Cosmopolitan Nationalism Research Articles

Notes on Sociology of Globalization

The notes contain some comments related to the ongoing debates on sociology of globalization concentrated on U. Becks idea of cosmopolitisation and the shaping of cosmopolitan communities. A forthcoming paradigm shift in social sciences;the definition of cosmopolitanism and the establishment of cosmopolitan communities; what is the first phase of cosmopolitisation showed; an idea and possible scenarios of it realization; critics of cosmopolitisation theory concept; cosmopolitanism vs. corporate (or cluster) nationalism; and what is going now and what should be done are main issues in question.Author concluded that: the evolutionary potential of existing sociology is not exhausted; an anthropological shock should be avoided; much more attention should be given to the study of economic and political sources of current disasters; and that local and global sociologists should be much more active in public arena and environmental politics.

Nuuk underground: musical change and cosmopolitan nationalism in Greenland

AbstractIn Nuuk, the capital of Greenland, there have been a significant number of musical events in recent years that have been called ‘underground’. These have formed an underground scene that offered a cosmopolitan alternative to established ‘greenlandificated’ popular music. This paper accounts for the building of this underground scene by Nuuk youth, and asks why these young people valued musical change informed by a cosmopolitan outlook, while at the same time holding firmly to the conviction that their activities were a part of the dominant Greenlandic nation-building project. Social agents, which played key roles in building the Nuuk underground scene, described their activities as attempts to come to terms with a history in which Greenland has been perceived as a subaltern nation. This enquiry explains the nationalist logic behind a concern with performing similarity with Western nations in the Nuuk underground scene, as opposed to the more widespread romantic nationalist logic concerned with expressing a distinguishable national character. This further leads to an expansion of a position of cosmopolitan nationalism.

'“Many Different Voices and Accents” – Cosmopolitan Time-Travel in Catherine Forde’s Think Me Back'

This article analyzing themes of cosmopolitan time-travel, Scottish nationalism and identity in Catherine Forde’s children's novel "Think Me Back."

Developing World: Increasing Jordanian Tourism: A Strategic Plan

This paper focuses on ways to improve tourism facilities and revenues in a cosmopolitan nation with few resources but enriched by ancient historical sites and a fascinating culture. It is significant as a pattern for other developing Middle Eastern Nations, even those presently oil-rich, because tourism depends on a sustainable continuing resource. The introduction places Jordan in its world political situation, and summarises its ancient and unique tourism attractions, including medical, and educational. Background geographical and population characteristics are outlined with 30% unemployed youth. Tourism employs 22% of the population overall and brings in 5.5% of GDP. As a case study, a strategic plan is developed from a SWOT analysis considering the latest literature to guide internal sustainable development and encourage tourism, lure outside investment, increase its entrepreneurial middle class, improve revenue and suggest job opportunities for youth. Problems are collated from the SWOT Weaknesses and Threats to expose areas for further study and development within the governorates, utilising Jordan’s excellent educational resources for analysis to derive further national improvements and lead Middle Eastern tourism.

American Adventurers, Parisian Opportunities

American Adventurers, Parisian Opportunities Bryan Waterman (bio) Joel Barlow: American Citizen in a Revolutionary World. Richard Buel, Jr. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011. 433 pp. Gilbert Imlay: Citizen of the World. Wil Verhoeven. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008. 299 pp. Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution. Philipp Ziesche. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010. 239 pp. Discussing the phenomenon of the “lesser Founder,” and Thomas Paine as a particular case, Jill Lepore has quipped that in “the comic book version of history that serves as America’s national heritage, where the Founding Fathers are like the Hanna-Barbera Super Friends, Paine is Aquaman to Washington’s Superman and Jefferson’s Batman; we never find out how he got his super powers and he only shows up when they need someone who can swim” (61–62). Paine, in Lepore’s view, probably deserves more, especially given the vast influence of Common Sense on Revolutionary-era readers, but his involvement in the French Revolution and his religious infidelity ruined his reputation in his lifetime; drink and depression, which prevented him from writing his own history of the age, left him to an ugly, anonymous death, and for much of the two centuries since then he has been regarded, in Bernard Bailyn’s words, as an “ignoramus” who happened to write a “work of genius” (qtd. in Lepore 64). If such was the fate [End Page 571] of an international Revolutionary celebrity like Thomas Paine, what hope is there for even lesser historical figures like his sometime associates, Joel Barlow and Gilbert Imlay? If Paine is relegated to the Aquaman position in the Saturday morning version of American history, does that make Barlow and Imlay something more like Marvin, Wendy, and Wonderdog—or maybe their successors, the Wondertwins, if they’re lucky? The comprehensive, meticulously researched recent biographies by Richard Buel Jr. and Wil Verhoeven—the first book-length volume on Barlow in fifty years, and the first ever biography of Imlay—would suggest that recent scholarly interest in the Age of Revolutions has helped broaden our gaze from the marquee names to sidekicks and bit players who can offer surprising insights into the intellectual, commercial, political, and literary networks that spanned the Atlantic in the post-Revolutionary Era. Together with a work like Philipp Ziesche’s Cosmopolitan Patriots, the two recent biographies help us better understand that these and other Americans in Paris in the 1790s hold forth more than an expat’s eyewitness account of the French Revolution. Rather, they offer an understanding of how American nationalism emerged from cosmopolitan encounters, even fraught or failed ones, as much as it did from the development of partisan political cultures at home. Barlow and Imlay come down to us in these biographies as character types, as the books’ subtitles would indicate. For Buel, Barlow is an American citizen who happens to have been launched abroad on business just as the French Revolution kicked into gear. Imlay, for Verhoeven, is less an American abroad than a citizen of the world, albeit one who played his “American” card—or better yet, his “Kentucky” card—shrewdly at times. Both men also took advantage of opportunities afforded by the events of the American Revolution to remake themselves in European contexts: as political radicals, as literary figures, and as economic actors. They repeatedly refashioned themselves, always with an eye on making their fortunes: “minding the main chance,” in the parlance of The Contrast, the play by their contemporary Royall Tyler. In this they were not alone, of course. Benjamin Franklin was much more successful at this game, and on some of the same stages. Rather, Barlow and Imlay are useful to us as representatives of a generation in which many men—and some women—used a Revolutionary public sphere, including literary authorship, to garner private influence and, at times, personal wealth. For this reason they, like [End Page 572] Paine, have become figures of interest for scholars trying to understand the currents of the Revolutionary Atlantic, not simply relegated to niche studies of early New England poetry or frontier writing, or footnotes in biographies of more famous associates.1 Though Buel tends to think...

Cosmopolitanized Nations: Re-imagining Collectivity in World Risk Society

The concept of the national is often perceived, both in public and academic discourse as the central obstacle for the realization of cosmopolitan orientations. Consequently, debates about the nation tend to revolve around its persistence or its demise. We depart from this either-or perspective by investigating the formation of the ‘cosmopolitan nation’ as a facet of world risk society. Modern collectivities are increasingly preoccupied with debating, preventing and managing risks. However, unlike earlier manifestations of risk characterized by daring actions or predictability models, global risks can no longer be calculated or forecast. Accordingly, more influence accrues to the perception of risk, largely constructed by media representations. Cosmopolitanized risk collectivities are engendered through the anticipation of endangered futures which are, for the most part, communicated through an increasingly global media scape. While global media events produce shared exposure, risk conceptions retain distinctive political-cultural features as their respective meanings are prefigured by path-dependent pasts. Nevertheless, the promulgation of risk societies, we argue, results in a reimagination of nationhood which takes place in the context of: global norms (e.g. human rights); globalized markets; transnational migrations; global generations and their embeddedness in civil society movements; and the local interpenetration of world religions to name but a few of the global backdrops shaping new associational intersections. We develop our argument in four interrelated steps. Contrary to essentialized notions of nationalism or universal versions of cosmopolitanism, we address the cosmopolitan reconfiguration of nationhood by differentiating between presumptions of thick belonging and the actual proliferation of cosmopolitan affiliations. In a second step we overcome the territorial fixation of the social sciences by shifting our attention to temporal dimensions, with a particular focus on competing conceptions of the future. In a third step we demonstrate how these cosmopolitan transformations of nationhood are taking place in the context of a world risk society regime that marshals a set of cosmopolitan imperatives situating the global other in our midst. In a fourth step we illustrate these developments by exploring how the mediatization of risk, and concomitant notions of the future, contribute to the reimagination of cosmopolitan risk collectivities.

Turkish-Islamic Feminism Confronts National Patriarchy

This essay compares and contrasts Turkish author Halide Edib’s novel The Shirt of Flame (Duffield & Company, 1921) to the second volume of her memoirs, The Turkish Ordeal (The Century Company, 1928). Both texts have female protagonists and parallel plots and take place during the Allied occupation of Istanbul (1918–23). Both texts are manifestations of an emerging Turkish national master narrative. By highlighting the tensions between the first-person narratives of the novel, the memoir, and the emplottment of the national master narrative, this essay offers an analysis of tensions between cosmopolitan Islamic feminism and secular nationalism. This essay describes how memoir (whether an actual memoir, such as The Turkish Ordeal, or a fictional memoir, such as The Shirt of Flame) constructs the object of its knowledge (the feminist self), and furthermore, how the feminist self can be read either as constitutive of national allegory (as in The Shirt of Flame) or as an allegorical critique of patriarchal nationalism (as in the English-language The Turkish Ordeal). The essay concludes by showing how Halide Edib’s perspective allows for a gendered reading of the national master narrative and the Orientalist/ nationalist binary upon which it is predicated.

National Responsibility and Global Poverty

This article argues that institutional cosmopolitanism and liberal nationalism can be reconciled as compatible, at least when considering various normative prescriptions for institutional and political relationships. The main claim is that liberal nationalism and the theory of national responsibility present a cosmopolitan argument maintaining that political institutional bodies should be held responsible for catering to their people. So conceived, liberal nationalism provides a significant contribution to contemporary cosmopolitan theory. Three arguments are provided. First, it is argued that liberal nationalists shares fundamental values with institutional cosmopolitans, as Pogge suggests, and especially that they agree on the relevance of shared responsibility supplementing individual responsibility. Second, national responsibility is endorsed as a productive way of determining responsibility for the political distribution of goods and benefits for a group of people that supplements responsibilities at the global level. Yet a premise for this reading of national responsibility is the disputing of the cultural assumptions which are often attributed to the theory of national responsibility. Hence, thirdly, by disentangling the cultural assumptions from the concept of national responsibility, the article suggests a concept of national responsibility based on political institutional capacity rather than culture.

Settlers, Sell-outs and Sons of the Soil: The Creation of Aliens in Zimbabwe and the Challenge for Higher Education

The contemporary colonial world is witnessing struggles for domination and existence that have led to exclusion of some groups on the basis of parameters defined by the powerful. This contribution observes practices and policies of belonging and exclusion developing in Zimbabwe and argues that higher education should take the lead in discussing and proposing citizenship education that would produce cosmopolitan patriots, responsible and tolerant citizens. The discussion is a critical discourse analysis of dominant colonial forces of authoritarian nationalism and neoliberalism supplemented by personal experience and engagement with students and faculty at the Great Zimbabwe University. What has been observed is the failure of civil society and state led programmes in this endeavour and the honours rests with higher education institutions to develop citizenship education rooted in ideals that critique hegemonic discourses. This demands a change in perspectival foci and this study advances the adoption of anti-colonial liberationist perspectives as one of the options if an end to classification of citizens as aliens and patriots is to come to an end.

Sergei Eisenstein'sIvan the Terribleand the Renaissance: An Example of Stalinist Cosmopolitanism?

In this article Katerina Clark argues that Sergei Eisenstein'sIvan the Terribletrilogy should not be taken as an unambiguous example of the revival of the national in Stalinist culture of the 1930s and 1940s. Clark identifies Eisenstein as a “cosmopolitan patriot” and proposes that the film can be interpreted, inter alia, in terms of this orientation, focusing on the role of the west European Renaissance in the film. This link is explicit in the Prologue and in an article by Eisenstein, which equate Ivan's ruthless exercise of power and use of violence with the record of such Renaissance giants as Henry VIII and Catherine de Medici. But the link is also implicit in some of the visual imagery and the plot structure (which draws on the Elizabethan revenge tragedy). In such allusions to the Renaissance, Clark contends, Eisenstein was effectively entering into European debates of the fascist era about “humanism,” “cosmopolitanism,” and internationalism, with a position that emerges as both nuanced and conflicted.

“The Man Without a Country” and America’s Post-war Crisis of National Belonging

Hale’s “The Man Without a Country” turns on itself: The Man without a Country emerges not as the story’s one-dimensional villain but as its complex hero—a new sort of cosmopolitan patriot. With its powerful evocation of sentimental attachment to the figure of the American expatriate voyager, Hale’s tale reflects the author’s struggle to re-assert the sentimental power of an imagined community in the new context of a wide-ranging global existence. Hale may have begun writing in response to the crisis of national belonging triggered by the Civil War, hoping that this piece of invented folklore would reinforce or restore an older mode of bounded American national self-definition, but “The Man without a Country” in fact anticipates the outline of an alternative vision and stance reflecting the new international situation emerging over the course of the 19th-century—giving us a prescient portrait of an American identity that finds itself most fully in trans-national situations The Man Without a Country de Hale se retourne contre lui-même : The Man Without a Country n’apparaît pas comme le scélérat unidimensionnel de l’histoire, mais comme un héro complexe – une nouvelle sorte de patriote cosmopolite. Grâce à sa puissante évocation d’un attachement sentimental au personnage du voyageur américain expatrié, l’ouvrage de Hale reflète la lutte de l’auteur qui cherche à réaffirmer la puissance sentimentale d’une communauté imaginaire dans le nouveau contexte d’une vaste existence globale. Hale peut avoir commencé à écrire afin de répondre à une crise d’appartenance nationale déclenchée par la guerre de Sécession, en espérant que cette pièce de folklore inventé permettrait de renforcer ou de restaurer un ancien mode d’autodéfinition nationale américaine fermée, mais The Man without a Country anticipe de fait les grandes lignes d’une autre vision et façon de faire qui reflètent la nouvelle situation internationale émergeant durant le 19e siècle – et nous offre un portrait prescient d’une identité américaine qui se retrouve le mieux dans des situations transnationales.

“The Man Without a Country” and America's Post-war Crisis of National Belonging

Abstract: Hale's “The Man Without a Country” turns on itself: The Man without a Country emerges not as the story's one-dimensional villain but as its complex hero—a new sort of cosmopolitan patriot. With its powerful evocation of sentimental attachment to the figure of the American expatriate voyager, Hale's tale reflects the author's struggle to re-assert the sentimental power of an imagined community in the new context of a wide-ranging global existence. Hale may have begun writing in response to the crisis of national belonging triggered by the Civil War, hoping that this piece of invented folklore would reinforce or restore an older mode of bounded American national self-definition, but “The Man without a Country” in fact anticipates the outline of an alternative vision and stance reflecting the new international situation emerging over the course of the 19th-century—giving us a prescient portrait of an American identity that finds itself most fully in trans-national situations.

VANITY FAIR? Understanding Contemporary Links between Fashion, Museum and Nation

In this paper, fashion is analyzed as a complex system that synthesizes the provision of clothes with the production of symbolic value. Through a case study of Denmark, I question contemporary links between fashion, museum and nation, and introduce the concepts of “fashion nation” and “fashion museology”. I argue that the museum’s and nation’s longing for newness, appeal to attention, and adaptation to the commercial market do not merely constitute a shallow quick-fix; rather, deeper ramifications and potentials arise as fashion promotes cosmopolitan nationalism, one in which cultural heritage and national values are not reduced to defensive strongholds in the face of globalization, but cultivated as renewable resources that can be reinvented in interaction with global society.

Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution , and: Lessons from America: Liberal French Nobles in Exile, 1793-1798 (review)

Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution. By Philipp Ziesche. (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2010. Pp. 239. Cloth, $39.50.)Lessons from America: Liberal French Nobles in Exile, 1793-1798. By Doina Pasca Harsanyi. (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010. Pp. 204. Cloth, $80.00.)Reviewed by Ashli WhiteWhen the Bastille fell in 1789, many observers concluded that France had joined the United States in the attempt to become an enlightened republic. Ever since, eyewitnesses - and then historians - have sought to explain the complex connections between these revolutions. Scholarship fells into two general camps: authors who compare the revolutions' trajectories and achievements; and those who are interested in impact, how each country influenced the other. Both approaches are central to narratives of the early United States, affecting interpretations of nationalism, political life, and the economy, among other issues.For all that we know about these sister republics, Philipp Ziesche's Cosmopolitan Patriots and Doina Pasca Harsanyi's Lessons from America remind us how much remains underexplored. These works shed new light on the relationship between France and the United States in the 1790s, and they do so through the purview of migrants. Ziesche focuses on elite Americans who were drawn to Paris for ideological and economic reasons, while Harsanyi considers French nobles who found themselves on the wrong side of revolution and ended up in temporary exile in Philadelphia. For both historians, these emigrants offer an advantageous perspective because of their dislocation. Although the motivation for each group's move differed (one was voluntary, the other not), marginality in their host nations led them to reflect, with keen insight, on what the United States could learn from France and vice versa. Their experiences, the authors argue, show us how some influential men made sense of the reverberations of revolutions.Philipp Ziesche's Americans in Paris are familiar faces, including Thomas Jefferson, Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Paine, Joel Barlow, and James Monroe. For Ziesche's purposes, what's most important about these is their cosmopolitanism - their belief that all men were fellow citizens of the world, united by a common set of values that elided national, religious, linguistic, and other differences (6). This notion encouraged them to travel to Paris in the 1790s, thinking that they, armed with republican know-how, could be useful to their French counterparts in the translation of universal ideals into practice. But the project of creating republican nations was, to a certain extent, at odds with cosmopolitanism, since nations, it was believed, reflected the mores and manners unique to a population and place. Ziesche points out, however, that individual national projects always looked elsewhere for instruction, and they derived legitimacy, in part, from official recognition by other nations. Universalism was an inescapable component of nationalism.The cosmopolitan patriots were well aware of the tension between the particular and the universal in the making of republican nations, and their wrestling with this dynamic in the French context influenced their vision for the United States. Each chapter explores an aspect of this problem through one or more individuals, all the while progressing chronologically through the decade. Ziesche begins with Thomas Jefferson and Gouverneur Morris and their impressions of the new French constitution of 1789, and he then considers the divergent stances of William Short and Jefferson on the Jacobins and revolutionary violence. The third chapter centers on Joel Barlow, his hopes for regenerating the French populace through sensibility, and his subsequent inability to understand the Terror, while in the fourth chapter, Ziesche uses James Monroe to evaluate changing ideas of popular sovereignty in Thermidorian Paris and Federalist America. …

"This Is London": Cosmopolitan Nationalism and the Discourse of Resilience in the Case of the 7/7 Terrorist Attacks

This essay analyzes competing discourses of resilience across United States and United Kingdom online news and blog coverage following the 2005 London 7/7 subway bombings. More specifically, it tracks how dominant articulations of resilience reflect an emerging Anglo-American sensibility that created constraints and possibilities for British national identity and security policy. We argue that the prevailing construction of Londoners as resilient represents a budding form of cosmopolitan nationalism that may have paved the way for the adoption of resilience as an official plank of U.S. and U.K. security policy. We conclude by examining the potential socio-political consequences of the discursive cultivation of resilience and explore its dialectical relation to vulnerability.

"This Is London": Cosmopolitan Nationalism and the Discourse of Resilience in the Case of the 7/7 Terrorist Attacks

Abstract This essay analyzes competing discourses of resilience across United States and United Kingdom online news and blog coverage following the 2005 London 7/7 subway bombings. More specifically, it tracks how dominant articulations of resilience reflect an emerging Anglo-American sensibility that created constraints and possibilities for British national identity and security policy We argue that the prevailing construction of Londoners as resilient represents a budding form of cosmopolitan nationalism that may have paved the way for the adoption of resilience as an official plank of U.S. and U.K. security policy. We conclude by examining the potential socio-political consequences of the discursive cultivation of resilience and explore its dialectical relation to vulnerability.

Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution (review)

Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution (review)

Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution

Cosmopolitan Patriots: Americans in Paris in the Age of Revolution

Jennifer Regan-Lefebvre, Cosmopolitan Nationalism in the Victorian Empire: Ireland, India and the Politics of Alfred Webb (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 272+pp. £49.40, $59.96 (USD), €62.64, ISBN: 0230220851, ISBN-13: 978-0230220850

Book review of Cosmopolitan Nationalism in the Victorian Empire: Ireland, India and the Politics of Alfred Webb, by Jennifer Regan-Lefebvre, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

An English-Canadian Poetics . Vol. 1, The Confederation Poets (review)

Reviewed by: An English-Canadian Poetics. Vol. 1, The Confederation Poets Tracy Ware (bio) Robert Hogg , editor. An English-Canadian Poetics. Vol. 1, The Confederation Poets. Talonbooks. 2010. 320. $29.95 Robert Hogg had a great idea: to collect 'as completely as possible every article on poetics by a published Canadian poet,' and then to publish them in several volumes. There is much to admire about this first volume, which brings together important essays by the Confederation poets with a brilliant introduction by D.M.R. Bentley. Unfortunately, there are also many flaws. Bentley demonstrates that the Confederation poets came together in the wake of Roberts's Orion, and Other Poems (1880) then started to lose coherence around 1894. He finds in the combination of an 'insistence on workmanship as the overriding criterion for Canadian poetry,' with a sense of national purpose the key to Roberts's success. Their 'cosmopolitan nationalism' meant that these poets shared a keen interest in the international trends of the day, and such figures as Wordsworth, Keats, Poe, Tennyson, Arnold, and Whitman receive much attention here, as do contemporary sonnets in England, the United States, and Canada. The great exception is William Wilfred Campbell, whose 'hostility to fixed forms and technical polish was in part a reflection' of a wider reaction against artifice, in part a 'preference for the sublime over the picturesque,' and in part sheer cantankerousness. Campbell was a difficult colleague, but his spirited parodies of nature sonnets in his Mermaid Inn columns are amusing, and his belief that 'all that is great in literature will always be connected with the tragedy of human sin and human despair as long as the humanity we are walks this earth' contrasts with the tendency in Roberts and Lampman to stress the wholesome and uplifting qualities of poetry. Campbell is so contrary-minded that he disagrees with himself on Wordsworth, whom he calls 'too self-centred to be a great [End Page 315] human poet' in February 1893, then four months later writes, 'The true greatness of Wordsworth lies in his simple, grand emotion.' Campbell notwithstanding, Lampman speaks for the core values of the group when he writes, 'The main current of the human spirit through many changes, and many falls[,] is setting eternally toward a condition of order and divine beauty and peace.' The problems start with Hogg's preface, which moves quickly from the Confederation poets to such later writers as A.J.M. Smith and Daphne Marlatt. Hogg's enthusiasm is contagious, but it should have been directed to the writers at hand. Both the choice of essays and the amount devoted to particular writers raise questions: Bliss Carman is represented by no fewer than nine essays, none of them memorable, over fifty-two pages, while Charles G.D. Roberts, probably the best and certainly the most influential essayist of the group, is represented by seven essays over forty pages. The concept of 'poetics' is so loosely used that Hogg includes Lampman's 'Happiness' but not his 'Two Canadian Poets: A Lecture,' in which Bentley locates the 'most famous Eureka moment in Canadian literature.' Hogg names Roberts's 'The Poetry of Nature' as one of many essays not included in 'any anthologies of Canadian poetry,' perhaps unaware of its presence in both Daymond and Monkman's Literature in Canada (1978) and Sugars and Moss's Canadian Literature in English (2008). He includes the helpful footnotes provided by such previous editors as Bentley, Laurel Boone, and W.J. Keith, but adds none of his own, and so quotations are sometimes identified and sometimes not. His author bibliographies are erratic: with Duncan Campbell Scott, for instance, he notes Stan Dragland's doctoral thesis but not his Floating Voice, and he omits In the Village of Viger for obvious reasons, then lists two articles on it. Although most of these essays are available at the Canadian Poetry Press website, it is good to have them in book form. Hogg's next volume will be on 'the early modernists.' If he can correct the flaws that mar this book, his series might yet achieve its goal. Tracy Ware Tracy Ware, Department of English, Queen's University Copyright...