Corrugation Pitch Research Articles

Impact of trapezoidal ribs on the performance of solar air collector: A numerical solution with optimized rib dimensions for better performance

In the present study, a 2D numerical analysis of the solar air collector (SAC) of an indirect solar dryer having trapezoidal corrugations on the absorber plate was performed. Corrugation pitch, p (twelve values ranged from 20 to 160 mm) and height, e (six values ranged from 1 to 10 mm) were varied and analyzed for six values of Reynolds numbers (Re). The output characteristics such as Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f) and thermo-hydraulic performance index (Thp) were calculated for different p, e and Re. The total work was categorized into two parts (part-I for optimizing p and part-II for optimizing e). 18 domains (twelve for part-I and six for part-II simulations) were generated and 108 simulations were executed to find the optimum dimensions (p, e and corrugation angle, α) of the corrugation. ANSYS Fluent-v15 was used to solve the problem. The maximum Nu for the corrugated sheet was 2.663 times greater than the flat absorber plate. The maximum Thp range was from 1.435 to 1.699 and obtained at the optimal values of p = 140 mm, e = 4 mm and α = 38.66° The numerical results were compared with the existing literature.

Numerical simulation of JAG-type corrugated plate structure optimization and enhanced heat transfer by pulsating flow

The paper presents a numerical investigation of the structural optimization of a JAG-type corrugated plate and enhanced heat transfer under pulsating flow based on the research results that have been achieved. Firstly, the corrugation pitch, corrugation depth, and corrugation inclination of the corrugated plate were optimized using Taguchi method to obtain the best heat transfer performance. Secondly, a detailed study is carried out on the flow and heat transfer characteristics under different pulsation velocities (0.01 m/s∼0.1 m/s), frequencies (0.4Hz–3.2Hz), and amplitudes (0.1–0.9). Additionally, the relationship between the flow variation at the contact tail of the corrugated channel and enhanced heat transfer is elucidated in combination with the field synergy theory. The results demonstrate that the application of pulsation characteristics to fluid flow enhances heat transfer efficiency under different working conditions, with significantly superior heat transfer performance observed at low flow rates compared to high flow rates. Moreover, the modification of amplitude has a greater impact on heat transfer performance compared to changes in frequency and speed conditions. Changing the amplitude can produce a better synergistic effect. The research results can provide important reference for the engineering application of enhanced heat transfer by pulsating flow.

Assessment of heat transfer characteristics of a corrugated heat exchanger based on various corrugation parameters using artificial neural network approach

The complexity of the fluid flow process involved makes it difficult to estimate the characteristics of corrugated tubes. Heat exchangers are often designed to be more efficient by using numerical techniques. Recently, machine learning algorithms have become a viable method for assessing the behaviors of flow and heat transfer in corrugated tubes. Based on a set of data, machine learning algorithms can better estimate how efficient a heat exchanger is. In the present study, an artificial neural network is conducted to figure out the Nusselt number, friction factor, and performance evaluation criteria for heat transfer in straight corrugated tubes based on flow rate and corrugation parameters. The Reynolds number varies between 480 and 6100, spanning various flow regimes in the corrugated tubes, while the corrugation pitch and corrugation depth change between 6 mm and 18 mm and 0.6 and 1.0 mm, respectively. After totaling 220 data points, the network structure with a multilayer perceptron structure is trained. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is performed for training with 17 neurons in the hidden layer. The established neural network structure forecasts Nusselt number, friction factor, and performance evaluation criteria parameters with deviation rates of 0.11 %, −0.63 %, and 0.17 %, respectively. The neural network exhibits higher performance when compared to related correlations from the literature. This study is a novel one in open sources due to using artificial neural networks to estimate the flow and thermal behaviors in corrugated tubes operating at low flow rates. The current recommended approach may be regarded as a beneficial tool particularly for thermal systems as it aids designers in enhancing the system efficiency with accurate estimations.

Numerical analysis of pentagonal ribbed absorber plate of solar air collector in an indirect solar dryer for enhanced performance

ABSTRACT A 2D analysis of the solar air collector of an indirect solar dryer with pentagonal corrugation on the absorber plate was carried out using ANSYS Fluent 16.0 to enhance the performance. SIMPLE algorithm and RNG k-ε model were used for resolving the governing expressions. Corrugation pitch (p), height (e), angle (α) and Reynolds number (Re) were considered as design parameters for the analysis. The p was varied from 50 to 175 mm and an optimized p value was proposed. The Re range used was 1800 15,000. The velocity, velocity vector, and turbulent kinetic energy were presented. Performance characteristics such as Nusselt number (Nu), friction factor (f), Nu ratio, f ratio and thermo-hydraulic performance parameter (T hpp ) were determined and compared for different p and Re. The Nu ratio obtained was 1.81–2.88 and it was proved that corrugation gives a maximum of 2.88 times heat transfer enhancement than a flat plate. Maximum T hpp was found to be 1.748 and was obtained at p = 150 mm and low Re (1800). The proposed optimum pitch was 150 mm (relative roughness pitch, p/e of 15). The outcomes of the present analysis were validated with existing publications and found that the results are comparable.

Investigation on the thermal-fluidic characteristics of ice slurry in sinusoidal corrugated plate heat exchangers

The sinusoidal plate heat exchangers (SCPHEs) using ice slurry as coolant have a critical role for building air conditioning. However, the thermal-hydraulic properties of ice slurry in SCPHEs are still unclear. Therefore, its flow and heat transfer performances in SCPHEs are studied using Euler-Euler model in this paper. The results show that with increasing corrugation pitch (P), the velocity of the mainstream direction and the flow dead zone decrease. As enlarging the corrugation amplitude (H), the low-velocity flow zone and flow dead zone increase. The average resistance coefficient (fave) of ice slurry reduces with increasing P and volume flow rate. When volume flow rate is between 0.144 m3/h and 1.44 m3/h, fave decreases more significantly than other stages. In addition, fave increases with increasing H and ice concentration (αin). The mass transfer of ice particles is increased at higher H and smaller P. The average Nusselt number (Nuave) of ice slurry, heat transfer rate (Qw) and total heat transfer coefficient (U) of SCPHEs increase as enlarging H, αin and volume flow rate, and decrease with increasing P. While the U and Qw are less affected by ice particle concentration. In addition, the empirical correlations of fave and Nuave in SCPHEs are developed.

Numerical investigation of thermal-hydraulics characteristics of cross-flow corrugated plate heat exchanger for lithium-cooled space nuclear reactor

The utilization of a lithium-cooled nuclear power supply system in conjunction with the He-Xe Brayton power system has great potential for providing power for space exploration missions. This is primarily attributed to its notable characteristics, such as high energy density, substantial output power, long-duration operation cycle, and little vulnerability to environmental factors. One of the salient concerns that necessitates attention is the phenomenon of heat transfer occurring between liquid lithium and a mixture of helium and xenon (He-Xe). The Vertical Cross-Flow Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger (VC-CPHE) constructed from W-alloy possesses several advantages in space reactor applications compared to other heat exchangers. These include its compact design, which allows for a large heat exchange surface, as well as its ability to shield gamma-ray radiation. This paper investigates the thermal hydraulic properties of the VC-CPHE internal heat transfer medium using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques. The results indicate that, due to the similar flow channel structure of Li and He-Xe, there are similarities in terms of flow direction and periodic distribution of parameters. Nevertheless, due to the distinct thermophysical properties and operational parameters, these materials demonstrate notable disparities in temperature boundary layers, local thermal resistance, and other relevant factors. Furthermore, the optimization of VC-CPHE involves a balancing act between enhancing heat transfer efficacy and minimizing flow resistance. The VC-CPHE demonstrates optimal balanced performance when the inlet cross-angle is set at 45°. In comparison to Li, He-Xe exhibits elevated levels of thermal resistance and pressure loss. Hence, in the investigation of optimizing the corrugation pitch and inlet cross-angle, the optimal balanced size of corrugation pitch is 12 mm and inlet cross-angle is 45° on He-Xe side is used as the final result. An increase in the inlet temperature difference of the heat exchanger leads to a slight decrease in the heat transfer coefficient, but an overall improvement in heat transfer. On the basis of obtaining the flow and heat transfer characteristics inside VC-CPHE, the effects of inlet cross-angle, corrugation pitch, and inlet temperature difference on the performance of VC-CPHE are discussed. The findings derived from the present study provide valuable insights for the future design and optimization of VC-CPHE systems in megawatt-class nuclear power deep space exploration spacecraft, particularly in relation to internal heat transfer.

Patterned OLEDs: effect of substrate corrugation pitch and height

An ongoing OLED challenge is cost-effective enhancement of light extraction, i.e., increasing the external quantum efficiency (EQE ∼20% in conventional devices). OLEDs on corrugated substrates often show enhanced EQEs providing insight into light emission processes. In particular, patterned plastic substrates directly imprinted easily at room temperature and amenable to low-cost R2R production are ideal for studying/optimizing various structures, further elucidating the extraction process. We show new semi-quantitative data of the effect of the pitch (a) and height/depth (h) of plastic substrate patterns on the OLEDs’ stack and EQE, focusing on new designs, interestingly, some showing surprisingly enhanced EQEs that were neither reported nor discussed before. These include: (i) shallow (h < 200 nm) convex polycarbonate with a ∼ 750 versus∼400 nm, where the h gradually decreases as the OLED stack is built and (ii) concave PET/CAB with large a (∼2.8 and ∼7.8 μm), where the EQE enhancement of conformal OLEDs may be due largely to scattering. EQEs of green, blue, and white phosphorescent OLEDs were measured. OLEDs on substrates with narrow a ∼ 400 nm and low h < 200 nm showed no enhancement, resembling flat devices. In contrast, OLEDs on substrates with comparable or smaller h, but larger a ∼ 750 nm show significant EQE enhancement despite h reduction across the stack. Green OLEDs with a ∼ 750 nm and h ∼ 160 to ∼180 nm, showed EQEs ∼30%, reaching ∼58% with substrate mode extraction. Surprisingly, fully conformal OLEDs on a PET/CAB substrate with a ∼ 7.8 μm showed blue and white EQEs reaching ∼33%, without substrate mode extraction. The enhancing patterns increase the OLEDs’ EQE by reducing surface plasmon excitation and internal waveguiding.The experimental results for OLEDs on substrates with a < 2 μm are supported by scattering matrix simulations that assume conformal stacks, incorporating diffraction for internal losses reduction. EQE enhancement not predicted by simulations may be due additionally to scattering mostly for substrates with a significantly larger than the emitting wavelength.

Numerical analysis of thermohydraulic and exergetic performance in corrugated spiral tubes with diverse arc corrugation configurations

This study numerically analyzes the thermohydraulic performance and exergy destruction in a corrugated spiral tube, considering inward, outward, and combined inward-outward configurations versus smooth spiral tubes. It explores how key corrugation geometries like width, height, and pitch as well as flow parameter such as Dean number influence friction factor, Nusselt number, exergy efficiency, and thermal performance factor. The turbulence and thermal aspects of the flow physics are modeled by incorporating the pertinent governing equations, utilizing the SST k-ω turbulence model and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The results demonstrated that introducing corrugated walls in various configurations enhances the Nusselt number within the spiral tube compared to its smooth counterpart. Nevertheless, this enhancement is accompanied by an increase in both friction factor and exergy destruction. Employing inward corrugations leads to a remarkable 53% surge in the Nusselt number when compared to the smooth tube. Elevating the corrugation height amplifies heat transfer and Nusselt numbers for all configurations, with the inward corrugation (IC) exhibiting the most substantial escalation. Additionally, a corrugation width of (w/Dh=0.1) engenders maximum thermal performance factor values across scenarios. Augmenting the corrugation pitch increases the Nusselt number due to greater heat transfer area, with the inward topology (IC) conferring maximal values. Although the Nusselt number rises with escalating Dean number, the thermal performance factor declines for all tubes owing to a disproportionately larger pressure drop increase. The outward corrugation tube (OC) sustains the highest performance factor across Dean numbers, while the inward-outward configuration (IOC) possesses the lowest.

Performance analysis of ice storage tank with smooth-tube and corrugated-tube heat exchangers based on numerical simulation

The ice storage system is of great value to improve the flexibility of building cooling load. In this paper, the two-dimensional physical models of smooth-tube and corrugated-tube heat exchangers ice-storage tank is established with consideration of natural convection. The ice storage process of tubes is numerically simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The effects of structural parameters on the ice storage performance are comprehensively analyzed, including the pitch and height of corrugation. The results indicate that the ice storage duration of the corrugated-tube heat exchanger is shortened by 7.1% compared with that of the traditional smooth-tube heat exchanger, which is due to the fact that corrugations disrupt the development of the boundary layer and strengthen the fluid mixing. There is the thicker ice layer outside the corrugated tube in comparison with the smooth tube at the same time. In addition, the influence of the corrugated tube structure on its ice storage performance is studied by varying the corrugation pitch and height. If the corrugation pitch is decreased by 41.7% and the corrugation height is increased by 28%, the heat transfer performance of corrugated tubes is improved by 10.3% and 29.4%, respectively.

Elasticity and stability of corrugated conical shells with diverse orthotropy

Curved thin-walled structures have attracted significant attention within engineering communities thanks to their remarkable properties, including high load-bearing capacity, tailorable directional stiffness, adaptability, and lightweight characteristics. The geometric intricacies of these structures not only influence their mechanical behavior but also provide a vast design space for exploring new frontiers in structural development. This study investigated a unique form of curved thin-walled structure, namely the corrugated annular conical shell, which exhibits diverse degrees of cylindrical orthotropy across various corrugation patterns. An analytical model was formulated based on the minimum total potential energy principle and first-order shear deformable shell theory to predict the non-monotonous force-deflection relationships and non-uniform stress distributions in corrugated conical shells when axially loaded under compression. Within this novel framework, the local undulation shape, corrugation pitch, and amplitude emerged as influential determinants of the responses of corrugated shells, intrinsically intertwined with the polar and shear orthotropy ratios. The accuracy of our analytical model was verified by comparing its results to those obtained using the finite element method and experimental measurements. A machine learning method was employed to classify the stability behaviors of corrugated annular conical shells and derive comprehensive design maps for the first time. Corrugated annular conical shells hold enticing potential for applications as adaptive spring units or building blocks for more sophisticated architectural metamaterials.

Heat transfer and hydraulics for a novel receiver pipe of solar parabolic trough: a computational approach.

The effect of symmetrical convex-concave corrugations on receiver pipe of a parabolic trough solar collector is numerically investigated. Twelve distinct geometrically configured receiver pipes with corrugations have been examined for this purpose. The computational study is conducted for varying corrugation pitch (4mm to 10mm) and height (1.5mm to 2.5mm). Heat transfer enhancement, flow behavior, and overall thermal performance of fluid moving through a pipe under non-uniform heat flux condition are all determined in this work. The Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 50,000. The findings reveal that presence of corrugations leads to axial whirling and vortices in the receiver pipe, thus enhancing the heat transfer. The receiver pipe having corrugations of 8mm pitch and 2mm height gave the best results. The maximum enhancement in average Nusselt number over smooth pipe has been observed as 28.51%. In addition, relationships of Nusselt number and friction factor against selected design parameters and operating conditions are also displayed as correlations.

Investigation of heat transport characteristics of titanium dioxide nanofluids with corrugated tube

AbstractThe implications of cooling fluids with suspended titanium dioxide nanoparticles in augmenting the heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger are discussed. The application of corrugated tubes for increasing the effectiveness of heat exchangers is studied in this work. In deionized water, the nanofluid is synthesized to get three different volume concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1%). The nanofluid's flow rate varies to 100 L/h, 150 L/h, and 200 L/h, respectively. An experiment is carried out in three corrugated tubes made of copper, with pitch values of 18, 20, and 25 mm, respectively. Optimization is carried out to determine the influence of nanofluid concentration, the mass flow rate of the nanofluids, and the corrugation pitch over the heat transfer rate. It is concluded that increasing the volume concentration of the nanoparticles in deionized water and the mass flow rate of the nanofluid enhances the heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger.

Enhanced heat transfer in corrugated plate fin heat sink

Abstract To design a compact heat sink, a simplified geometry, enhanced heat dissipation, and the minimum pressure drop should be taken into consideration. With this objective, an experimental investigation has been conducted with the corrugated plate-fin heat sink by varying the relative radius of corrugation and relative corrugation pitch in the range of 0.16–0.31, and 0.06–0.16, respectively, for the Reynolds number range of 6000–14,000. Experiments were conducted on a corrugated plate-fin heat sink using an open-loop experimental system comprising a test section of a rectangular channel measuring 2300 mm long, 180 mm wide, and 80 mm high. The corrugated fin creates higher disturbances caused by multiple separations and reattachments in the flow and thereby yielding a higher localized heat transfer coefficient and enhanced heat transfer from the system. The maximum fin performance is found to be 5.87 for the corrugated plate-fin heat sink corresponding to the relative radius of corrugation and relative corrugation pitch of 0.16 and 0.125, respectively.

Study on enhanced heat transfer of a phase change material slurry in transverse corrugated tubes

Enhancing the heat transfer of ice slurry is a key to improving its application. The outward transverse corrugated tube (OTCT) presents a better heat transfer enhancement as an effective passive flow control method. In this paper, the thermo-fluidic performance and enhanced heat transfer mechanism of ice slurry in OTCT are numerically studied using Euler-Euler multiphase model. The results indicated that turbulent vortex of ice slurry in OTCT is enhanced with the rise in the ratio of corrugation height to diameter (H/D), and declined with rising the of ratio corrugation pitch to diameter (P/D), and ratio of corrugation pitch to width (W/D). The ice concentration presents a periodic fluctuation along the flow direction. The values of H/D, W/D, and P/D have a significant influence on the mass transfer for ice slurry. And the ice particle concentration displays more even distribution as increasing H/D, and decreasing W/D and the P/D. The average flow resistance (fave) and Nusselt number (Nuave) increase with the increasing H/D and decreasing P/D, and decrease with increasing W/D. Nuave presents a linear increase with Re. For the inlet ice volume fraction of αin = 10%, Nuave enlarges significantly by increasing the Re from 4950 to 9540 for different H/D, P/D, and W/D values. The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) reaches a maximum value for different H/D and P/D at Re = 9540 when W/D = 0.4, αin = 10%. For bigger inlet ice particle concentration, the increment of Nuave of ice slurry in OTCT is more significant at higher Re compared with the smooth tube. Meanwhile, under higher ice concentration, the overall heat transfer performance is more prominent at large Re. Finally, the empirical correlations of the fave and Nuave are established to predict the thermal–hydraulic performance of ice slurry flowing through OTCT.

Numerical investigations of corrugated tube and Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the mitigation effects of supercritical water heat transfer deterioration

When faced with high thermal loads, the dramatic variations in supercritical water (SCW) thermophysical properties can lead to heat transfer deterioration (HTD). Therefore, the present paper first proposes a new mechanism of HTD based on the pseudo boiling theory, and then numerically investigates the mitigation effects of nanoparticles and corrugations on the HTD. By the investigation of SCW in vertically upward smooth tube, the mechanism study illustrates that the pseudo film with the characteristics of low turbulence intensity and thermal conductivity induces the HTD, and the pseudo two-phase flow instability dominates the growth and dissipation of pseudo film. With the help of nanoparticles and corrugations, the wall temperature has a maximum decrease of 348 K, the wall temperature peak mitigation ratio was 33.5%, and the maximum heat transfer enhancement is 164%. Since the corrugations within the corrugated tube (CT) does not change the growth rate of pseudo film, "HTD cycles" occurs in the CT with large corrugation pitch and further deteriorates the overall heat transfer performance. By the inhibition of pseudo film growth and enhancement of gas-like SCW thermal conductivity, the coupling effect of nanoparticles and corrugations can effectively suppress the HTD as well as "HTD cycles".

Structural design of patient-specific vascular ring stents

The expediency of replacing the corrugated ring of a vascular stent with a constant corrugation pitch by a corrugated ring of variable pitch is being investigated. To describe the change in pitch of corrugation, a special function is introduced. The equilibrium and deformation equations were analyzed using the asymptotic homogenization method. The dependence of the radial stiffness of a corrugated ring with a variable pitch of corrugation on the constructive parameters is obtained. The effectiveness of the design under consideration is evaluated by the area of the lumen provided by the vascular stent. Compared to stents with regularly corrugated rings, this area is larger which improves the ring stent efficiency.

Experimental investigation on convective heat transfer of hydrocarbon fuel in transverse corrugated tubes

To improve the heat transfer performance of regenerative fuel cooling technology and CCA (Cooled Cooling Air) technology, the convective heat transfer characteristics of hydrocarbon fuel in transverse corrugated tubes under supercritical pressures were experimentally studied. The length, outer and inner diameter of the test tubes were 200 mm, 3 mm, and 2 mm, respectively, and the corrugation depth was 0.4 mm. The corrugation pitches of different transverse corrugated tubes were 30, 40, and 50 mm, respectively. The effects of heat flux, system pressure, mass flow rate, inlet temperature, buoyancy, and corrugation pitch are summarized. Experimental results indicated that the secondary flow and backflow are generated behind the concave corrugation, which can destroy the fluid boundary layer, make the fluid mixing more uniform, reduce the temperature gradient of the boundary layer, and enhance heat transfer. An average HTC (heat transfer coefficient) was increased by 35–51% compared with the plain tube. In addition, a ratio of Gr (Grashof number) to the square of Re (Reynolds number) was used as the criterion for evaluating the effect of buoyancy force. Gr⋅Re−2 near the corrugation was much smaller than in other locations.

Upraising wavelength exactitude in laser array with spatial hole burning suppression based on the reconstruction-equivalent-chirp technique.

An equivalent corrugation pitch modulated distributed-feedback semiconductor multiwavelength laser array (MLA) with two equivalently assisted phase shifts (EAPSs) based on the reconstruction-equivalent-chirp technique is theoretically studied and experimentally demonstrated. The simulated results show that the longitudinal photon density distribution of the studied MLA is much more uniform than that of the MLA without EAPSs. Accordingly, the longitudinal spatial hole burning of the proposed MLA is therefore suppressed more effectively. The experimental results show that the studied MLA has good single-longitudinal-mode performance. The highest side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) is even up to 52.63dB. Meanwhile, the tunable wavelength range of the investigated MLA is 25.94nm under the thermal tuning scheme from 15.12°C to 46.93°C. All channels are within a wavelength deviation of ±0.001n m. The SMSRs are all above 38dB.

Experimental investigation on the performance of circumferential corrugations helical tubes based on thermodynamic and economic analyses

In this study, the impact of applying circumferential corrugations on the helical tubes is experimentally probed and frictional and thermal performance of the circumferentially corrugated helical tubes are studied. For this purpose, water flow rates at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 L/min with 25°C enter assumed helical tubes. These tubes are exposed to constant heat flux of 800 W, produced by heater wire evenly wrapped around them. Corrugations with three different pitches and heights of 6, 9, and 12 cm, and 0.8, 1, and 1.2 mm are considered, respectively. The results revealed that in comparison to smooth helical tube, the increment of the corrugation height at constant corrugation pitch and decrement of corrugation pitch at constant corrugation height improves the pressure drop to the maximum of 2.054 and 1.488 and also improves heat transfer coefficient to the maximum of 1.702 and 1.456 at Reynolds of 4687. Moreover, from the Benefit-Cost Ratio point of view, at Re = 2147 applying corrugation height of 1.2 mm at corrugation pitch of 6 cm is 1.27 times more economical than the smooth helical ones.

Numerical investigation on thermal–hydraulic characteristics of the helically corrugated tube in intermediate heat exchangers for very-high-temperature gas-cooled reactors

A three-dimensional numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the helically corrugated tube (HCT) intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) for very-high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (VHTRs). Helium is the working fluid with Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 10,000 to 20,000 and Prandtl numbers of 0.66. The heat transfer enhancement mechanism is analyzed in detail with the use of the ANSYS Fluent 18.0 computational fluid dynamics program. The results show that the helical corrugation disrupts the boundary layer development, strengthens the secondary flow intensity, and improves the synergy between the velocity vector field and temperature gradient vector field, thus enhancing the heat transfer. Moreover, the effect of geometric parameters characterized by dimensionless corrugation height e/d (0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) and dimensionless corrugation pitch p/d (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5) on the thermal–hydraulic performance are examined. The results indicate that increasing e/d and reducing p/d can enhance heat transfer. The Nusselt number of HCTs is increased by 17.25 %-81.46 % compared to a smooth tube, while the friction factor is also increased by 38.01 %-361.69 %. The comprehensive performance represented by the performance evaluation criterion is improved by 3.26 %–11.84 %. In the present study, e/d = 0.04 and p/d = 0.5 are the optimal HCT structures to obtain better comprehensive performance for the IHX design.