Cosmopolitan Order Research Articles

Othering and ethics of belonging in migrants' embodied healthcare experiences.

At a time when national identities are being reasserted in Western Europe alongside moral and intellectual visions of a cosmopolitan order more inclusive than nationalism, what does belonging mean for immigrants who are non-Europeans, particularly for women from South Asia, Africa and the Middle East? Based on the lived experiences of 23 women of diverse backgrounds, who are first-generation immigrants, regarding their experiences while accessing the healthcare system in Zurich, Switzerland, I illustrate through migrant experiences how Othering and belonging are experienced within the web of chaotic meanings and social space one navigates. By employing a phenomenological-sociological approach, I present how embodied migrant experiences can capture the experiences of being an 'Other', as well as how moral emotions such as shame and humiliation can influence one's moral self and its significance to everyday moral discourse. While much of the academic discourse around belonging focuses on a place and its related connectedness to one's racial, gender and ethnic identity, here, I analyse cosmopolitanism's possibilities through Othering/belonging experiences within the healthcare context, and beyond. I conclude this paper with the key contributions of the ethics of belonging to the normative discourse on migration health.

Today’s Enlightenment

This paper aims to present Derrida’s reflections on Europe, which criticizes Europe’s actuality while recognizing its promise to-come. Europe in modernity has been conceptualized as sovereign heading, the only one capable of governing the world. Derrida hopes for a Europe other than a super-state, closed within its borders, and an economic alliance. He works on today’s Enlightenment, that is, on a new shape of Europe as a shoreline fit to welcome the other, following in the footsteps of Kant, who redefined the right of hospitality and drafted a cosmopolitan order, but going beyond his sketch. In the global age Europe must exemplarily assume The law of hospitality as its key principle, constantly seeking to translate it into political and legal acts.

From Cosmopolitan to Vernacular in the Language Sciences: A Global History Perspective.

Sheldon Pollock's justly famous work on cosmopolitan orders and processes of vernacularization in the worlds of Latinity and Sanskrit invites questions of a comparative and global-historical character. I will raise such questions in the context of the Persianate cosmopolitan order, especially as exemplified by the early modern Ottoman Empire, focusing on the wave of vernacularizations this empire witnessed in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries. In this process of vernacularization, new vernacular forms of philological learning appear to have played a crucial role. Building on Bourdieu's work, I will try to analyze the Ottoman cosmopolitan as a pre-modern form of linguistic domination, and vernacularization as a form of resistance. Moving beyond Bourdieu, I will be arguing for a genealogical approach that is alive to premodern non-European philological traditions, and to the historically variable relation between (philological) knowledge and power.

Transforming a Brazilian Aeronaut into a French Hero: Celebrity, Spectacle, and Technological Cosmopolitanism in the Turn-of-the-Century Atlantic

Abstract This article explains how the Brazilian Alberto Santos-Dumont, who at the turn of the twentieth century became the first global celebrity aeronaut, operated as a symbol of ‘technological cosmopolitanism’ — a world view that ostensibly promoted a vision of global unity through technology-enabled exchanges while simultaneously reproducing a core-periphery imagined geography that threatened to erase marginalized populations. Technological cosmopolitanism fitted snugly within the rubric of the Third Republic’s aspiring universalism, which assumed that France offered a model to be emulated around the world, but it was not hegemonic. If for the French appropriating Santos-Dumont meant safeguarding France’s leadership in aeronautics and assuaging their claims of universality, for Brazilians the elision was marked by ambiguity. Brazil’s First Republic hungered for heroes, and authorities saw Santos-Dumont as a symbol of modernity that showed that its place in world history was more than peripheral, even though that very vision was shaped by a Paris-centric world view. But marginalized Afro-Brazilians also found ways to appropriate a white ‘Frenchified’ Brazilian and reimagine their place in a cosmopolitan order. Technological cosmopolitanism evoked a world united by transportation, communication and exchange, but imagining who got to construct and partake in that community was a process continuously marked by erasures and reinsertions.

Hysterangiales revisited: expanded phylogeny reveals new genera and two new suborders.

Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) is a diverse, nearly cosmopolitan order of predominantly hypogeous, sequestrate, ectomycorrhizal fungi. Expanding on previously published phylogenies, we significantly increased sampling of Hysterangiales specimens, emphasizing representatives from Australia. Using protein-coding genes atp6 (adenosine triphosphate synthase subunit 6) and tef1 (translation elongation factor 1-á), we recovered 26 provisional novel genera, and corroborated existing genera and families. Further, two new suborders (Phallogastrineae subord. nov. and Hysterangineae subord. nov.) and a new family (Phallogastraceae fam. nov.) are described, and three new combinations made to Phallogaster. Aspects of classification and biogeography are presented.

Trump and the End of an Era? The Liberal International Order in Perspective

ABSTRACT The liberal international economic and political order which the United States created from the ashes of World War II and has since led is in trouble. To United States President Donald Trump, the order which provided the framework under which sovereign states agreed to follow a rules-based system of economic and political cooperation and shared multilateral governance, has not only allowed other nations (in particular, China) to take advantage of US ‘magnanimity’, but also weakened the United States economically, while asymmetric alliances compromised its military advantages. Given the sustained assault this cosmopolitan order is facing, many fear that it may not survive if Trump is re-elected in November 2020. Indeed, if the United States response to the COVID-19 pandemic is any guide, an ‘America First’ agenda, especially a hard-line approach to China, will shape US policy if Trump wins a second term.

Morphology and Phylogeny of Two Novel Pleurostomatids (Ciliophora, Litostomatea), Establishing a New Genus.

Pleurostomatida Schewiakoff, 1896 is a cosmopolitan order of ciliates. In the present study, we investigated two new pleurostomatid species, Apolitonotus lynni gen. et sp. nov. and Protolitonotus clampi sp. nov., with state-of-the-art methods. Apolitonotus lynni lacks its oral extrusomes and its right kineties form an anterior semi-suture near the dorsal margin. Based on these two features, the new genus Apolitonotus was established within the Protolitonotidae Wu etal., 2017. Protolitonotus clampi differs from its congeners by its size of 80-130×15-30μm, 4-6 left, and 9-11 right kineties, extrusomes arranged along the oral slit, and two macronuclear nodules. Because Litonotus antarcticus possesses an anterior semi-suture and oral extrusomes, it was transferred to the genus Protolitonotus, becoming P.antarctius comb. nov. (basionym Litonotus antarcticus Song and Wilbert, 2002). Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequences suggest a sister group relationship of P.clampi and the family Kentrophyllidae, and A.lynni is adelphotaxon to Litonotus gracilis, both within the order Pleurostomatida. Based on the new findings, an improved diagnosis for Protolitonotus was also provided.

Hayek: Postatomic Liberal

Hayek’s anti-rationalism is founded upon a revival of Scottish Enlightenment skepticism combined with a compelling account of psychology that rejects a correspondence between our categories that impose order on experience and an external reality. Despite the resulting austere epistemic standpoint, Hayek argues humans can harness their capacity for pattern recognition to generate and sustain cooperative social orders through non-rational processes of trial and error. Institutions that allow this cooperative order to persist include centrally private property, voluntary contract and the rule of law. Hayek’s politics is less reliant on fundamental normative claims than those based on utopian ideals and is compatible with a cosmopolitan order made up of people with varied conceptions of morality.

Interculturalidade e paz perpétua

A proposta de paz perpétua escrita por Kant depende do cumprimento de artigos que dirimem conflitos entre indivíduos e estados nacionais, dentre eles: a necessidade de se estabelecer uma ordem cosmopolita de hospitalidade e respeito ao próximo. A presente pesquisa reside na inquietação kantiana a respeito do direito cosmopolita entre os indivíduos no cenário multicultural sob a ótica da interculturalidade. A problemática reside em estabelecer uma ligação entre a inquietação kantiana e a complexidade da efetividade dos direitos humanos diante das diferentes culturas. Os dados coletados a partir da pesquisa bibliográfica demonstram que a atual ideia de direitos humanos necessita uma ressignificação e a superação de antigos conflitos teóricos que impedem a ressignificação da dignidade humana e, por consequência, não permite a inserção destes direitos em distintas culturas.

Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission: The International Buddhist Art Style in East Asia, ca. 645–770 by Dorothy C. Wong

Reviewed by: Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission: The International Buddhist Art Style in East Asia, ca. 645–770 by Dorothy C. Wong Akiko Walley Buddhist Pilgrim-Monks as Agents of Cultural and Artistic Transmission: The International Buddhist Art Style in East Asia, ca. 645–770. By Dorothy C. Wong. NUS Press, 2018. 366 pages. Hardcover, $52.00. In this monograph, Dorothy C. Wong executes the formidable task of catching the tail of the proverbial dragon. Her research, she explains in her preface (p. xv), sprang out of a simple question, derived from her teaching: What was "international" or "cosmopolitan" about the so-called "Tang international art style"—also known as the "East Asian international Buddhist art style" (EAIBAS)? Like Wong, scholars in the field of East Asian Buddhist art have most likely at one point or another taught something about EAIBAS, which swept through the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago during the seventh and eighth centuries. However, because the presence of this shared aesthetic style is so (deceptively) apparent, it has also largely escaped scholars' scrutiny. Wong investigates what EAIBAS constituted and how and why it was embraced so enthusiastically across great geographic distances during this period. Wong proposes to conceive of EAIBAS not as a stylistic trend in a vacuum, but as the expression of a new vision for a Buddhist-based utopian "cosmopolitan order" (the "Buddhist state" or "Buddhist empire") that was shared across East Asia (p. 3). One of her key concerns is to destabilize the "center-periphery" paradigm that is often employed to characterize the spread of art and culture in East Asia. She argues for a shift away from sinocentric discourse on EAIBAS by focusing on the transmission of objects and information by pilgrim-monks and missionaries as well as on the transformation of those entities through the agency of the recipients (p. 5). In terms of transmission, Wong anchors her discussion in the travels and activities of three charismatic pilgrim-monks: Xuanzang (ca. 602–664), Dōji (d. 744), and Jianzhen (Jp. Ganjin; 688–763). These monks not only engaged in transmission but also played instrumental roles in establishing what Wong calls the "great Buddhist monasteries," which constituted the "loci where political, religious, cultural, and economic power converged" and which performed rituals for the state while disseminating and further attracting new religious ideas and culture (p. 14). With respect to sites of transformation, she engages primarily with the cosmopolis of Chang'an/Luoyang during the reign of Wu Zhao (r. 690–705) and the city of Nara during the [End Page 249] time of Emperor Shōmu (r. 724–749) and his consort Kōmyō as well as that of their daughter and successor Koken (r. 749–758). Part 1 ("Xuanzang and His Fellow Buddhist Pilgrims and Missionaries, ca. 645–710") considers the transmission of the new image of Śākyamuni Buddha in earth-touching gesture modeled after the statue at Bodhgayā, one of the eight Buddhist pilgrimage sites and the place believed to have been where the Buddha attained enlightenment. In two chapters, Wong traces how this image was carried from India to China by pilgrim-monks like Xuanzang and other diplomatic missionaries, then was merged with another image of the "bejeweled Buddha" during Wu Zhao's reign to produce a new hybrid expression of the "bejeweled Buddha in earth-touching gesture." For the remainder of the volume, Wong continues to refer back to key Buddhist trends set in motion by either Xuanzang or Wu Zhao, including the appropriation of the teachings and cosmology of the Avataṃsaka Sutra (Flower Ornament Sutra) as the foundational ideal for centralized rulership, the introduction of esoteric Buddhism and associated imagery, and the rise in popularity of Avalokitêśvara worship. Part 2 ("Dōji and His Contemporaries, ca. 710–45") shifts the focus to Japan in the late Asuka (or Hakuhō) and Nara periods to follow the career of the scholar-monk Dōji, who traveled to China between 702 and 718. Dōji studied with prominent Buddhist masters in Chang'an in the last years of Wu Zhao's reign and the early years of Xuanzang's, immersing himself in the...

The Colombo Powers: crafting diplomacy in the Third World and launching Afro-Asia at Bandung

ABSTRACTUsing documentary evidence from China, France, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the United Kingdom, and the United States, this paper develops a history of the Third World through historical inquiry into the origins and activities of the Colombo Powers. As the five host nations of the 1955 Asian-African Conference in Bandung, the Colombo Powers worked to realise a new vision of Asia that integrated the outer reaches of the mainland on the basis of ancient geographical ties and a cosmopolitan international order. Most importantly, they sought to reclaim Asian agency in the international negotiations on the Korean and Indochina conflict and spread resistance to collective security pacts in Asia.

Between freedom and futility: on the political uses of corporate globalizing discourses

ABSTRACTFrom frequent television advertisements to posters in jet bridges all over the globe, the public is continuously subjected to messages affirming the inception of a flat, borderless world. While these discourses suggest globalization is bringing humanity together into a globally connected, cosmopolitan world order, such corporate advertisements also seek to convey the desirability and inevitability of a borderless economy in which they may roam unfettered. To illustrate how these ideas are communicated, I investigate three emblematic cases: Emirates Airlines, HSBC, and Itaú. By interrogating their public discourses, this article elucidates how powerful actors seek to construct global (or regional–global) imaginaries for consumers by deploying esthetically pleasing (and, at times, seemingly ‘subversive’) advertisements. Their ultimate effect is to demonstrate the would-be futility of attempts to regulate the spread of global capitalism or their own profit-seeking behavior. Through showing how pop-culture artifacts attempt to ‘sell’ teleological global capitalism to audiences, this article contributes to the burgeoning literature on the cultural political economy of globalization. To conclude, I briefly explore how this analysis relates to important political debates concerning agency in globalization, the feasibility of state regulation of global capitalism, and the construction of alternative global imaginaries/orders.

Del c�digo �tico a la convenci�n internacional. Un panorama cr�tico de la Organizaci�n Mundial del

This work addresses a critical analysis of the nature of cosmopolitan order encouraged by the World Tourism Organization. Given the growth of tourism activity and the challenges that it poses, this specialized agency of the United Nations has formally promoted equitable, responsible and sustainable development of tourism. However, the criticism of the principles from which the organization shapes tourism has put the focus on the objectives pursued. The conversion of these principles, included in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, adopted in 1999, into an international convention, approved in September 2017, presents a new scene that this work outlines from the cosmopolitanism perspective.

Looking downward: ethics, foreign policy and the domestic politics of protection

This article examines the increasing prevalence of foreign policy commitments to the protection of distant strangers and the interaction this has with domestic political contexts. Although we do not live in a post-state cosmopolitan order, civilian protection practices appear premised in part on cosmopolitan-minded ethical obligations to help non-citizens in dire need. However, this seemingly expanded moral concern sits uneasily with the inconsistency in the translations of such ethical commitments into policy and into practice. Using the lens of recent British foreign policy, the article argues that in order to better understand the inconsistency in cosmopolitan-minded protective action in Western foreign policy, a downward gaze must be directed towards domestic contexts, intra-societal foundations and the increasingly nebulous state–society connections upon which cosmopolitan-minded foreign policy comes to rest. ‘Disaggregated’ forms of citizenship and exceptionally high levels of technological interconnectedness present a difficult intra-societal context within which to craft a unified ethical foreign policy narrative that resonates well with the diverse identity constituencies of which contemporary Western states are comprised.

Thinking with Kant “beyond” Kant

In the following essay, I attempt to reactualize some of Kant’s most fundamental conceptions of a state’s sovereignty and the legitimacy of the cosmopolitan order. To this end, I provide what appears as a viable solution to Kant’s “sovereignty dilemma”; that is, the reconciliation between state sovereignty and the international enforceability of laws. I consider that a key component of the overall Kantian cosmopolitan project is the role played by the transcendental notion of an “originally united will” in its validation of constituencies. I emphasize the view that for Kant state-citizens are also, as he says, “citizens of the world” (Weltbürger) or “citizens of the earth” (Erdbürger). I argue, furthermore, that a state’s sovereignty must comply with a number of different constitutional wholes. I then proceed by confronting the Kantian notion of a general united will with the Habermasian conception of “double sovereignty.” I conclude by suggesting a fusion/synthesis between the two views, one which would require endorsing the idea of cosmopolitan constitutionalism as a meta-framework for interpreting the legitimacy of member states’ compliance with policy indications of transnational constituencies.

The Polycladida (Platyhelminthes) of the Canary Islands. New genus, species and records

The main focus of this study is the biodiversity of the order Polycladida in the Canary Islands, archipelago belonging to Macaronesia and to the Mediterranean basin hot spot region. Polycladida is a cosmopolitan order with some species distributed worldwide; but it also is comprised of endemic species. Here, 19 polyclad species are revised and determined, ten of which were previously recorded for the Canary Islands (De Vera et al. 2009). A new genus and species Multisepta fengari n. gen., n. sp., of the suborder Acotylea and five new species belonging to the suborder Cotylea including Anonymus ruber n. sp., Enchiridium magec n. sp., Eurylepta guayota n. sp., Acanthozoon aranfaibo n. sp. and Pseudoceros mororum n. sp., are presented and described. In addition, two well-known species, Pseudobiceros wirtzi (Madeira and Cape Verde) and Pericelis cata (Caribbean coasts), are new records for the Canary Islands and for the hot spot region of the Mediterranean basin. Using all available information, including from the morphological study presented here, a key for the species for the Canary Islands has been generated.

The possibilities and pitfalls of a Jewish cosmopolitanism: reading Natan Sznaider through Russian-Jewish writer Olga Grjasnowa’s German-language novel Der Russe ist einer, der Birken liebt (All Russians Love Birch Trees)

In his Jewish Memory and the Cosmopolitan Order (2011), Natan Sznaider shows how Jewish thinkers both before and after the Holocaust have advanced universalist ideas out of their particularist Jewish identities, connecting the Jewish experience to contemporary cosmopolitan concerns such as Human Rights, genocide prevention and international justice. Sznaider focuses on Hannah Arendt and illustrates how this post-Holocaust Jewish thinker both defended her rootedness in her Jewish identity and drew universalising conclusions from it. This article explores Sznaider’s notion of a ‘Jewish cosmopolitanism’ in tandem with a close reading of Russian-Jewish writer Olga Grjasnowa’s 2012 German-language novel Der Russe ist einer, der Birken liebt (All Russians Love Birch Trees). The empathy Grjasnowa’s protagonist feels for the plight of Palestinians reveals her commitment to a universalist ideal of Human Rights even as she remains rooted in her Jewish identity: her activism draws on the transmission of the trauma of the Holocaust down through the different generations of her family. At the same time, Grjasnowa’s novel also suggests some of the limitations – and indeed problems – of Sznaider’s conceptualisation of a Jewish cosmopolitanism.

Climate Change Social Movements and Cosmopolitanism

Following one of Gerard Delanty’s recent arguments, if political philosophy is about the desirability or feasibility of norms, sociology is about the emergence and empirical existence of these norms. Cosmopolitanism has together with its normative dimension a cognitive and an epistemological one. It is because cosmopolitanism is basically a process, rather than a fixed condition, that the objectives of global justice are finally determined ‘by public argumentation and reflect the outcome of social processes in which normative ideals are contested and de-contested’. I argue that there is a specific version of cosmopolitanism, which tries to incorporate, although not exhaust, the three dimensions mentioned above within its normative foundations. This version is called ‘contestatory cosmopolitanism’, and it is political rather than moral and prescriptive. Second, by focusing on social processes, it is mostly exemplified in global social movements. These social movements, through contestation of existing norms, unveil the essential cognitive dimension of cosmopolitanism as a learning process, which is based and enhanced by its normative foundation. Third, in relation to climate change, I show that climate justice social movements that come from below constitute the avant-garde of a cosmopolitan order to come, by producing critical knowledge of transformative potentials. Yet, ‘contestatory cosmopolitanism’, although empirically manifested in climate justice social movements, also justifies and shapes their claims.

Nationalism, Internationalism, and Cosmopolitanism

This paper looks at nationalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism as an interconnected triad of political ideas and movements in twentieth-century India. Militant Indian nationalists and communists created a distinction between the internationalism of empire and that of the anticolonial national movements. In the period of the Cold War and decolonization, a movement among nonaligned countries sought to preserve the legacy of anticolonial internationalism. Until the 1960s, the violation of human rights was largely seen as related to the persistence of colonial rule and racial discrimination. Contemporary proposals for a cosmopolitan order frequently reject the legacy of anticolonial nationalism and appeal to the tradition of the liberal internationalism of empire. Specific global movements that point to future transnational political arrangements are an important new development, but they do not yet offer a blueprint for a cosmopolitical order. Compared to the historical legacy of anticolonial nationalism in countries like India, the appeal of cosmopolitanism is limited.

Immigration and the Democratic Stability Argument

AbstractAccording to the Democratic Stability Argument, since currently existing democratic states are overwhelmingly likely to play a leading role in the establishment of a just cosmopolitan order, should one ever be established, there are moral reasons to take measures that are necessary to preserve the adequate functioning of these states. If large-scale immigration can undermine their adequate functioning, then immigration restrictions are justified even from a cosmopolitan perspective, under non-ideal conditions. This paper argues that this argument may not succeed in justifying immigration restrictions under current conditions. Properly understood, the problem involves the competing claims of current poor admission-seekers and of the global poorest at some point in the future, i. e. the earliest feasible date of the establishment of the cosmopolitan order. The paper invokes normative arguments suggesting that the claims of the poorest in the distant future do not have lexical priority as a matter of principle. It also argues that available empirical estimates imply that the claims of admission-seekers in the present and near future potentially outcompete the claims of the poorest in the distant future. These considerations point towards a specification of the Democratic Stability Argument rather than to its complete rejection.