Corruption Crimes Research Articles

Criminal Policy on Forfeiture of Assets Resulting from Gratification in Cases Stopped by Law

The Indonesian government has made various efforts to suppress the massive corruptive behavior in Indonesia, both through means of law enforcement and prevention, but this has not had a significant impact in reducing the crime rate of corruption and providing a deterrent effect to the corruptors, because every year data on handling cases of corruption crimes in Indonesia tends to increase. The pattern of combating corruption has changed, law enforcement officials no longer only pursue criminal offenders and imprison them (follow the suspect), but also carry out efforts to trace, confiscate and for feit all assets that are the proceeds and instruments of criminal acts (follow the money). Various obstacles arise in efforts to seize assets that are the proceeds or instruments of criminal acts, one of which is the absence of legal rules governing the mechanism for the seizure of assets resulting from gratification crimes in cases that are stopped by law. The method used in this research is normative legal research, using a statutory approach (statue approach) and Court Decisions. This reserach aims to examine and formulate an ideal criminal law policy in the seizure of confiscated objects in the form of assets of gratification suspects whose cases are stopped for the sake of law in the future. The results in this research show that asset seizure in the eradication of corruption currently still places asset seizure as an additional crime so that asset seizure is still based on the defendant's guilt (conviction based asset forfeiture), in addition to through the criminal mechanism of asset forfeiture can also be done through civil mechanisms with the concept of non-conviction based asset forfeiture, but there is no rule governing the asset forfeiture mechanism proceeds of gratification in cases that are stopped by law. The criminal policy of asset seizure in the future based on the Asset Forfeiture Bill related to Criminal Acts with the concept (non-conviction-based asset forfeiture) has clearly regulated the mechanism for the seizure of assets belonging to Suspects or Defendants who died, escaped, became permanently ill, or whose whereabouts are unknown, so as to overcome the legal vacuum in terms of seizure of assets resulting from gratification crimes in cases that are stopped by law.

Implementation of Discipline Development for the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) as an Effort to Prevent Corruption

Article 12 of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 2014 concerning the State Civil Apparatus stipulates that employees in their duties must be clean from corruption, collusion, and nepotism. The implementation of discipline development for the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) as an effort to prevent corruption crimes in the Agam Regency Regional Government is by disseminating to CPNS and ASN regarding anti-corruption behavior. Obligation to submit asset reports reported annually. Strengthening the internal integrity system of government agencies through various regional policies. The policy includes gratification control, conflict of interest handling, community complaint management through the Public Service Complaint Management System-People's Aspiration and Complaint Service (SP4N-LAPOR) channel which has been integrated with central and local government agencies. Control of corruption at the service unit level through the construction of Integrity Zones (ZI). Cooperation with the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of West Sumatra Province conducts surveys regularly. The routine survey is aimed at determining public perceptions as service recipients regarding service quality and anti-corruption perceptions. Obstacles in the implementation of discipline development for the State Civil Apparatus (ASN) as an effort to prevent corruption crimes in the Agam Regency Regional Government include weak supervision and lack of guidance caused by the high volume of work and activities. The attitude of superiors who are too protective of their subordinates even though their subordinates commit deviations. Inadequate employee welfare factors. ASN is one of the things that must be considered by the Government. It is undeniable that they work to provide for the family. If they feel that their needs cannot be met optimally then they will try to get other jobs (side jobs) to meet their needs.

До питання передумов корупції під час повномасштабної війни в Україні

Preventing and combating corruption is one of the main tasks of the state. It should be noted that the war is another reason to fight this negative phenomenon. Unfortunately, Ukraine has an insufficient level of countering and preventing corruption, as statistical studies show that its scale is not decreasing. Therefore, public authorities need to pay special attention to improving anti-corruption mechanisms and measures to ensure the quality and safe functioning of public policy for the benefit of Ukrainian society. The full-scale war on the territory of Ukraine has shifted the focus of the authorities’ efforts towards protecting the state from the enemy, and has also affected the determinants of corruption. The article analyses the main prerequisites for corruption in wartime, in particular, the temporary suspension of the Register of Electronic Declarations, the closure of access to most public data, the weakening of public control over the activities of public authorities, and public procurement without competitive procedures. Socio-economic reasons remain relevant, such as low wages; depreciation of moral norms in state and public life; low level of legal culture, etc. It is emphasised that the effective fight against corruption crime in Ukraine during the war continues and requires the creation of a more effective state system of coordination of anti-corruption policy with proper legislative consolidation and implementation of preventive measures to prevent corruption, especially in wartime. Ukraine’s current anti-corruption legislation needs to be improved and detailed. The activities of law enforcement agencies should not be influenced by corruption-related factors. A combination of law and order in the government and law-abidingness in society will help the Ukrainian state reach a new level of development.

Anti-corruption prevention and its main directions in the field of public procurement

The subject of the research is the norms of international and domestic legislation on public procurement, on combating corruption, as well as scientific works on the prevention of corruption crimes and anti-corruption prevention.The purpose of the study is to determine the place of anti-corruption prevention in the system of preventing corruption crimes in the field of public procurement and to study its main directions.The objectives of the study are to analyze the existing approaches in the scientific literature to the characterization of the system for preventing corruption crimes in the field of public procurement, to consider the theoretical foundations of anti-corruption prevention, as well as to characterize the main directions of anti-corruption prevention in the field of public procurement.The work used dialectical, system-structural, formal-logical and other methods of scientific knowledge.The scientific novelty of the work lies in the consideration of issues of anti-corruption prevention in the field of public procurement that were not previously subject to research. The article defines the place of anti-corruption prevention in the system of preventing corruption crimes in the field of public procurement, substantiates the need for the development of anti-corruption prevention in this area, and describes its main directions. The author defines anti-corruption prevention in the field of public procurement as a system of non-coercive measures aimed at creating conditions that stimulate the anti-corruption behavior of public procurement entities. The paper identifies and characterizes five main areas of anti-corruption prevention in the field of public procurement: anti-corruption openness, anti-corruption public control, anti-corruption education, anti-corruption expertise and anti-corruption encouragement. These directions are implemented at three levels: general, group and individual.According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in order to optimize the system of preventing corruption crimes in the field of public procurement, it is advisable to develop each of these areas of anti-corruption prevention. The development of the approach outlined in the article will ensure consistency in the analysis and reform of anti-corruption prevention in the field of public procurement.

Formulation of Social Work Criminal Sanctions for Perpetrators of Minor Corruption Crimes Based on Justice

In Indonesia, the formulation of criminal sanctions in the Indonesian Criminal Code has progressed, namely the adaptation of the mindset that criminal sanctions do not always have to be punitive. The benchmark of the provisions of Article 85 of the Criminal Code refers to the criteria, measures, and conditions for the imposition of criminal sanctions against social work sanctions for general criminal offenses, while specifically regulating special criminal offenses outside the Criminal Code, for example, Corruption which is regulated in Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Corruption. This type of research is normative juridical research with analytical descriptive specifications using the statute approach, case approach, and comparative approach. The data sources in this research are secondary data sources in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Research data was collected through a literature study using qualitative data analysis techniques. The results showed that there has been a paradigm shift in Law Number 23 Year 2023, which has regulated the existence of social work punishment as one of the main punishments, which previously did not exist in Law Number 1 Year 1946. The ideal formulation so that the application of social work can be applied is by looking at Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 21 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Corruption Crimes and must also be able to see the existence of Law Number 1 of 1946, Article 10 of the Criminal Code does not regulate social work.

Impact of Merida Convention on Criminal Law of Afghanistan and its Relation with Imamia’s Jurisprudence

Administrative corruption is one of the common challenges that has involved more or less all legal systems. Therefore, the cope against administrative corruption is one of the most significant concerns of the international community. The Merida Convention is one of the international measures in coping against administrative corruption. Considering the fact that Afghanistan is one of the members of the convention and during the last two decades, on the one hand, it has the highest statistics of administrative corruption, and on the other hand, it has enacted several laws and regulations in the field of coping against administrative corruption, examining the effectiveness of criminal law Afghanistan is important from the Merida Convention. The purpose of the current research is to study the impact of the criminal law of Afghanistan on the provisions of the Merida Convention and its relationship with jurisprudence. Therefore, this article tries to provide answers to the questions, to what extent the internal laws of Afghanistan have been influenced by the provisions of the Merida Convention and assimilated with the provisions of the Convention? What does this assimilation have to do with jurisprudence? Research data has been collected through library studies and analyzed using analytical-descriptive research method. The findings of the research show that Afghanistan has been successful in aligning domestic regulations with the convention from the legislative aspect. But in some cases, such as the development of the concept of corruption to the private sector and international cooperation, especially the return of criminals and property obtained from administrative corruption crimes, the jurisprudence of allocating bribes to rulers and judges, and Qaeda-e-Naf-e-Sabil have been ignored

On the issue of the latency of corruption crimes in the field of physical culture and sports

The article analyzes the main reasons for the latency of crimes in the field of physical culture and sports. The authors, in general, note that the situation has not changed significantly even ten years after the legislator adopted the first attempt to improve the norms aimed at combating the illegal influence on the result of sports competitions. Among the reasons for the latency of crimes, the authors attributed the closeness of the sports system and the peculiarities of the relationships between its participants; shortcomings of the blank legislation; lack of initiative on the part of law enforcement agencies. The inconsistency of legislative decisions in terms of strengthening the repressive potential of criminal law and blanket legislation and the simultaneous legalization of a closed procedure for the consideration of disputes in sports is noted. In addition, the authors note ambiguous approaches to the identification, suppression and investigation of the investigated encroachments by the criminal justice authorities, explore regulatory options for improving the norm of unlawful influence on the results of sports competitions, analyze issues of countering other corrupt manifestations in the field of sports functioning.

PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN NEGARA HASIL TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 17 TAHUN 2003 TENTANG KEUANGAN NEGARA (STUDI PUTUSAN MAHKAMAH AGUNG 29/PID.SUS-TPK/2021/PN.JKT PST)

In the Supreme Court decision 29/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN.Jkt.Pst the panel of judges decided that Juliari Peter Batubara must pay state compensation money. The main issues raised by the author 1) What is the process for managing returns to state finances resulting from criminal acts of corruption (Study of Supreme Court Decision 29/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN.Jkt.Pst), to the state according to the applicable laws and regulations? 2) Are there any obstacles in the process of recovering state financial losses from corruption? This study uses a normative research type that is descriptive-analytical. Data collection uses primary data and secondary data. The data is processed qualitatively by drawing conclusions using a deductive method. The results of the research show that the process of managing state financial losses carried out by the defendant Juliari Peter Batubara refers to the Attorney General's Office Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2020 concerning Settlement of Compensation Money Decided by Courts and Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 225 of 2020 concerning the Electronic State Revenue System . In the process of returning state financial losses resulting from the corruption crime of Juliari Peter Batubara there were no obstacles because the convict was able to and had compensated for the state losses arising from the proceeds of the corruption crime.

Disparitas Pemidanaan dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi yang Mengakibatkan Kerugian Keuangan Negara

This study aims to analyze legal factors and factors of law enforcement officials that influence the disparity in sentencing for corruption which results in state losses. The type of research used is empirical normative legal research. The results of the study show that (1) the legal factor in the presence of disparity decisions regarding corruption crimes has not been optimal because the minimum criminal sanctions in the corruption law cause disparity in sentencing which is quite disturbing due to the non-uniformity in the provision of minimum sentences for similar offenses. (2) the factor of law enforcement officials as the cause of the disparity in sentencing of corruption case decisions is very clearly seen and felt to be very unfair to each other, there is no clear guideline regarding the prevention of disparity in corruption criminal rulings so law enforcement officers exercise their power to decide similar offenses the pretext of the judicial power law.

Implementation of Criminal Sanctions Against Perpetrators of Corruption Crimes Committed by the Head of Pekon Pagar Village in Pesisir Barat (Study Decision Number: 11/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2023/PN.Tjk)

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: Untuk mengetahui, memahami dan menganalisis Implementasi Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi Yang Dilakukan Oleh Kepala Desa Pekon Pagar Dalam Pesisir Barat (Studi Putusan Nomor 11/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2023/PN.Tjk). Untuk mengetahui, memahami dan menganalisis faktor penyebab tindak pidana korupsi yang dilakukan oleh Kepala Desa Pekon Pagar dalam Pesisir Barat (Studi Putusan Nomor 11/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2023/PN. Tjk). Pendekatan masalah yang akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif dan pendekatan empiris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi Yang Dilakukan Oleh Kepala Desa Pekon Pagar Dalam Pesisir Barat (Studi Putusan Nomor 11/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2023/PN.Tjk) Terdakwa dipidana penjara selama 4 (empat) tahun dan denda sejumlah Rp 150.000.000,00 seratus lima puluh juta rupiah) dengan ketentuan apabila denda tersebut tidak diganti dengan pidana kurungan selama 4 (empat) Bulan, membayar uang pengganti sejumlah Rp550.176.751,00 (lima ratus lima juta puluh sepuluh tujuh puluh enam ribu tujuh ratus lima puluh satu rupiah Faktor Penyebab Pelaku Melakukan Tindak Pidana Korupsi Yang Dilakukan Oleh Kepala Desa Pekon Pagar Dalam Pesisir Barat (Studi Putusan Nomor 11/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2023/ PN.Tjk. disebabkan beberapa faktor yaitu faktor yang gaji rendah dan kesenjangan ekonomi, faktor korupsi sistematik yang sudah menjadi budaya, faktor ketidakpuasan dari penipuan selama menjadi Pegawai Negeri, faktor pelanggaran pengawasan dan penegakan hukum, faktor suap dan nepotisme sudah menjadi budaya, faktor rendahnya integritas individu dari pembelaan.

Analysis of the Application of Unlawful Act Elements in Corruption Crime Cases against North Sulawesi Bank Debtors (Review of Decision Number 11/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN Gto)

This research was conducted to determine the extent to which material criminal law was applied in the panel of judges' consideration of elements of unlawful acts in cases of criminal acts of corruption where the defendant was a debtor who had defaulted (bad credit) on his loan installments. Knowing the extent to which judges provide legal considerations using the lex specialist derogate generaly principle approach, as well as the existence of contradictions between Constitutional Court Decision Number 003/PUU-IV/2006 in the criminal justice practice order. The results of this research show that judges still apply unlawfulness in a positive function first without conducting an in-depth study and truly exploring whether the act is indeed an act that is considered evil and reprehensible to the wider community. Judges, in looking at the unlawful nature of material law, must consider the unlawful nature of the law in its negative function, not only in its positive function, so that actions carried out, even though they meet the formulation of an offense but do not violate negative material law, can be used as a justification that does not harm the state, does not benefit themselves, other people and corporations and the perpetrator's legal obligations are not subject to punishment.

Ratio Legis Investigation by the Prosecutor: A Review of Distribution of Power in Investigation of Corruption Crime

AbstractThis study discusses the distribution of investigative powers in the context of law enforcement on corruption crime. The urgency in this research that is to be achieved is to know the concept of distribution of investigative power in the field of corruption crime and to know the law with a closer distance to the ratio legis. The Prosecutor is given the authority to investigate corruption crimes. The preparation of this research uses legal research by analyzing legislation as well as treatises on discussing the draft act which arrange institutions are authorized to investigate corruption crime. The results of this study indicate that in a lex specialis manner, those authorized to investigate corruption crime are investigators at the Prosecutor and the Corruption Crime Eradication Commission, in addition to investigators at the Police institution who are also authorized to investigate corruption crime in a lex generalis manner. The three institutions are equally authorized to investigate corruption crime based on the concept of cooperating with each other. The ratio legis forming the act when discussing the draft act number 16 of 2004 concerning the Prosecutor’s Office gives the Prosecutor authority to investigate corruption crime, namely that people have high hopes for the prosecutor’s office as one of the important pillars in upholding the supremacy of law and being pro-actively involved in eradicating rampant corruption crime in all areas of life, bearing in mind that corruptors in Indonesia at that time were experts in breaking into banks, taking state money abroad for the sole reason of seeking treatment abroad, destroying evidence, manipulating data, and being able to trick prosecutors into going abroad freely. The people’s high hopes for the Prosecutor are based on Rousseau’s social contract theory in the making of the act.Keywords: Distribution of Power; Investigation; Corruption Crime.

Problematics of Execution of Assets of Convictions in Efforts Recovery of State Losses

The management of State Property originating from State-Confiscated Goods and Gratification Goods normally differentiates the position and criteria of Execution Confiscated Goods originating from State-Confiscated Goods from Execution Confiscated Goods which are assets or belongings of the convict or the convict's family, assets related to the convict, including related corporations convicts, which are confiscated by the Executing Attorney or Asset Recovery Attorney to be sold or auctioned in order to implement the fine decision. This becomes a problem for the executing prosecutor in implementing the Judge's Decision which has permanent legal force to carry out the execution of the Additional Replacement Money Crime in article 18 paragraph 2 of the Non-Corruption Crime Law. This research focuses on the problems of implementing and reformulating Article 18 paragraph 2 of Law No. 31 of 1999 concerning Corruption Crimes in an effort to recover state losses. The normative juridical research method in this research is carried out by analyzing theories, concepts, legislation and court decisions which have a correlation with asset execution problems. Methodologically, the constructivism paradigm applies the hermeneutic method in the process of reaching the truth. The results of this research are: The principle of asset execution as a criminal implementation of additional compensation money in settling state losses is the confiscation of assets resulting from crime which is actually rooted in a very fundamental principle of justice, where a crime should not provide benefits for the perpetrator (crime should not pay). This means that a person must not profit from the illegal activities he carries out. In rem confiscation is an action by the state to take over assets through a court decision in a civil case based on stronger evidence that the assets are suspected to have originated from a criminal act or were used for a criminal act. Confiscation of assets in personam, which is an action directed at an individual person, therefore requires proof of the defendant's guilt first before seizing assets from the defendant. Assets confiscated from court executions under Article 18 paragraph (2) of the Corruption Crime Law cannot yet be made into state property, because it is not concretely stated that the confiscated goods are state confiscated goods.

Law Enforcement Against Criminal Acts of Corruption in The Form of Abuse of Authority in Office Based on The Law on Eradication of Corruption Crimes

The concept of abuse of authority in the Government Administration law is seen by several legal experts as the same as the concept of abuse of authority because it is the absolute competence of the Administrative Court in the Corruption Eradication law. The research method used is Case Study Decision Number Case Study Decision Number 218 PK/PID.SUS/2019 and Decision Number 143 PK/PID.SUS/2019, where both decision cases involve criminal acts of corruption in the form of abuse of authority in office. Based on Law no. 31 of 1999 Jo Law no. 20 of 2021 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crimes. The conclusion is that the application of sanctions against criminal acts of corruption in Decision Number 218 PK/Pid.Sus/2019 and Decision Number 143PK/Pid.Sus/2019, the panel of judges imposed imprisonment/imprisonment and fines, the imposition of fines as an implementation of the balance value can be applied as long as In certain circumstances, the perpetrator of a criminal act of corruption is not a recidivist, then as a balanced punishment, apart from imposing a fine, assets can also be confiscated, this is so that the imposition of the fine can be used as a lesson or legal perspective for the wider community, rather than just being sentenced to imprisonment/ prisons are indeed less effective, because in the implementation of confinement/imprisonment sentences there are still leniencies which do not actually have a deterrent effect on perpetrators of criminal acts.

Legal Review of Corruption Crimes in Covid 19 Social Assistance Funds

Weak law enforcement in Indonesia has caused crimes such as corruption of social assistance funds among state officials to increase. Law enforcement is defined as the process of enforcing the norms that apply in Indonesia. Law enforcement is not a fundamental problem, not only because of the complexity of the legal system, the interaction between the legal system and the social, political and economic systems can also be a problem. Corruption has been classified as an extraordinary crime, because it is a criminal offense that has harmed state finances and economic potential. The imposition of criminal penalties or sanctions for perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption has recently been quite less frightening, including in the case of corruption of covid 19 social assistance funds. The writing of this thesis aims to find out the law enforcement against the criminal act of corruption of the covid 19 social assistance fund and the sanctions imposed on the perpetrators of corruption. Sources of legal materials consist of primary materials and secondary materials. The technique of collecting legal materials and data by quoting from data in loose-leaf notes by recording the author's name, book title, publisher's name, year of publication, and page number quoted. Law enforcement against corruption in criminal case decision Number 29/Pid.Sus-TPK/2021/PN Jkt Pst is in accordance with legal norms.

Characteristics of Illicit Enrichment as a Corruption Crime

Characteristics of Illicit Enrichment as a Corruption Crime

Formulation of Criminal Law Policy Against Influence Trading as A Criminal Act of Corruption

The act of trading in influence is still not considered as a criminal offence so that until now the regulations governing it do not exist or have not been regulated in Indonesia. This research aims to examine the regulation of the formulation of trading in influence as a Corruption Crime according to positive law and analyse the criminal law policy towards the formulation of trading in influence as a Corruption Crime in the future. The research method used is normative juridical with analytical approach, with the specification of description analysis. The results showed that the absence of regulation regarding the formulation of the offence of trading in influence in Indonesian positive law causes law enforcement officials to often use the offence of bribery to criminalise while between bribery and trading in influence are two different things. The offence is different from the offence of bribery and other corruption offences so it is necessary or a different crime from the category of corruption-related crimes covered by the relevant Legislation. In order to achieve the objectives of the law as stated in Article 1 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia that Indonesia is a State of law, as a form of legal development through legal policies that formulate existing rules with elements, namely each party involved, the form of trading in influence regulated in the respective regulations, the perpetrators who carry out these acts, the form of action and also the form of giving and receiving from the parties for one purpose, namely obtaining an undue advantage or benefit. Specifically, the article on trading in influence in Law Number 31 of 1999 jo Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication of Corruption so that there is no legal vacuum in the event of a case related to trading in influence

Legal Protection for Whistleblowers of Corruption Crime Bring to Fairness

Legal Protection for Whistleblowers of Corruption Crime Bring to Fairness

THE BASIS OF THE CORRUPTION ERADICATION COMMISSION’S AUTHORITY TO CARRY OUT CONFISCATION IN CORRUPTION CRIMES

The issue is about the basis of the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission to confiscate corruption crimes that have not been enforced by permanent law (inkrach) from the district court. This study aims to find out what is the basis for the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission to confiscate in corruption crimes and how the legal position of seized goods in corruption crimes. By using normative research methods, it can be concluded that: 1. The basis of authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission is Law Number 30 of 2002 Article 47 paragraph 1 of Law Number 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission and Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the eradication of corruption as amended by Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption crimes. 2. The legal position of confiscated goods will certainly be used as evidence by the Corruption Eradication Commission as law enforcement. However, there are often obstacles in the management of confiscated goods. Then confiscated goods can also be auctioned even though there has been no permanent force legal decision (inkrach) from the district court.

Legal Reconstruction in Determining a Justice Collaborator in Corruption Crime Cases in Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the regulations regarding policies for determining witnesses and reconstructing policies for determining justice collaborators in corruption cases. The type of research used is normative, using an approach to laws and other regulations. The nature of the research is descriptive, using secondary data. Research analysis was carried out qualitatively using a deductive method of conclusion. This research concludes that, in practice, various regulations regulate the policy of determining cooperating witnesses or justice collaborators in criminal acts of corruption. This regulation began with laws and then developed into Circulars and Joint Regulations from law enforcement agencies. Due to differences in rules, the policy for setting new standards had to be changed. This standard must legally bind recognition or recognition and the same understanding or perception regarding the status of cooperating perpetrator witnesses or justice collaborators from the examination stage at the investigation level to the examination stage at the court level, even to the examination stage at the court level.