Cosmopolitan Model Research Articles

Scientific and Technological Innovations as a Subject of Historical Policy: Basic Theoretical Models

The purpose of the article is to analyze the use of images of scientific and technological innovations in historical policy. The novelty of such a statement of the question is to distinguish the collective memory of scientific communities and the use of individual memorial images in the context of the formation of the state historical agenda. The author identifies three main models of historical politics: antagonistic, cosmopolitan, agonistic. Within the framework of the antagonistic model, the emphasis is on the competition of various scientific communities for the priority of the most significant discoveries and inventions. The cosmopolitan model focuses on incorporating the achievements of individual communities into the overall process of increasing scientific knowledge on a global scale. The agonistic model allows you to build parallel memorial narratives, but leaves open the question of working out traumatic moments in the history of the development of scientific communities.

КОСМОПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ МИРА В РАННЕМ ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ ЮРИЯ КУЗНЕЦОВА

The purpose of this article is to consider the cosmopolitan aspect of Yuri Kuznetsov’s early works. Kuznetsov was the Russian poet of the 2nd half of the 20th century. The main method of research for us is the method of ontological poetics, and elements of interdisciplinary and comparative analysis. It allows us to consider an artistic text in the context of consciousness and subconsciousness, archetypes and phenomena of the surrounding being. They, in turn, form a personal author’s myth. Yuri Kuznetsov creates his own poetic myth based on the real events of his own biography. In particular, the phenomenon of war has a key influence on it. The author is a “children of war” generation representative (born in 1941). His father died at the front in 1944. This fact determines Yuri Kuznetsov’s further outlook and path in literature. The article examines a number of the poet’s early poems. The opposition of Nature and War concepts can already be traced to each other at this stage. The latter is portrayed as an unnatural phenomenon that hinders the development of personality. Nature symbolizes life and natural dynamics, and War symbolizes halt and death, lack of dynamics. It comes into direct conflict with the laws of Nature. The leitmotif of the poet’s early work is the idea of man and nature’s unity. Such unity, in the end, allows us to build a progressive cosmopolitan model of the Home-Universe. It consists of three parts: Family-Home, Motherland-Home, and Planet-Home. The cosmopolitan orientation of Yuri Kuznetsov’s poems is manifested in his craving for the idea of “world citizenship”. At the same time, the fundamentally important fact is not the rejection of the Motherland and one’s own cultural identity, but their inclusion in a common threefold ontological model. The article also attempts to compare Yuri Kuznetsov’s work with the ideas of Russian symbolism representatives of the early 20th century. Conclusion. Based on the interdisciplinary analysis of the literary text, here are the following research results: 1. In poet Yuri Kuznetsov’s early works there is a process of upward movement along the vertical axis: from the personal myth and the lyrical “I/me” to the universal human experience. The latter, at the same time, is a unifying factor leading to the formation of an anti-war position. 2. The poet’s early works use cosmopolitan motives in the context of the verb “to create” which is semantically equivalent to the verbs “to generate” and “to build”, as well as connotatively close to the ontological processes of dynamics and movement. The verb “to create” is also opposed to the concept of War and is considered as part of the author`s anti-war position. Creativity acts both as an anti-destructive manifesto and as a means of uniting elements of the artistic world scattered by war. We should note that the author’s artistic world is closely connected with his biography and personal family history. 3. Through creativity Yuri Kuznetsov attempts to comprehend the phenomenon of War in three interdependent contexts: family, country and planet (“all people”). This approach allows us to come to the conclusion that war is incompatible with the natural course of things, that is, in fact, with the laws of Nature. 4. The sphere of the unconscious plays a key role in the formation of the author’s anti-war position and the stepped three-part model of the House. One more important connotation of the verb “to create” is connected with it. This connotation can be defined as the process of integrating the personal author’s unconscious into the collective unconscious (“great”). At the same time, a prerequisite for successful integration is a “storm”, a certain dynamic involving vertical ascent. The conclusions of such integration lead the author to the idea of “world citizenship” and universal interconnection. This, in turn, forms an anti-war position based on the similarity of the two sides in the “friend-foe” opposition.

From southern swamps to cosmopolitan model: Humanity’s unfinished history with mosquitofish

AbstractThe most widespread and numerous inland fish in the world is likely the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki, Poeciliidae). Much has been written about the basic biology, the current distribution and the negative impacts of non‐native populations of mosquitofish. Here, we instead review the relationship of humanity with mosquitofish. First, we review the early literature on the species and aim to resolve its path towards becoming the globally dominant fish for biological control of mosquitoes. We identify the initial advocates of mosquitofish use, we examine the reasons behind their advocacy, and we document the spread of their viewpoints into and from the globally foundational mosquito control texts. Second, we identify the people and institutions that facilitated early international translocations of mosquitofish, including, among others, David Starr Jordan, the Rockefeller Foundation and the International Red Cross. Third, we discuss the reduction in mosquitofish translocation and use during and after WWII, initially stemming from the discovery and use of other methods, like DDT and later from a recognition of the negative ecological consequences of non‐native mosquitofish populations. Fourth, we propose that the future utility of mosquitofish is largely in its value as a model study organism. We provide an overview of the contributions mosquitofish have made to some major fields in biology. Finally, we suggest that the value of mosquitofish as a model system should increase into the future, behind a momentum of research advances, and as human‐mediated range expansion will permit access to mosquitofish by yet greater numbers of biologists worldwide.

Microevolution in the pansecondary metabolome of Aspergillus flavus and its potential macroevolutionary implications for filamentous fungi

Fungi produce a wealth of pharmacologically bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) from biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). It is common practice for drug discovery efforts to treat species' secondary metabolomes as being well represented by a single or a small number of representative genomes. However, this approach misses the possibility that intraspecific population dynamics, such as adaptation to environmental conditions or local microbiomes, may harbor novel BGCs that contribute to the overall niche breadth of species. Using 94 isolates of Aspergillus flavus, a cosmopolitan model fungus, sampled from seven states in the United States, we dereplicate 7,821 BGCs into 92 unique BGCs. We find that more than 25% of pangenomic BGCs show population-specific patterns of presence/absence or protein divergence. Population-specific BGCs make up most of the accessory-genome BGCs, suggesting that different ecological forces that maintain accessory genomes may be partially mediated by population-specific differences in secondary metabolism. We use ultra-high-performance high-resolution mass spectrometry to confirm that these genetic differences in BGCs also result in chemotypic differences in SM production in different populations, which could mediate ecological interactions and be acted on by selection. Thus, our results suggest a paradigm shift that previously unrealized population-level reservoirs of SM diversity may be of significant evolutionary, ecological, and pharmacological importance. Last, we find that several population-specific BGCs from A. flavus are present in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus minisclerotigenes and discuss how the microevolutionary patterns we uncover inform macroevolutionary inferences and help to align fungal secondary metabolism with existing evolutionary theory.

É possível uma Constituição sem Estado? Uma análise da proposta habermasiana de política mundial sem governo mundial

Este artigo apresenta e analisa a proposta habermasiana de uma política mundial sem governo mundial. Isso é realizado em três momentos: primeiramente, apresenta-se o modelo cosmopolita habermasiano e o seu sistema de instituições em múltiplos níveis, o qual abarca a tese da possibilidade da existência de uma Constituição sem Estado; em um segundo momento, serão apresentadas algumas objeções a esta tese, principalmente as críticas dirigidas recentemente a Habermas por William Scheuerman. Por fim, será analisado em que medida a teoria habermasiana oferece respostas às críticas formuladas.

Race, technological modernity, and the Italo-Australian condition: Francesco De Pinedo's 1925 flight from Europe to Australia

Writing about fascism and aviation has stressed the role technology played in Mussolini's ambitions to cultivate fascist ideals in Italy and amongst the Italian diaspora. In this article we examine Francesco De Pinedo's account of the Australian section of his record-breaking 1925 flight from Rome to Tokyo. Our analysis of De Pinedo's reception as a modern Italian in a British Australia, and his response to that reception, suggests that this Italian aviator was relatively unconcerned with promoting Fascist greatness in Australia. De Pinedo was interested in Australian claims to the forms of modernity he had witnessed in the United States and which the Fascists were attempting to incorporate into a new vision of Italian destiny. Flight provided him with a geographical imagination which understood modernity as an international exchange of progressive peoples. His Australian reception revealed a nation anxious about preserving its British identity in a globalising world conducive to a more cosmopolitan model of modernity.

The American Film Musical and the Place(less)ness of Entertainment: Cabaret’s “International Sensation” and American Identity in Crisis

This article looks at cosmopolitanism in the American film musical through the lens of the genre’s self-reflexivity. By incorporating musical numbers into its narrative, the musical mirrors the entertainment industry mise en abyme, and establishes an intrinsic link to America through the act of (cultural) performance. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of the chronotope and its recent application to the genre of the musical, I read the implicitly spatial backstage/stage duality overlaying narrative and number—the musical’s dual registers—as a means of challenging representations of Americanness, nationhood, and belonging. The incongruities arising from the segmentation into dual registers, realms complying with their own rules, destabilize the narrative structure of the musical and, as such, put the semantic differences between narrative and number into critical focus. A close reading of the 1972 film Cabaret, whose narrative is set in 1931 Berlin, shows that the cosmopolitanism of the American film musical lies in this juxtaposition of non-American and American (at least connotatively) spaces and the self-reflexive interweaving of their associated registers and narrative levels. If metalepsis designates the transgression of (onto)logically separate syntactic units of film, then it also symbolically constitutes a transgression and rejection of national boundaries. In the case of Cabaret, such incongruities and transgressions eventually undermine the notion of a stable American identity, exposing the American Dream as an illusion produced by the inherent heteronormativity of the entertainment industry. The film advocates a cosmopolitan model of cultural hybridity and the plurality of identities by shedding light on the faultlines of nationalist essentialism.

Astrology in Hebrew Texts Before and After Islam

This article examines the constitution of astrology in four Hebrew works, two written before and two after the emergence of Islam. It argues that there is a significant difference in both form and substance in pre and post-Islamic works. In all cases the works strive to nativize a cosmopolitan tradition, and to integrate partially theorized or decontextualized concepts. The pre-Islamic works use a cosmopolitan model of astrological medicine that they particularize by means of remythologizing and an appeal to experience. The post-Islamic works differ from each other and from the pre-Islamic works in their use of Islamic discourse to authorize their views, and in terms of their relation to earlier texts.

Thermal Performance Curves of Functional Traits Aid Understanding of Thermally Induced Changes in Diatom-Mediated Biogeochemical Fluxes

How the functional traits (FTs) of phytoplankton change with temperature is important for understanding the impacts of ocean warming on phytoplankton mediated biogeochemical fluxes. This study quantifies the thermal performance curves (TPCs) of FTs in the cosmopolitan model diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, to advance understanding of trade-offs between physiological (photoacclimation, carbon fixation, nitrate, phosphate and silicate uptake) and morphological traits (cell volume and frustule silicification). We show that each FT has substantial phenotypic plasticity and exhibits a unique TPC, varying in both shape and thermal optimum, and diverging from the growth response. The TPC for growth was symmetric with a thermal optimum (Topt) of 18 °C. In comparison, the TPC for primary productivity was warm-skewed with a Topt around 21 °C, whereas frustule silicification decreased linearly with increasing temperature. Together, this suggests that the optimal temperature for overall fitness is a balance of trade-offs in the underlying functional traits. Moreover, these results demonstrate that growth is not necessarily an accurate estimate of overall biogeochemical performance and that temperature change will likely influence elemental fluxes such as carbon and silicon. Finally, we show that temperature-driven changes in individual traits e.g. photoacclimation, can mimic responses experienced under other environmental stressors (high light) and so a multi-trait assessment is essential for accurate interpretation of the cellular impact of warming. This study also reveals that multi-trait analysis, in the context of TPCs, provides insight into the cellular physiology regulating the whole cell response and has the potential to provide better estimates of how diatom-mediated biogeochemical fluxes are likely to be impacted in the context of ocean warming. Analyzing the response of multiple traits more comprehensively over other environmental gradients may therefore provide a useful framework to advance understanding of how taxon-specific functional traits will respond to multifaceted ocean change.

The Democratic Legitimacy of International Human Rights Conventions: Political Constitutionalism and the European Convention on Human Rights

International Human Rights Courts (IHRCts), such as the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), have come under increasing criticism as being incompatible with domestic judicial and legislative mechanisms for upholding rights. These domestic instruments are said to possess greater democratic legitimacy than international instruments do or could do. Within the UK this critique has led some prominent judges and politicians to propose withdrawing from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Legal cosmopolitans respond by denying the validity of this democratic critique. By contrast this article argues that such criticisms are defensible from a political constitutionalist perspective but that International Human Rights Conventions (IHRCs) can nevertheless be understood in ways that meet them. To do so, IHRC must be conceived as legislated for and controlled by an international association of democratic states, which authorizes IHRCts and holds them accountable, limiting them to ‘weak review’. The resulting model of IHRC is that of a ‘two level’ political constitution. The ECHR is shown to largely accord with this model, which is argued to be both more plausible and desirable than a legal cosmopolitan model that sidelines democracy and advocates ‘strong’ review.

Cities and the lives of university academics

AbstractAlthough the relationship between cities and universities is a commonly discussed topic, the so‐called ‘world class universities’ and ‘global cities’ in East Asia do not always fit into one single cosmopolitan model. Focusing on the case of Tokyo and Japan, the authors of this paper examine the mobility patterns, academic and social lives, and gender differences of university academics as representative knowledge workers. Using original survey results, the authors first create a hierarchical structure of academic mobility patterns in Japan, and then argue that Tokyo, as the capital of Japan, is a centre of the intellectual network through its education and training function.

Cosmopolitanism and Adriaen van der Donck's A Description of New Netherland

1655, Adriaen van der Donck published his promotional tract A Description of New in an attempt to attract settlers to the Dutch colony in North America. As its title suggests, Van der Donck's text primarily a description of the land, resources, and opportunities that await potential colonists in New Netherland. For seventeenth-century readers, transatlantic emigration was an enterprise fraught with potential complications, not the least of which was the stability of national identity in an alien environment. To convince his readers that the environment on the other side of the Atlantic was suitable for Dutch settlers, Van der Donck devoted the first section of his tract to a discussion of New Netherland's landscape, flora, fauna, and climate. Ina chapter titled Of the Air, Van der Donck writes that [t]he gentle governess of mind, strength, and form alike in humans, animals, and plants the air, also termed the temperamentor (2008 ed., 64). Van der Donck here suggests the importance of climate as it relates to the problem of cultural assimilation and geographic movement. Seventeenth-century understandings of the relationship between identity and travel were based on the Galenic theory of the four humors, which held that the early modern body was subject to the influence of one's environment. (1) Travel in the seventeenth century thus brought with it the potential for dramatic alterations in an individual's psychology and physiology. Van der Donck invokes this early modern scientific discourse in the opening lines of his chapter, only to assuage any fears of alteration when he writes that the air in the colony is as dry, pure, and wholesome as could be desired--so much so, in fact, that people who are not at their best, whether in the West Indies, Virginia, or other parts of the world, soon feel fit as a fiddle when they come to New Netherland (64). In short, he writes, Galen has a lean time of it there>> (64). The Description thus takes up the identity issues that accompany geographic movement in the seventeenth century, specifically the fear of physical and cultural assimilation brought about by travel, only to assuage those doubts and set up the colony of New as a geographic or climatological extension of the United Provinces. While this rhetorical strategy not uncommon in colonial promotional literature, (2) I suggest that what makes Van der Donck's text unique the way in which it struggles with the possibility of a cosmopolitan model of colonization that embraces circulation and difference, working within the humoral model to suggest the possibility of maintaining Dutch cultural identity despite travel and dislocation. The text experiments with a model of belonging that relies not on birth within the territorial borders of the Dutch Republic, but rather on residence in either the United Provinces or its colonies. (3) Van der Donck, I argue, thus able to transform the multiplicity of peoples emigrating to the United Provinces and its colonial holdings into a manageable and productive population that would secure Dutch interests within the European world economy. (4) Even as the text encourages a sense of identity grounded in geography, however, it must reassure its specifically Dutch readers of the stability of Dutch cultural and national identity in the New World through its emphasis on the economic integration of emigrant workers into the Dutch colonial project. (5) This tension in the text between embracing a diverse, mobile labor force and securing a stable Dutch identity, I argue, suggests the ways in which the Description imagines the economic and political security of Dutch nationalism as dependent on a population that must be constructed out of the cultural contacts and connections of the Dutch colonial project in the Americas. This tension in the text mirrors the ambivalence toward cosmopolitanism that we see on the ground, as new and more restrictive residency requirements were instituted in New Amsterdam in 1657. …

Reading for the Other: Lessons from Karen Connelly’s The Lizard Cage

Reading for the Other:Lessons from Karen Connelly’s The Lizard Cage Lena Khor (bio) In Human Rights, Inc., Joseph Slaughter revises the question in H. G. Wells’s book title, The Rights of Man; or, What Are We Fighting For? (1940) into “The Rights of Man; or What are We [Reading] For?” (317). In doing so, Slaughter draws attention to a growing movement for world peace premised on universal human rights and humanitarianism that is fought with books and by readers. He critiques this movement insofar as it panders to the reading desires of “the White humanitarian reading classes that claim to care”—those “who congratulate themselves for listening to stories about Black abjection that are already foretold” but without “recognition … of their own structural complicity in the systems that reproduce (ready-made images of) Black wretchedness and White humanitarianism” (Slaughter 301). Slaughter’s criticism raises two key questions: (1) What kind of reading philosophy and practice would be more appropriate? and (2) How might we learn to cultivate a more ethical mode of reading about human rights abuses and humanitarian crises? I consider these two critical questions by analyzing the forms of reading represented in Karen Connelly’s The Lizard Cage (2005). This novel works well as a test case for exploring alternative theories and practices of ethical reading because although it can be read in the way that Slaughter [End Page 89] criticizes it also troubles that limited mode of reading by representing three other forms of reading praxis: those of Zaw Gyi (the twelve-year-old, illiterate, orphan boy), Teza (the twenty-something-year-old, isolated, university student political prisoner), and Daw Sanda (Teza’s mother who has lost her husband and two sons to the Burmese democracy movement). I argue that these three forms of reading model for us possible ways of reading, not for ourselves (reading about those who are different from us to reassure ourselves in the way that Slaughter finds troubling) but for the Other (reading about people who are different from us in a way that honours them). Reading for Us (the Self), Reading for Them (the Other) Before proceeding to analyze these three forms of reading, allow me to clarify some key terms and ideas. The first concept to explain more fully is the kind of reading with which Slaughter finds fault. Analyzing former U.S. President George Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush’s love for Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner,1 and by extension the contemporary American reading public’s voracious appetite for reading novels about children from developing and undemocratic countries, Slaughter argues that “the White humanitarian reading classes that claim to care” are ultimately reading for themselves (301): What we are fighting for is reading—not only for a world in which young girls will have the opportunity to learn to read (and realize their potential) but also for a world in which the philanthropic readers of the West will be well-supplied with stories about young girls learning to read. Converting readers’ taste into humanitarian expectation, Bush appeals to Americans to identify not with girls kept from reading but with his own paternalistic desires and literary magnanimity for those girls and their stories—with his own “cosmopolitan largess.” (322)2 Slaughter adds: The implicit cosmopolitan model of reading lurking within George Bush’s statement of great novelistic expectations asks relatively little of our literary, humanitarian imaginations; it invites us to identify not with people unlike us but [End Page 90] with our kind of people—people who “care about the plight of people.” In a world where privileges and rights, as well as literary technologies and juridico-institutional resources, are unequally distributed, such cosmopolitan reading practices often serve to recentre the traditional subjects of history now as the subjects of benevolence, humanitarian interventionist sentimentality, and human rights—the literary agents of an international human rights imaginary. (324)3 As I understand it, Slaughter takes issue with this particular theory and practice of reading in part because it reads novels about the Other, not for the Other (that is, in ways that serve the needs and desires of those different from ourselves) but for...

Anchoring globalization in Hong Kong's research universities: network agents, institutional arrangements, and brain circulation

International competition drives research universities to find ways to anchor globalization for academic productivity and innovation through cross-border collaboration. This article examines the case of pre- and post-colonial Hong Kong and how its universities transited from undergraduate institutions to highly ranked research universities within 30 years. While this is attributed to an enabling environment of institutional autonomy, open borders and cross-cultural capacity, a case study of one research university points to the role played in all of Hong Kong's universities by network agents, institutional arrangements, and brain circulation to recruit and retain international scholars and scientists. While this has strengthened capacity, it cannot be sustained without indigenous academic leadership to ensure that globalization is anchored in local culture. The article makes the case that the Hong Kong model already studied by research universities on the Chinese mainland, is generalizable as a cosmopolitan model for developing countries.

Dilemmas of Multiculturalism

I was born here . . . How many generations does it take to stop mentioning my origin?- Nadir DendotuneMost contemporary societies are ethnically and culturally diverse. Responding to diversity is a challenge! - for the United States, a nation of immigrants, for post-colonial states of the global south, cobbled together from diverse ethnic groups, and for European nations experiencing mass immigration. Contributors to the current issue address pressing questions about cultural diversity and the dilemmas it poses.1. Multiculturalism and Cultural DiversityRoy Brooks compares three different models for dealing with cultural diversity: cultural assimilation, transculturalism or cosmopolitanism, and or multiculturalism as it is commonly understood. Each of these programs represents an answer to what he holds is the most important question concerning cultural diversity: whose values or perspectives should govern mainstream society when the values or perspectives of diverse groups clash?Cultural assimilation is the classic American doctrine of the melting pot. On this account, Brooks notes, cultural integration is a one-way process, going from majority to minority group. When it comes to socially significant institutions, cultural assimilationists insist that middleclass folkways should prevail. This, he suggests, confronts members of minority groups with a dilemma: cultural assimilation, and the material benefits that go along with it, come at the cost of cultural subordination.Cosmopolitanism, or transculturalism, represents an assimilationist alternative according to which the aim is not cultural hegemony for the dominant group but cultural convergence, with each social group contributing something of value to the new, blended mainstream culture. But cosmopolitanism, Brooks notes, poses a similar dilemma since, on the cosmopolitan model, there is only one, albeit transculturalist, mainstream, which members of some minority groups might find it difficult to embrace.Unlike either of these assimilationist options, the third alternative Brooks considers, multiculturalism or pluralism, holds that there is no one mainstream or cultural canon but rather many mainstreams and cultural canons. Nevertheless, Brooks notes, pluralism is also problematic: to the extent that it preserves cultural identity it threatens cultural balkanization.None of these alternatives is entirely satisfactory because there is no arrangement that will satisfy everyone. While, as Brooks suggests, maintaining distinct cultural identities is important to many Americans, others regard minority identities as inherently oppressive: [W]hiteness is the marker of racial invisibility in America, writes Gary Kamiya, who describes himself as Eurasian, or half- Japanese.White, in other words, means no race, not the master race .... This is, in fact, how most people in America - unless they subscribe to some virulent form of identity politics, whether on the Ku Klux Klan right or the I-am-a-member-of-the-oppressors left - see themselves. White people don't go around feeling white unless they are either racists or have just come out of a corporate diversity consciousness-raising session . . .Having no racial self-identification is a Utopian state because it allows you to escape this malignant mirror. (Kamiya, 2007)In spite of attacks from the right and increasing critical scrutiny by the left, multiculturalism - Brooks's - is still heavily promoted in the U.S. Prima facie it seems to be the view that liberals, who value liberty, should adopt since it frees individuals to maintain their cultural distinctness. Nevertheless, the liberty of one person may impose restrictions on another and satisfying the preferences of multiculturalists may set back the interests of assimilationists who, like Kamiya, prefer not to think of themselves in racial terms at all - particularly members of visible minorities who cannot opt out. …

The fear of barbarians: beyond the clash of civilizations

* Introduction: Between fear and resentment * Notes to introduction * 1. Barbarism and civilisation * Being a barbarian * Being civilised * From civilisation to cultures * An Enlightenment heritage * Judging cultures * Technology and works of art * A dream of Enlightenment * Civilisation and colonisation * Some misunderstandings * Notes to chapter 1 * 2. Collective identities * The plurality of cultures * Culture as construction * The functions of culture * States and nations * The fragile State * A State without culture? * Moral and political values * A ministry of identity * Culture and values * Notes to chapter 2 * 3. The War of the Worlds * Make love or war? * Religious wars and political conflicts * Men like us? * The Manichean vision * Islamism and totalitarianism * The war on terrorism * The end and the means * Torture: the facts * Torture: the debate * Notes to chapter 3 * 4. Steering between the reefs * Murder in Amsterdam * The anti-Islamic combat * The Danish caricatures * The reactions * A few reflections * The Pope s speech * By way of Islam * Notes to chapter 4 * 5. European identity * In search of an identity * Plurality as the basis of unity * Forms of coexistence * The cosmopolitan model * Europe in the West * The frontiers of Europe * Notes to chapter 5 * Beyond Manicheism * Acknowledgments

Los principios cosmopolitas y la justicia global

This paper develops the principles of a viable cosmopolitan model of global justice that takes seriously the equal moral worth of persons. The cosmopolitan model shows how we can move from theory to public policy that makes progress toward global justice. The article is divided into two central parts. In the first, we exam the ethics and philosophical antecedents of the cosmopolitan ideals: the principles for a cosmopolitan order, and its justifications with the metaprinciples of autonomy and imparcialist reasoning. In the second, we address several pressing problems, discussing both theoretical and practice issues involved with theses principles for global justice.

Utopian Justice: A Review of <em>Global Justice, A Cosmopolitan Account</em> by Gillian Brock

In Global Justice, A Cosmopolitan Account, Gillian Brock, an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, posits a compelling argument in favor of global justice. Through her theoretical framework and practical examples, Brock asserts that she has “develop[ed] a viable cosmopolitan model of global justice that takes seriously the equal moral worth of persons, yet leaves scope for a defensible form of nationalism along with other legitimate identifications and affiliations.”1 Brock’s model of global justice is grounded in moral cosmopolitan theory.2 She argues that as the world’s societies and cultures become more intertwined, typically through the process of globalization, people must understand that each individual is a “member of a global community of human beings” and, as such, individuals owe certain obligations to all other members, even those distant to them.3 According to Brock, moral cosmopolitanism breaks down the barriers that restrict individuals from looking beyond their local allegiances and forces them to acknowledge their responsibilities to

Changing Perspectives in High School World Geography: 1950–2005

This study set out to better understand the changing links between geography and citizenship. Content analysis was conducted on eighteen high school world geography textbooks and state/national standards. Interviews were conducted with teachers and textbook authors. Five significant changes were noted: decline of national orientation and a greater focus on non-Western cultures; greater emphasis upon consumption over production; the accentuation of values clarification; increasing coverage of basic or prevocational skills; and standardization of format and content in textbooks. Many of these changes point towards a new cosmopolitan citizenship model, although some teachers and state social studies standards still see geography from a national perspective.

Valores y problemas de la democracia constitucional cosmopolita

El escrito aborda la propuesta de Principia iuris en favor de una democracia cosmopolita, un ideal más fácil de formular que de realizar, al menos en tiempos breves. Antes de ello, se afronta el debate entre FERRAJOLI y ZOLO respecto de la concepción del constitucionalismo cosmopolita defendida por el primero y la afirmación de ZOLO de que tal defensa contiene un inevitable compromiso moral universalista. Se critica la respuesta relativista de FERRAJOLI a la crítica de ZOLO. Luego se argumenta además que, frente a la tesis de FERRAJOLI, su modelo cosmopolita es una versión más del gobierno mundial. Pero el principal problema de la propuesta de FERRAJOLI es su filosofía de la historia, a la vez optimista y apocalíptica, que descuida los enormes obstáculos para, por un lado, la consecución de un efectivo control de armamentos a escala mundial y, por otro lado, el logro de un acuerdo sobre instituciones globales en un mundo caracterizado por la diversidad de perspectivas culturales y morales.