost Analysis Research Articles

Cost analysis of IPv6 distributed mobility management protocols in comparison with TFMIPv6.

The past decade has witnessed a significant evolution in the role of the Internet, transitioning from individual connectivity to an integral aspect of various domains. This shift has prompted a move in IP paradigms from hierarchical to distributed architectures characterized by decentralized structures. This transition empowers efficient data routing and management across diverse networks. However, traditional distributed mobility management (DMM) protocols, reliant on tunneling mechanisms, incur overheads, costs, and delays, exacerbating challenges in managing the exponential growth of mobile data traffic. This research proposes Tunnel-Free Mobility for IPv6 (TFMIPv6) as a solution to address the shortcomings of existing DMM protocols. TFMIPv6 eliminates the need for tunneling, simplifying routing processes and reducing latency. A comprehensive cost analysis and performance evaluation are conducted, comparing TFMIPv6 with traditional protocols such as MIPv6, PMIPv6, FMIPv6, and HMIPv6. The study reveals significant improvements with TFMIPv6. Signaling costs are reduced by 50%, packet delivery costs by 23%, and tunneling costs are completely eliminated (100%). Real-world network traffic datasets are used for simulation, providing statistical evidence of TFMIPv6's efficacy in supporting an uninterrupted movement of IPv6 data across networks.

Direct Cost Analysis of Microbial Keratitis in North China: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Study.

Microbial keratitis (MK) is the fourth leading cause of blindness globally, imposing a substantial burden on the healthcare system. This study aims to determine the cost composition of MK patients and explore factors influencing these expenses. We analyzed the demographics, clinical features, and costs of 602 MK patients treated at Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2021 to October 2023. The analysis revealed the average total cost of treating MK was USD 1646.8, with a median of USD 550.3 (IQR: 333.3-1239.1). Patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) incurred the highest median total costs at USD 706.2 (IQR: 399.2-3370.2). Additionally, AK patients faced the highest costs for ophthalmic exams and laboratory tests (both p < 0.001), while patients with fungal keratitis (FK) and viral keratitis (VK) experienced higher medication costs. Costs varied significantly with the severity of MK, especially for outpatients at severity level 4, which was markedly higher than levels 1-3 (USD 1520.1 vs. USD 401.0, p < 0.001). Delayed presentation also resulted in increased costs (USD 385.2 vs. USD 600.3, p < 0.001). Our study highlights the financial burden associated with MK treatment and underscores the importance of timely and accurate diagnosis and intervention.

Cost Analysis of Routine Histopathologic Evaluation of Specimens Following Total Ankle Arthroplasty.

Routine histopathologic examination of orthopaedic surgical specimens is a standard practice at many institutions. Previous studies have demonstrated that this practice seldom altered patient management for several orthopaedic procedures. As a result, the value of such practices has come into question. The purpose of this study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of routine histopathologic analysis of specimens obtained during total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent uncomplicated primary TAA at a large, academic, health system between January 2015 and December 2021. The postoperative histopathologic diagnoses were compared with the respective patient's preoperative clinical and intraoperative diagnoses. The prevalence of concordant, discrepant, and discordant diagnoses was determined. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to assess the financial implications of obtaining routine specimens for histopathologic examination for TAA. A total of 85 TAAs were identified in 85 individual patients and were included in the present study. A total of 172 specimens were sent for routine histopathologic review. On histopathologic analysis, a final diagnosis was confirmed in 82 (96.5%) of the total specimens reviewed. A discrepant diagnosis was discovered in 3 (3.5%; 2 cases of gout/pseudogout and 1 case of osteonecrosis) cases and 0 (0%) discordant diagnoses were discovered, corresponding to positive and negative predictive values of 97% and 100%, respectively The total estimate of costs incurred for the routine analysis of all specimens included in the study was between $12 299.20 and 17 846.00. The estimated cost to establish each discrepant diagnosis ranged between $4099.73 and $5948.67, and the cost for a discordant diagnosis was unable to be established. Routine histopathologic analysis of specimens obtained during TAA rarely revealed a discordant diagnosis and resulted in no alterations to patients' plan of care. Furthermore, the additional costs of routine histopathologic examination are significant. As such, it is recommended that such interventions in TAA should be performed on a per-case basis at the operating surgeon's discretion.

Socioeconomic impacts on Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) farming in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico

O Objective: To analyze the socioeconomic impacts on Valencia orange farming in Martínez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico. Methodology: A study was carried out using semi-structured surveys applied to a sample of 40 Valencia orange producers during the 2023 agricultural cycle. Convenience sampling was carried out, considering demographic, agronomic, socioeconomic and environmental variables. The methodology included the analysis of production costs, profits and profitability. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the variables, using the statistical SPSS software version 29.0. The variables considered were profitability of the crop (dependent variable), and the independent variables: sowing density, age of the crop, yield, and production cost. Results: The coefficients of regression show a direct relationship with the dependent variable, which is why the model as a whole is useful to explain the variability in the profitability of the Valencia orange crop. Conclusions: The current production model highlights key challenges and opportunities for the producers. It is considered that the socioeconomic, agronomic, commercial and environmental variables drive the sustainability and competitiveness of the crop in the region.

Integrated rehabilitation of reinforced concrete buildings: Combining seismic retrofit by means of low-damage exoskeleton and energy refurbishment using multi-functional prefabricated facade

The European building stock was mostly built before the mid-20th century and is characterized by buildings with high energy demand and high seismic vulnerability. Integrated upgrading interventions are therefore urgently needed for moving towards a more resilient community. In this study, rehabilitation interventions are proposed for reinforced concrete buildings to improve their energy efficiency as well as their structural/seismic performance. An integrated refurbishment aiming at structural, architectural, and energy upgrading is targeted. Energy retrofitting with multifunctional wood-based prefabricated modular facades has been evaluated, as capable of reducing heat consumption by an average of 84 % in different climate zones. More specifically, an exoskeleton system consisting of Prestressed Laminated timber (Pres-Lam) technology is considered, which will act as a structural support-skeleton system for a high-performance “double-skin” solution composed of prefabricated panels. This solution can reduce the seismic risk class in high seismic zones. The seismic-energetic integrated intervention is developed for a representative case study building and evaluated with reference to different climates and seismic zones. Furthermore, a preliminary cost-benefit analysis of the integrated solution has been performed, showing higher benefits when compared to the sole energy retrofit. Specifically, considering the seismic retrofit interventions, the cost analysis pointed out that moving up to higher-use classes results in higher performance and costs. Nevertheless, approximately comparable breakeven times have been obtained in the same seismic region by achieving higher targets. The proposed integrated solution is a promising alternative to demolition and reconstruction, providing a deep energy renovation and structural retrofit, avoiding inevitable waste production, additional energy consumption, and C02 emissions; and allowing for a sustainable renovation of the existing building stock.

Revisiting the cost analysis of importing liquefied green hydrogen

Hydrogen emerges as a promising energy carrier in achieving carbon neutrality, especially in countries such as South Korea and Japan, where renewable energy resources are scarce. Consequently, economically importing hydrogen from overseas is paramount to a stable supply. However, previous studies have often oversimplified the estimation of hydrogen import costs with optimistic assumptions, raising doubts about their reliability. This study comprehensively assesses costs incurred from green hydrogen production to liquefaction and transportation. The cost analysis includes detailed design considerations for hydrogen liquefaction and re-conditioning plants, alongside thermodynamic simulations to estimate the boil-off gas rate of liquid hydrogen during transport. Focusing on a case study of importing liquefied green hydrogen from Australia to South Korea, our findings reveal that the levelized cost of hydrogen is approximately 30.2 USD/kgH2 as of 2023. Projections suggest a decrease to around 18.3 USD/kgH2 by 2050, assuming technological advancements, significantly exceeding values reported in the existing literature. Sensitivity analysis highlights the renewable electricity price in Australia and the boil-off rate during shipping as key factors that significantly influence the levelized cost of hydrogen.

Evaluation of User Costs in Terms of Public Transportation Fare: A Literature Review

The welfare level differs in every geography depending on the economy. This also differentiates the variables that are taken into account when determining transportation fares. While underdeveloped or developing countries determine prices by focusing only operating and investment costs, developed countries take user and environmental costs into consideration. However, the failure to describe the parameters used in determining these costs leads to the emergence of ineffective pricing policies. Especially the concept of user cost has become the focus of human-oriented policies in recent years. To this end, the paper provides a literature-based analysis of user costs using in calculation of public transportation fare. The fact that the studies in the literature did not address user costs in a clear framework has created an important gap in this regard. The aim of this study is to fill this gap in the literature by systematically examining the user cost factor affecting transportation fare and to provide a source for other research.

Cost analysis for machine repair problem under triadic policy with discouragement and multiple working vacations

ABSTRACT This study portrays the steady-state assessment of controlling the service of two removable repairmen for a machine maintenance problem with discouragement and multiple working vacations under a triadic policy. The L operating machines constitute the entire system, and it is believed that failing machines will be repaired in accordance with triadic policy and repairmen will take multiple working vacations. During the working vacation period, one repairman continues providing service and goes for another vacation as soon as queue of failed machines becomes empty. The system steady state equations are solved recursively and various performance metrics are established for constructing a system total expected cost function. Cost optimization is performed, and the optimal cost is compared using several approaches, including Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO), the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm, and the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The convexity behavior of the expected cost function, among choice variables with restricted region also presented graphically. Furthermore, the paper includes computational findings illustrating the impact of different parameters on the estimated optimal service rate and optimal thresholds, as well as a case study demonstrating the practical use of the designed model.

Toothbrushing programme in Saudi Arabia ‘TOPS’: a study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial in kindergartens, Riyadh

IntroductionDental caries among children is a major global health problem and is a particular public health challenge in Saudi Arabia. Dental caries cause pain, infection and negatively impact quality of...

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПОПРОЦЕССНОГО БЮДЖЕТИРОВАНИЯ В ЦЕЛЯХ КОНТРОЛЯ ЗАТРАТ И ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ БИЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕССОВ КОМПАНИИ

The article discusses the issues of organizing sound budget planning of company expenses. Particular attention is paid to the problem of forming budgets for indirect costs. As a tool for determining their value, the ABB method (Activity based budgeting) is proposed, based on a functional cost analysis of costs and an assessment of the planned amount of resource consumption, depending on the level of each type of activity necessary to implement the production program and achieve a given level of income. Recommendations are given for the implementation of process-based budgeting techniques. The advantages of using the ABB method for the purposes of effective control of resources and financial results of activities are highlighted.

Offshore and onshore renewable energy system modelling to meet the energy demand of megacity Istanbul

In this study, a renewable energy system was designed using offshore and onshore energy sources to meet the electricity demands of the megacity Istanbul. Istanbul spends about 11 % of Turkey's consumption according to 2022 data, this electricity fee is generally supplied from fossil fuels, which cause large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, to increase the usage of clean energy sources, a detailed analysis of the appropriate land was performed to install the necessary wind farms and solar farms, considering the electricity consumption of both the European and Anatolian sides of Istanbul. A new integrated approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was presented to determine the locations of offshore and onshore power plants to be installed. The analysis with a new approach took into account important criteria such as land cover, power transmission lines, substations, and settlements of the location. Moreover, HOMER software optimized the power plant’s energy production potential and components to be installed on the European and Anatolian sides. The megacity was considered as two sides, the overall power output on the European side was obtained as 2874.6 GWh/yr in HOMER; however, the Anatolian side was 158 GWh/yr. It was obtained that wind energy had a significant potential to produce electricity throughout the entire megacity. According to the results of the cost analysis, the European side with a cost of electricity (COE) of 0.0105 $/kWh is conspicuous, and the COE of the Anatolian side is 0.015 $/kWh.

Potential healthcare resource use and associated costs of every 2 month injectable cabotegravir plus rilpivirine long-acting regimen implementation in the Spanish National Healthcare System compared to daily oral HIV treatments

IntroductionHIV treatment currently consists of daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART). Cabotegravir + rilpivirine long-acting (CAB + RPV LA) is the first ART available in Spain administered every 2 months through intramuscular injection by a healthcare professional (HCP). The objective of this analysis was to assess potential healthcare resource use (HRU) and cost impact of implementing CAB + RPV LA vs. daily oral ART at National Health System (NHS) hospitals.MethodsOnline quantitative interviews and cost analysis were performed. Infectious disease specialists (IDS), hospital pharmacists (HP) and nurses were asked about their perception of potential differences in HRU between CAB + RPV LA vs. daily oral ART, among other concepts of interest. Spanish official tariffs were applied as unit costs to the HRU estimates (€2022).Results120 responders (n = 40 IDS, n = 40 HP, n = 40 nurses) estimated an average number of annual visits per patient by speciality (IDS, HP, and nurse, respectively) of 3.3 vs. 3.7; 4.4 vs. 6.2; 6.1 vs. 3.9, for CAB + RPV LA vs. daily oral ART, and 3.0 vs. 3.2; 4.8 vs. 5.8; 6.9 vs. 4.9, respectively when adjusting by corresponding specialist responses. Estimation by the total sample led to an annual total cost per patient of €2,076 vs. €2,473, being €2,032 vs. €2,237 after adjusting by corresponding HCP, for CAB + RPV LA vs. daily oral ART.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the implementation of CAB + RPV LA in NHS hospitals would not incur in increased HRU-related costs compared to current daily oral ARTs, being potentially neutral or even cost-saving.

Optimizing electric vehicle scheduling strategies for advanced distribution system planning and operation with comprehensive cost-benefit analysis

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a compelling way to advance environmentally sustainable transportation systems, thanks to their potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions. Nevertheless, the seamless integration of EVs into distribution systems is fraught with challenges that require thorough investigation. With the ultimate goal of creating an ideal planning plan, the primary objective of this research is to examine electric vehicle planning strategies (EVPSs) utilizing a thorough cost and benefit analysis technique. Because EVs may operate as both a dispersed energy source and a load, they present the idea of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. An EV with V2G technology installed can actively support the distribution system's power needs, particularly in the area of reactive power support. In order to fully benefit from integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into distribution systems, EV charging activities must be coordinated with the concurrent availability of V2G technology. This study involves the implementation of two separate PSs, each of which focuses on specific aspects of distribution system improvement. Active power distribution (APD) and reactive power distribution (RPD) are the two categories into which the strategies are separated. Their shared objective is to reduce system losses by strategically utilizing the V2G technology that is built into electric vehicles. The APD technique is predicated on the idea of minimizing losses by optimizing EV charging and discharging (CDC). On the contrary, strategy based on RPD revolves around minimizing losses through optimal charging of EVs and smart injection of reactive power into the distribution system. In addition, this research presents an in-depth cost-benefit analysis of the developed EVPSs, which provides valuable insights from a planning perspective. Finally, this study assesses how the distribution system's reorganization has improved the system's planning and operation. The effectiveness and resilience of the suggested strategy are convincingly illustrated by simulations conducted on a 33-bus distribution system, which validate these crucial observations.

Delay and Pay? Healthcare Costs Associated with Late Oral Anti-coagulant Prescribing in People with Atrial Fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and exerts an increasingly significant burden on global healthcare resources, with its prevalence rising with an ageing population. Despite a substantial thromboembolic risk, particularly in the period immediately following diagnosis, oral anti-coagulation is frequently not initiated or is delayed. The aim of this study was to evaluate healthcare costs in people with AF, comparing those who were commenced on oral anti-coagulation in the immediate period following the index diagnosis date with those in whom initiation was late and those who never started anti-coagulation. This retrospective cost analysis used linked Scottish health data to identify adults newly diagnosed with AF between January 1st 2012 and April 30th 2019 with a baseline CHA2DS2-VASc score of ≥2. This AF population was sub-divided according to timing of the first prescription of oral anti-coagulant (OAC) during a 2-year follow-up period: never started (OAC never initiated), immediate OAC (OAC prescribed within 60 days of incident AF diagnosis), and delayed OAC (OAC prescribed more than 60 days after incident AF diagnosis). A two-part model was developed, adjusted for key covariates, including age, sex, and frailty, to estimate costs for inpatient admissions, outpatient care, prescriptions, and care home admissions, and overall costs. Of an overall AF population of 54,385, 26,805 (49.3%) never commenced OAC, 7654 (14.1%) initiated an OAC late, and 19,926 (36.6%) were prescribed anti-coagulation immediately. The mean adjusted cost for the overall AF population was £7807 per person per year (unadjusted: £8491). Delayed OAC initiation was associated with the greatest adjusted estimated mean annual cost (unadjusted: £13,983; adjusted: £9763), compared to those that never started (unadjusted: £10,433; adjusted: £7981) and those that received an immediate OAC prescription (unadjusted: £3976; adjusted: £6621). Increasing frailty, mortality, and female sex were associated with greater healthcare costs. AF is associated with significant healthcare resource utilisation and costs, particularly in the context of delayed or non-initiation of anti-coagulation. Indeed, there exists substantial opportunity to improve the utilisation and prompt initiation in people newly diagnosed with AF in Scotland. Interventions to mitigate against the growing economic burden of AF should focus on reducing admissions to hospitals and care homes, which are the principal drivers of costs; prescriptions and outpatient appointments account for a relatively small proportion of overall costs for AF.

A Review of Options and Costs for Mitigating GHG Emissions from the U.S. Dairy Sector

The U.S. dairy sector is a significant emitter of methane and nitrous oxide, with the US EPA estimating it produced around 90 Tg CO2 eq. in 2021. This paper reviews the literature on and evaluates various mitigation actions for reducing GHG emissions in the U.S. dairy sector, focusing on both direct and indirect emission sources. We conducted a narrative literature review based on the cradle to gate life-cycle assessment method, covering the entire dairy supply chain up until milk enters retail establishments, including dairy and feed producing farm practices, processing, transportation, and their associated emissions/costs. The papers included were selected over a three year process depending on discussions with experts and issues mentioned in the emerging literature. We review significant opportunities for the U.S. dairy sector to reduce emissions, particularly through improved enteric fermentation and manure management practices. Additionally, we cover the potential for mitigating indirect emissions from feed production, processing, and transportation, areas less frequently covered in existing studies. This review also covers a gap in the literature by integrating economic findings including cost analysis and incentives to mitigate based on the social value of emissions reductions.

A preliminary exploration of waste red-bed as a supplementary cementitious material

A red-bed is a type of continental clastic sedimentary stratum, with red serving as the main color. This type of stratum accounts for 20% of the land area in China. In the process of infrastructure construction, a large amount of waste red-bed is generated. Waste red-bed exacerbates the shortage of land resources and is a misuse of resources. In this study, a preliminary exploration of the recycling of waste red-bed in central Yunnan Province was conducted. The studied red-bed contains approximately 30% clay minerals and was used as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) instead of clay after calcination. Through laboratory characterization, environmental impact assessment, and cost analyses, the feasibility of using the red-bed as a type of SCM was demonstrated. The results show that the dehydroxylation reaction of clay minerals in the red-bed was almost complete after calcination at 800 °C. A pozzolanic reaction occurred, and additional heat was released after the addition of the calcined red-bed (CRB) to the cement mortar. When the cement replacement ratio increased from 10% to 30%, the strength activity index decreased from 98.2% to 82.2%, which met the relevant requirements. However, compared with the control samples, the samples with replacement ratios of 40% and 50% had lower mortar fluidities by 57.3% and 75.5% and higher porosities by 33.3% and 20.0%, respectively. Owing to the dilution effect of the cement and the decrease in the mortar fluidity, the internal structure of the sample porosity increased, and the strength decreased dramatically. In addition, the environmental impacts, energy consumption, and cost of using waste red-bed as a SCM were quantitatively analyzed via a carbon emission index and a cost index.

Photo Fenton-like oxidation of real textile wastewater: Operating conditions, kinetic modelling and cost analysis

The reusability of the pretreated textile wastewater was improved by using bismuth ferrite/activated carbon hybrid photocatalysts in photo-Fenton-like oxidation process. BiFeO3/WAC (WAC: walnut shell based activated carbon) and BiFeO3/CAC (CAC: Commercial activated carbon) catalysts were synthesized and used for the photocatalytic oxidation of in-situ pretreated textile wastewater. The influences of the mixing speed, oxidant dosage, light source, catalyst loading, and temperature were studied. The highest TOC removal efficiencies were evaluated as 56.3% and 76.2% in the presence of BiFeO3/WAC and BiFeO3/CAC, respectively. A kinetic study was performed to derive the kinetic models expressing the TOC removal as a basis for the semi-pilot and industrial scale studies. The kinetic data fit to a two-step second order reaction rate model in the presence of both of the catalysts. The activation energies of the first and the second steps were calculated as 36.0 and 16.0 kJ/mol, respectively, on BiFeO3/WAC catalyst while 43.4 and 13.3 kJ/mol of activation energies were calculated on BiFeO3/CAC.

A Cost Analysis of Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Canadian Pre-Post Study

BackgroundThere is a paucity of Canadian studies using patient-level data to analyze the costs of catheter ablation (CA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to identify the health care resource use, costs, and cost predictors of CA. MethodsA cost analysis was performed in a population of AF patients treated with CA in Central Zone Nova Scotia from 2010 to 2018. Costs were compared 2 years before ablation (pre-CA) with costs 2 years after (post-CA); the 3-month period post-CA was defined as the treatment window. Costs were also compared according to CA technology defined as before 2015 for patients treated with non-contact force sensing CA and after 2015 for patients treated with contact force sensing CA. ResultsHeart failure hospitalizations, AF-related emergency department visits, acute inpatient admissions, and cardioversions all decreased after ablation. The cost difference post-CA vs pre-CA was CAD$18,869 (95% confidence interval [CI], $15,570-$22,168). This increase in costs was driven by costs incurred during the treatment window, which was $21,439 (95% CI, $20,468-$22,409). After excluding treatment window costs, the mean year 1 post-CA cost was $11,223 (95% CI, $9113-$13,334) and year 2 post-CA cost was $4555 (95% CI, $3145-$5965); both were lower than the pre-CA costs. Costs remained stable over the time frame of the study period, with no influence from new technologies on cost. The post-CA cost difference between the post-2015 and pre-2015 groups was $2573 (95% CI, -$2336 to $7481) ConclusionsWe showed that although CA is expensive, it might be a cost-effective treatment modality for AF because of the associated reduction in costs and health care resource use.

Use of antioxidants to retard aging of bitumen: A review.

Oxidative aging of bitumen is an inevitable and irreversible phenomenon. Exposure to detrimental factors such as sunlight, oxygen, and UV radiations accelerates the aging of bitumen and bituminous pavement. The aging process induces hardening and embrittlement in bitumen, leading to premature pavement failure. Therefore, for constructing sustainable long-lasting pavements anti-aging additives are used. Among the available additives, the use of antioxidants has emerged as a promising solution to mitigate the aging of bitumen. The current review aims to summarise the existing literature for a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of these additives as aging inhibitors. It provides an overview of the chemical pathway involved during bitumen oxidation and various quantification techniques to measure the effect of aging. This review also highlights the potential use of antioxidants in bitumen and elaborates on the working mechanism of different types of antioxidants to prevent bitumen aging. Further, the effect of modification in bitumen at micro, macro, and mixture levels are discussed. Additionally, cost analysis and future prospects on the use of antioxidants for bitumen are presented.

A multi-aspect approach of a building to achieve optimization in India’s major green building rating systems by incorporating BIM

Abstract This paper delves into the concept of “green buildings,” structures designed to enhance the quality of life within their geographical context through their unique attributes. In the context of India, this study focuses on three primary green building rating systems: LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design), IGBC (Indian Green Building Council), and GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment). The objective of this article is to present an optimized three-dimensional model for a commercial building, employing Building Information Modelling (BIM) techniques. To achieve this, a checklist is developed based on the maximum rating points stipulated by the aforementioned rating systems. Using this checklist as a guideline, a three-dimensional model is constructed, integrating key parameters of sustainability and environmental performance. Subsequently, a cost analysis is conducted on the model to determine the payback time, thus establishing a holistic framework for sustainable building design. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable architectural practices by integrating BIM technology with green building rating systems, providing a valuable methodology for architects and stakeholders to optimize commercial building designs with an emphasis on sustainability and environmental responsibility.