Corrosion Resistance Of Copper Research Articles

Theoretical explanation of passivation behavior in OFP-Cu and OF-Cu

This research presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the passivation kinetics of OFP-Cu and OF-Cu in simulated repository electrolyte. The study employs a range of techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization, multi-step potentiostatic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky analysis, to explore the intricacies of corrosion behavior. The Point Defect Model (PDM) is used to interpret the steady-state physicochemical processes. Utilizing the results of PDM optimization, defect distribution diagrams within the passivation film were constructed, shedding light on the pivotal transition from p-type to n-type semiconductor properties of the film. The study concludes with an interpretation of the experimental data, highlighting the enhancement of copper's corrosion resistance due to phosphorus doping, as elucidated by the Solute-Vacancy Interaction Model.

Insights into the Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Canavalia gladiata Leaf Extract for Copper in Sulfuric Acid Medium.

Canavalia gladiata leaf extract (CGLE) is extracted from crop waste employing a water decoction method. By employing electrochemical techniques, morphology analysis, quantum chemical calculations, and other methods, we extensively investigated the anticorrosion efficacy of CGLE on copper within a H2SO4 solution. The outcomes reveal that at 298 K, a CGLE concentration of 800 mg/L attains a remarkable inhibition efficiency (IE) of 96.8%. Additionally, we examined the impact of CGLE on the corrosion resistance of copper at varying temperatures. Even with rising temperatures, CGLE manages to sustain an IE of over 95%. This indicates that CGLE is mainly chemisorption based on the copper, leading to a strong adsorption. The surface test results show a noteworthy decrease in the extent of copper surface corrosion upon the introduction of CGLE. The study of the adsorption model demonstrates the alignment of CGLE adsorption onto the copper with the Langmuir adsorption.

Effect of the grain boundary character distribution on the sulfur corrosion behaviour and mechanisms of copper windings under different high temperatures

AbstractAs a typical failure phenomenon in transformers, sulfur corrosion has garnered significant attention in the field of high‐voltage engineering. Grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) copper windings have been introduced to enhance sulfur corrosion resistance by slowing down intergranular corrosion. In this study, the sulfur corrosion behaviour and mechanisms of the GBCD copper windings under various temperatures were experimentally and theoretically studied. Results show that GBCD can enhance the corrosion resistance of copper in liquid environments. With the increase in temperatures, the insulating properties of oil and papers in traditional copper windings experience notable degradation, while GBCD copper windings show more stable insulating behaviours. In addition, modelling of grain boundary energy indicates that the grain boundary structure of GBCD copper windings has a lower average interface energy of 0.170 eV/Å2. Calculations of reaction thermodynamics show that GBCD copper windings possess a higher failure temperature (135.2°C) and inhibition degree (activation energy) of the sulfur corrosion (32,557.62 J/mol), revealing the stability and enhanced sulfur corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures.

3,4-Dimethoxy phenyl thiosemicarbazone as an effective corrosion inhibitor of copper under acidic solution: comprehensive experimental, characterization and theoretical investigations.

This study investigates the corrosion inhibition potential of 3,4-dimethoxy phenyl thiosemicarbazone (DMPTS) for copper in 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions, aiming to disclose the mechanism behind its protective action. Through an integrative methodology encompassing electrochemical analyses-such as weight loss measurements, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-we quantitatively evaluate the corrosion protection efficacy of DMPTS. It was determined that the optimal concentration of DMPTS markedly boosts the corrosion resistance of copper, achieving an impressive inhibition efficiency of up to 89% at 400 ppm. The formation of a protective layer on the copper surface, a critical aspect of DMPTS's inhibitory action, was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). These techniques provided empirical evidence of surface morphology modifications and roughness changes, affirming the formation of a protective barrier against corrosion. A significant advancement in our study was the application of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, which identified chemical adsorption as the definitive mechanism of corrosion inhibition by DMPTS. The ATR-FTIR results explicitly demonstrated the specific interactions between DMPTS molecules and the copper surface, indicative of a robust protective adsorbed layer formation. This mechanistic insight, crucial to understanding the inhibitory process, aligns with the protective efficacy observed in electrochemical and surface analyses. Theoretical support, provided by the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and quantum chemical computations, further validated the strong molecular interaction between DMPTS and copper, corroborating the experimental findings. Collectively, this research not only confirms the superior corrosion inhibition performance of DMPTS in an acidic setting but also elucidates the chemical adsorption mechanism as the foundation of its action, offering valuable insights for the development of effective corrosion inhibitors in industrial applications.

Corrosion Behavior of Ni/NiCr/NiCrAlSi Composite Coating on Copper for Application as a Heat Exchanger in Sea Water.

This study introduces a novel Ni/NiCr/NiCrAlSi composite coating to enhance the corrosion resistance of copper, particularly for its use in marine heat exchangers. Utilizing characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the paper investigates the coating's composition, structure, and corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solutions. A significant focus is placed on the role of aluminum within the NiCrAlSi layer, examining its influence on the coating's structure and corrosion behavior. The results indicate that the NiCrAlSi layer with an aluminum content of 5.49 at.% exhibits the most improved corrosion resistance, characterized by the highest corrosion potential and a corrosion current density that is more than one order of magnitude lower compared to the Ni/NiCr coating. The effectiveness of this composite coating is attributed to its multilayer structure and the synergistic effect of alloying elements Cr, Al, and Si, which collectively inhibit corrosive medium penetration. These insights present the Ni/NiCr/NiCrAlSi coating as a promising candidate for copper protection in sea water environments, merging enhanced durability with cost-effectiveness.

Coordination driven vanadium/L-cysteine hybrid conversion film to improve the corrosion resistance of copper

Vanadium/L-cysteine (V/L-cys) hybrid films with favorable anti-corrosion performance were fabricated on copper substrate based on the coordination between Vanadium and L-cys. The characteristic adsorption of sulfhydryl groups (-SH) in L-cys on copper acts as a bridge for film formation, while the coordination between VO2+ ions and –COOH or NH2 in L-cys repairs defects and enhances the density of film. The EIS results indicated that the corrosion protection efficiency of V/L-cys film was 99.6 %, which was much higher than that of single L-cys film (91.1 %). Moreover, the immersion test exhibited that V/L-cys film was capable of enduring 300 min of immersion in a 3.5 % NaCl solution, whereas L-cys film could only withstand 60 min of immersion. The durability of V/L-cys film showed a significantly higher level than that of L-cys film.

Corrosion resistance and mechanism of (100), (110) and (111) preferred orientation of single crystal copper in NaCl solution

In present work, the immersion and electrochemical corrosion resistance of single-crystal copper with (100), (110), (111) preferred orientation were studied in 3.5 NaCl solution. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Laser Raman spectroscopy were used to observe corroded surface morphology and analyze the corroded products. The experimental results show that preferential orientation has a significant effect on the corrosion resistance of single crystal copper. The self-corrosion current densities of (100), (110), and (111) oriented single-crystal copper were 1.1455 μA/cm2,0.7312 μA/cm2 and 1.4117 μA/cm2 respectively. The corrosion resistance was in the order of (110) > (100) >(111). Optimally oriented surface can effectively improve the corrosion resistance of copper.

Effect of refrigerant absorbent combinations in the corrosion resistance of copper as structural material in absorption refrigeration systems (ARS)

ABSTRACT The present research was focused on analyzing the corrosion resistance of copper in the presence of refrigerant-absorbent combinations such as lithium bromide (LiBr), lithium nitrate (LiNO3) and calcium chloride (CaCl2), used in Adsorption Refrigeration Systems (ARS). Electrochemical techniques such as open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical noise analyses and potentiodynamic polarisation curves were applied to study the test solution combination effect on the corrosion rate of copper as a structural material in ARS. OCP analyses reveal that the E corr shifted based on the temperature and test solution. Meanwhile, when the copper was immersed in LiBr/H2O + CaCl2 at 80°C, the corrosion current density (I corr) was lower (0.003 mA/cm2). Also, The R p estimated from EIS shows an increase at 80°C. Micrographs of the copper surface immersed in LiBr/H2O and LiBr + CaCl2 observed cracks and pits. But also, when the corrosion product layer was removed, a less heterogeneous surface was revealed.

Investigation of copper corrosion behavior in chloride bath for nickel electrodeposition

The present study is devoted to the electrodeposition of nickel layers on copper substrates by cyclic voltammetry from chloride bath at a scan rate of 20 mV/s and at different bath temperatures between 25 and 55 °C and then after to their corrosion behavior in chloride bath. The electrochemical behavior and corrosion properties were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While the surface analysis of nickel coating at different temperatures was conducted by optical microscopy and white light interferometer (WLI). The obtained results show that the Ni layers have been deposited successfully on the Cu substrates. It was found that raising the bath temperature to 55 °C leads to smoother, dense, compact and recovering Ni coatings with a grain size of 0.024 nm and 0.294 µm as average roughness, which is mainly due to Ni grain refinement. While the effect of increasing bath temperature leads to a decrease in the corrosion resistance of copper.

Effect of chemical composition on the electrochemical and wear behavior of boron carbide reinforced copper composites

ABSTRACT. In this work, the Copper composites Cu-x wt. % B4C (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20) were fabricated for the metallurgical and mechanical property evaluation as per ASTM standards. The metallurgical characterization tests on the samples include x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with EDX. Further, pin-on-disc apparatus was used to investigate the tribological behavior of composite specimens. An SEM micrograph of the worn surface and wear debris, along with the Gwyddion software, has been used to discuss the wear mechanisms in detail. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) classifier model is also constructed to describe the wear behavior in more detail. The experimental results inferred that the addition of Boron carbide particles has enhanced the Copper's corrosion resistance in a 1 M HCl electrolyte solution from 30.34% to 74.2%, 75.08%, and 83.29% with B and C ions. Also, it significantly enhance the mechanical and tribological characteristics considerably.
 
 KEY WORDS: Powder metallurgy, Cu-B4C, Gwyddion, Wear, Artificial Neural Network
 
 Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(4), 959-972. 
 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i4.12

Effect of tool offset distance variation and mechanical property evaluation for effective cladding of copper to steel by friction stir cladding

Deposition of copper on top of a steel substrate combines the advantages of the corrosion resistance of copper with the high tensile strength of steel. Due to their diverse properties, it is challenging to deposit copper on steel. In this work, the deposition of a 3 mm-thick copper layer has been carried out on top of a 6 mm thick steel substrate, utilizing the friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the process, several repetitive passes are required with a suitable tool offset to cover the entire plate effectively. A smaller tool pin offset results in the requirement of more passes, while too large a pin offset leaves the area between two passes unbonded. To optimize the tool offset distance, a series of trial experiments with offset values of 6, 8, 10, and 12 mm were carried out. Metallography examination along with X-ray radiography was carried out on the prepared clad samples. The average grain size of the steel substrate below the clad layer showed refined grains with a size of 5 μm, indicating an improvement of more than 60 % over the base steel. SEM and EDS map analysis revealed proper bonding of the cladding material with the substrate. Uniaxial tensile tests on flat specimens were carried out for base copper, base steel, and copper clad steel samples. The copper clad steel has a YS of 261 MPa and tensile strength of 359 MPa in comparison to the base copper, which has a YS of 131 MPa and a UTS of 227 MPa. Fractography analysis revealed stretching marks between copper and steel due to the difference in elongation rates of both materials. A guided bend test for face bend, root bend, and side bend revealed no delamination or crack initiation along the convex surface. Microhardness analysis was carried out across the interface from copper to steel, where a maximum hardness value of 226 HV was recorded near the interface close to the steel region.

Interfacial Adsorption and Corrosion Inhibition Behavior of Environmentally Friendly Imidazole Derivatives for Copper in the Marine Environment

Copper and copper alloys are commonly used in industry due to their excellent mechanical properties, making research on the corrosion resistance of copper of great significance. The corrosion inhibition properties of 2-imidazolidinone and allantoin for copper in 3.5 wt % NaCl were studied by weight loss and electrochemical tests. Changes in the density of the copper corrosion current and the impedance module indicated that 2-imidazolidinone and allantoin exhibited cathodic corrosion inhibitors and a valid protective effect. Meanwhile, the weight loss tests showed that the inhibition efficiency of 2-imidazolidinone and allantoin at 3 mM reached 98.94% and 97.82%, respectively. The surface physiochemical properties were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by using SEM-EDS, XPS, white light interferometry, and contact angle analysis. The interfacial adsorption behavior revealed by QCM, synchrotron radiation micro-infrared, and adsorption isotherm analysis indicated that both imidazole derivatives formed an effective and rigid physical adsorption film and obeyed the Langmuir adsorption model on copper, while both the mass and thickness of the adsorption film formed by 2-imidazolidinone were higher than those of allantoin. This study contributed to an in-depth understanding of the interfacial adsorption behavior and corrosion inhibition ability of 2-imidazolidinone and allantoin and provided guidelines for the design and development of novel heterocycles as potential corrosion inhibitors for copper in marine environments. In particular, copper was used as a corrosion inhibitor in seawater storage and transport equipment.

Antibacterial property, corrosion and discoloration resistance of pure copper containing Zn or Ni.

This study focused on the effects of Zn and Ni addition on the antibacterial properties and corrosion resistance of copper alloys. The antimicrobial properties of copper and copper alloys were evaluated using Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 bacterial strain by employing the overlay and plate counting methods. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the surface composition of the alloy after contact with bacteria. A salt spray method was used to simulate an artificial sweat contact environment to test the discoloration and corrosion resistance of the alloy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the film layer and surface material composition of the corroded samples. The addition of Ni reduced the antibacterial performance of pure copper; however, the antibacterial performance of the alloy remained fast and efficient after the addition of Zn. Moreover, the addition of Zn and Ni significantly improved the corrosion resistance and surface discoloration of copper alloys in artificial sweat environments. This study provided support for the future application of copper alloys as antimicrobial surface-contact materials with safer public and medical environments in the face of diseases spread by large populations.Graphical abstract Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12598-022-02098-8.

Insight into the inhibition performance of thiosemicarbazones as efficient inhibitors for copper in acidic environment: Combined experimental and computational investigations

The corrosion resistance of copper makes it a popular material. Despite this, the Cu metal is prone to corrosion, and pitting corrosion is frequently observed which leads to application restrictions. In this work, we devolved three efficient corrosion inhibitor types of thiosemicarbazone derivatives namely, (2E,2′E)−2,2′-(1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(N-benzylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide) (BBCT), (2E,2′E)−2,2′-(1,4-phenylenebis(methanylylidene))bis(N-allylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide) (BACT) and (E)−2-(5-azido-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-N-benzylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide (HBCT)that can inhibit the copper corrosion in 0.5 M sulfuric acid. The chemical structure of these materials were confirmed by FT-IR, HRMS,1HNMR and 13CNMR spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, their inhibition performance were evaluated by using various electrochemical techniques i.e. potentiodynamic polarization, AC impedance method, along with the density functional theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The maximum inhibition efficiency (η) obtained by electrochemical techniques was 98.37% at 298 K for 150 ppm BBCT. The synthesized compounds were adsorbed via Langmuir adsorption model with physiochemical adsorption as inferred from the standard free energy (∆G°ads) values and the favorable performance was ascribed to the formation of BBCT adsorption films on the surface of the copper. Finally, the experimental results were correlated with the theoretical calculations using DFT theory which revealed the interaction between the assembled compounds and the copper surface.

Enhanced inorganic salts stability using bentonite clay for high-performance and low-cost thermochemical energy storage

The energy storage density, cycling stability, thermal conductivity, cost, and corrosive behavior character of chloride-based hydrated salts are the worth challenges facing the application of these materials for thermal energy storage (TES). However, the impregnation of these salts into porous sorbent materials represents a key tool to deal with these issues. This paper aims to develop low-cost thermochemical composites (CTCMs) based on natural bentonite and hydrated salts for TES application. Natural bentonite blended with graphite (BNTC) was used as a support to stabilize three hydrated salts SrCl2·6H2O, CaCl2·6H2O, and LiCl.H2O. Synthesis and microstructural characterization of BNTC@CaCl2, BNTC@LiCl, and BNTC@SrCl2 were reported. Suitable operating conditions optimization during the hydration reaction of the CTCMs was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. A great storage density of 854.5, 704.2, and 778.6 kJ.kg−1 were measured for BNTC@CaCl2, BNTC@LiCl, and BNTC@SrCl2, respectively. Consecutive desorption/sorption cycles experiments were conducted and good cycling stability of the CTCMs was recorded which reflects the ability of the natural bentonite to solve the worrying issue of salts solution leakage. The compatibility of CTCMs in contact with copper heat exchanger metal was assessed and a new composite coating film based on polyvinylidene Fluoride reinforced with zinc oxide nanoparticles (PVDF@ZnO) was proposed. According to the gravimetric measurements of coated copper metal, an excellent enhancement of copper corrosion resistance up to 94% was achieved under the charging phase conditions of the CTCMs.

Corrosion behavior of 316 stainless steel, copper, and brazed joint in lithium bromide solution at different temperatures

Abstract Lithium bromide (LiBr) corrosion on austenitic 316 stainless steel (AISI 316) and copper will largely determine the overall performance of refrigeration compression systems. In this work, the corrosion behavior of AISI 316, copper, and brazed joint was studied in LiBr solution at different temperatures by using the polarization curve and electrical impedance spectroscopy. The morphology and chemical composition of the samples before and after corrosion were characterized to elucidate the corrosion mechanism. The passivation film of AISI 316 stainless steel is more prone to breakdown as the temperature increases, and the corrosion resistance of copper and brazed joint also decreases with the increasing temperature. Zero-resistance ammeter technology was employed to analyze the effect of temperature on galvanic corrosion. The degree of galvanic corrosion increases with temperature for all galvanic pairs (AISI 316-Cu, AISI 316-brazed joint, and Cu-brazed joint). For AISI 316-Cu and AISI 316-brazed joint galvanic pairs, AISI 316 functions as the cathode, while copper or brazed joint serves as the anode. For the Cu-brazed joint pair, the brazed joint is preferred to be corroded at room temperature, whereas at 50 and 75 °C, copper corrosion occurs in priority.

New small gemini ionic liquids for intensifying adsorption and corrosion resistance of copper surface in sulfuric acid solution

In this study, three new gemini ionic liquids (GILs 1–3) were designed and prepared. The results showed that the GILs could undergo orderly molecular aggregation in sulfuric acid solution, which reached a steady aggregation state at 0.050 mM with 8 h evolving time. The tough chemical adsorption of the GILs aggregates on copper surface was confirmed by different means such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which could be formed by the Cu(I)-GILs coordination complexes. The yielded hydrophobic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) adsorption of the GILs aggregates on copper surface were demonstrated by the measurements of spectroscopic ellipsometry and contacting angles (such as the GIL 3, the adsorption layer thickness, 5.70 nm, the contacting angle, 124.5 °). The copper corrosion inhibition effects of the GILs in sulfuric acid solution were measured by the electrochemistry analysis. The obtained results show the GIL 3 achieved over 96% corrosion inhibition efficiency at 0.050 mM based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The decrease of charge transfer as well as the increase of double layer capacitance may make major contributions in copper corrosion resistance. The adsorption behavior of the GILs aggregates on the Cu surface was found to obey the Langmuir isotherm plots. In further consideration of the other advantages of the target GILs such as water solubility, negligible toxicity as well as easy preparation based on commercial starting materials, a large application potential could be expected.

Protection of Copper From Corrosion With Nicotinamide Inhibitor

Copper is used extensively in industry since its superior metallic properties. Since the corrosion resistance of copper is low in acidic media, it is important to apply corrosion prevent methods. In this study, the environmentally friendly nicotinamide compound was used as an inhibitor to protect copper from corrosion. In this study, firstly, the Cyclic Voltammetry Technique was used to determine the electrochemical behavior of copper in 0.1 M HCl acid solution. Then, Tafel polarization method was applied to determine the corrosion behavior of copper in 0.1 M HCl acid solution in the absence of nicotinamide inhibitor and in the presence of 500 ppm, 750 ppm, 1000 ppm nicotinamide. The optimum time was determined for each concentration by keeping the inhibitor at these 3 different concentrations for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. The highest inhibition efficiency was obtained as 95.3% in 1000 ppm nicotinamide concentration in 30 minutes residence time, and the best corrosion potential was -0.145 V in 1000 ppm nicotinamide concentration in 45 minutes residence time. 750 ppm inhibitor concentration can be used in cases where the duration is not important, as the inhibition efficiency value is reached as 94.6% in a 60 minutes residence time at a 750 ppm nicotinamide concentration.

Sodium nitrite as a corrosion inhibitor of copper in simulated cooling water

The corrosion inhibition behavior of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) towards pure copper (99.95%) in simulated cooling water (SCW) was investigated by means of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). NaNO2 interferes with metal dissolution and reduce the corrosion rate through the formation or maintenance of inhibitive film on the metal surface. Surface morphologies illustrated that the surface homogeneity increased on adding sodium nitrite. Sodium nitrite’s adsorption on copper surface followed the modified form of Langmuir, Freundlich and Frumkin isotherms. Physiosorption mode was involved in the corrosion protection. Electrochemical results revealed an corrosion resistance of copper increases on increasing the inhibitor concentration. The DEIS results indicated that copper corrosion mechanism could be hindered by 50% even after interval of 24 h by optimum concentration of sodium nitrite. The maximum inhibition was achieved with 2000 ppm of NaNO2. With this concentration, inhibition efficiency of up to 61.8% was achievable.

Electrochemical Characterization of Bronze Exposed to Outdoor Atmosphere

The aim of this work was to examine corrosion behaviour of bare and artificial patinated bronzes during exposure to urban outdoor atmosphere. Studies were conducted on <br /> copper and two different bronzes in order to evaluate the influence of substrate composition on patina composition and electrochemical behaviour. Additionally, two different patination methods were compared. Corrosion behaviour was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with gel-electrolyte electrochemical cell. The composition of patina was determined by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The obtained results showed that all studied artificial patinas initially decrease the corrosion resistance of copper and bronzes but in time their corrosion resistance improves, and even for certain combinations, artificial patina-bronze corrosion resistance is higher than that of naturally patinated bronze.