Corrosion Control Methods Research Articles

Achieving a high‐performance anti‐corrosive polyvinyl ester based on bisphenol a coating by addition of polyaniline‐Cu‐based metal organic framework composite

AbstractCorrosion of steel is one of the challenging issues that researchers has focused on it. Among corrosion control methods, organic coatings with suitable lifetime and efficiency are a great of interest. In the present research, polyaniline‐ copper‐based metal organic framework (PANI‐Cu‐MOF) is synthesized using in‐situ oxidation polymerization method and successfully characterized with different techniques. Then, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt. % of PANI‐Cu‐MOF composite are added to vinyl ester (VE) resin based on bisphenol A and coated on ST37 steel. The performance of the as‐prepared coatings on ST37 is evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for 360 h. The EIS results showed that loading of PANI‐Cu‐MOF (0.5 wt. %) in VE led to the highest protective properties against aggressive species with |Z|0.01 Hz = 6.76 × 107 Ωcm2 after 360 h. The uniform distribution of PANI‐Cu‐MOF composite in VE and its hydrophobic property causes a delay in the penetration of the corrosive species into the coating, thus increasing the corrosion resistance.Highlights PANI‐Cu‐MOF composite is embedded to VE resin as novel anti‐corrosive pigment. The highest Rcoat are achieved for VE‐PANI‐Cu‐MOF 0.5 wt. %. In the presence of PANI‐Cu‐MOF, the corrosive species penetrations decreased.

Corrosion area detection and depth prediction using machine learning

Corrosion reduces the thickness of a structure, making it less safe and reducing its lifespan. In particular, ships are vulnerable to corrosion because they are always submerged in seawater. This corrosion is identified through regular inspections of the ship structure, and gradually increases in scope if no action is taken at an early stage. In this study, we developed a model to detect the corrosion areas and predict the depth of corrosion in the detected areas. The corrosion area detection model used a machine learning model based on Mask R-CNN. The 35,753 images were used to map corrosion images and measured corrosion depths. Four different color maps and regression algorithm were used to predict corrosion depths and their performance was compared. The new attempt to predict the corrosion depth from images in this study will contribute to improving existing corrosion control methods by providing information for corrosion prevention and maintenance.

(Digital Presentation) Life Cycle Cost and Technical Analysis of Corrosion Control Methods to Prevent Failures in Water Service Systems

INTRODUCTION Water service systems, such as drinking/potable water and process water (e.g., cooling water), are undoubtedly strategic in any industrial installation. Their continuous, reliable and quality-controlled operation must be therefore guaranteed. The stable operation of a water supply system (and of other processes/areas) depends on many factors, namely: preventive maintenance, operation within the range of specific conditions and appropriate design, among others. In a petrochemical estate, especially in the Caribbean where all-year-round exposure to harsh environmental conditions aggressively enhances corrosion, high corrosion-related remediation costs are incurred if appropriate corrosion protection/minimization methods, such as corrosion control by materials selection and/or intervention corrosion control techniques, were not implemented during the design and construction phases and/or are not currently in place, respectively. The focus of this study is to perform a combined life cycle cost and technical aspects analysis in order to evaluate the feasibility of several corrosion prevention techniques for two important and strategic pieces of plant equipment: a potable water tank and a direct cooling water (DCW) pipeline, in use at several companies at a petrochemical estate located in the Caribbean. At least five (5) different construction materials for both pieces of equipment under study were selected for the analysis. Cost estimates from different sources (vendors, suppliers, providers) were obtained. All costs were discounted by applying an appropriate discount rate. For convenience and to facilitate the comparison in the cost analyses, normalization of all costs to those of the (total) initial costs of the two pieces of equipment to be evaluated was done. An adequate service life of 30 years was selected for this study. METHODOLOGY Corrosion prevention methods: materials selection - Potable water tank Five (05) different materials, some combined with different coatings and other corrosion protection techniques, are considered as replacements: Stainless Steel 304 grade tank (SS 304 Tank), Hot Dipped (Zinc) Galvanized Steel Tank (HDG STank), Chlorinated Rubber coated Steel Tank with Cathodic Protection (CRC STank CP:), Polyurethane coated Steel Tank with Cathodic Protection (PUC STank CP), and (inorganic)Zinc Silicate coated Steel Tank with Cathodic Protection (ZnSC STank CP). - Direct cooling water (DCW) pipeline Five (5) different alternatives(materials) are considered as DCW pipeline replacements, in addition to a new (inorganic)Zn-silicate coated steel pipeline (ZnSC SPipe): Polyvinyl Chloride pipeline (PVC Pipe), Ductile Iron Pipeline (DuctI Pipe), Hot Dipped (Zn) Galvanized Steel Pipeline (HDG SPipe), Fusion Bonded Epoxy coated Steel Pipeline (FBEC SPipe), and 3-Layer Polyethylene coated Steel Pipeline (3LPEC SPipe). Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) The LCCA was carried out in accordance with the appropriate ASTM standard [1]. A reasonable 30-years life cycle was taken into consideration, as in other studies [2]. After calculating costs and in order to standardize and facilitate the comparison among the different techniques under study, all the LCC results were normalized to the (total) initial costs of purchasing (new) current equipment, (potable water) mild steel tank and (DCW) Zn-silicate coated steel pipelines. CONCLUSIONS A combined life cycle cost(LCC) and technical feasibility analysis of several corrosion control methods to prevent failures in water service systems at a petrochemical complex was carried out. A potable water tank and a direct cooling water (DCW) pipeline were the equipment chosen in the study. For the potable water tank, using SS304 as the material of construction was proven to be the best option(Figure 1) to replace the current (mild) steel tank. In the case of the DCW pipeline, keeping a currently installed zinc-silicate coated steel pipeline was a suitable choice. This study highlights the imperative nature of managing corrosion by selection of fabrication materials in plant equipment to minimize maintenance activities and to avoid failures associated with corrosion. REFERENCES [1] "Life-cycle cost analysis of corrosion protection systems is focus of new ASTM iron and steel product standard", Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials, Vol. 58 No. 4 (2011)[2] D. Kowalski, B. Grzyl & A. Kristowski, The Cost Analysis of Corrosion Protection Solutions for Steel Components in Terms of the Object Life Cycle Cost. CEER 26 (3): 005-013 (2017) FIGURE CAPTIONS Fig. 1. Cumulative discounted & normalized LCC for potable water tank alternatives. The even slighter increment that Zn Silicate coated steel tank with cathodic protection (CP) alternative exhibits every 12 years is due to cost of replacing the zinc coating; while the CRC and PUC options present slight increments (not noticeable) every 3 and 4 years, respectively, due to the need of their respective coating´s replacement. Also, every 20 years the CP for the ZnSC, PUC and CRC STanks is replaced (not noticeable in their respective lines). Figure 1

1-Benzyl-4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazole as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Elements

Reinforced concrete (RC) plays a crucial role in the construction of structures around the world. But these structures are frequently subjected to corrosive conditions, which can degrade their structural performance, shorten their service life, resulting in failure with catastrophic consequences. The concrete high pH stabilizes the formation of an oxide passive layer on the rebar. Nevertheless, this protective film can be compromised if the chloride ion concentration threshold is reached at the steel rebar surface, which can occur as the structure ages while exposed to chloride containing environments. Considering growing environmental concerns about the effectiveness of existing corrosion control methods, this study investigates the potential of 1-Benzyl-4-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazole (BPT), an organic compound, as a green corrosion inhibitor for rebar corrosion. BPT was found to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments and has been synthesized in an eco-friendly and sustainable method.The objective of this work is to evaluate the corrosion inhibition of BPT to protect steel reinforcement in simulated marine environments. BPT was evaluated in synthetic pore solution (SPS, 8.33 g/L NaOH + 23.3 g/L KOH + 2.0 g/L Ca(OH)2, pH: 13.6) in the presence of chlorides to determine its optimal concentration. Exposure took place following a modified version of ASTM G180. In addition different electrochemical techniques were used including linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization. Then, mortar specimens containing BPT were tested under accelerated exposure by simulated seawater spray (modified ISO 11474) and the electrochemical response characterized using electrochemical techniques. Also, the physical-mechanical properties were evaluated. The BPT was found to provide different mechanisms to inhibit rebar corrosion including, adsorption on the material (EIS results) and reduced mortar permeability (resistivity and capillary absorption tests). Furthermore, BPT (at the optimal concentration) did not affect the mechanical properties of the mortar.This work highlights the efficacy of an eco-friendly corrosion control technology to extend the service life of critical reinforced concrete structures for a sustainable future.

Investigation of the mechanisms and adsorption of a new pyrazole derivative against corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution: Experimental methods and theoretical calculations

In an electrolyte of hydrochloric acid (1 M HCl) at 303 K, the effectiveness of the pyrazole derivative N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis((3,5-dimethyl-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)pyridine-2,6-diamine (PRPD) as a corrosion inhibitor was examined. Several experimental methods, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), surface morphology analysis (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), AFM, contact angle (CA), FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–visible, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were used to conduct the measurements. To support these experimental findings, we use theoretical calculations such as density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The achieved findings manifested that the PRPD behaves as a powerful corrosion inhibitor, achieving an anti-corrosion performance of 97.2% at 0.001 M. The PDP technique suggests that PRPD is part of a mixed-type inhibitor. The PRPD molecules are chemisorbed at the carbon steel (CS) surface in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model. On the ground of surface analysis, the build-up of an adsorptive layer inhibitor on the steel surface has been verified. DFT and MD simulation analyses have validated the experimental findings. These results contribute to the creation of successful corrosion control methods by providing insightful information about the inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in a 1 M HCl environment.

A “built-up” composite film with synergistic functionalities on Mg–2Zn–1Mn bioresorbable stents improves corrosion control effects and biocompatibility

Control of premature corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloy bioresorbable stents (BRS) is frequently achieved by the addition of rare earth elements. However, limited long-term experience with these elements causes concerns for clinical application and alternative methods of corrosion control are sought after. Herein, we report a "built-up" composite film consisting of a bottom layer of MgF2 conversion coating, a sandwich layer of a poly (1, 3-trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) co-spray coating (PA) and on top a layer of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) ultrasonic spray coating to decorate the rare earth element-free Mg-2Zn-1Mn (ZM21) BRS for tailoring both corrosion resistance and biological functions. The developed "built-up" composite film shows synergistic functionalities, allowing the compression and expansion of the coated ZM21 BRS on an angioplasty balloon without cracking or peeling. Of special importance is that the synergistic corrosion control effects of the "built-up" composite film allow for maintaining the mechanical integrity of stents for up to 3 months, where complete biodegradation and no foreign matter residue were observed about half a year after implantation in rabbit iliac arteries. Moreover, the functionalized ZM21 BRS accomplished re-endothelialization within one month.

Analisis Penggunaan Cathodic Protection dengan Metode Sacrificial Anode Sebagai Pengendalian Korosi Pipa Minyak 16 Inci PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia Simp. Perawang-Minas Area

Cathodic protection is a thermodynamic corrosion control method using metal as the cathode. There are two methods of cathodic protection, namely Sacrificial Anode Cathodic Protection (SACP) and Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICPP). This study will analyze the use of Cathodic Protection with the Sacrificial Anode method as corrosion control on a 16 inch oil pipe at PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia. Carbon steel pipe (API 5L Grade B) with cast magnesium anode material. Calculation of anode requirement for corrosion prevention will be compared with actual field data within 10 years. The calculation results show that the number of calculation parameters used affects the results of the anode requirement on an oil pipe with a length of 16 meters, a diameter of 16 inches, anode with a length of 0.648 m, net weight of anode 7.7 Kg, magnesium anode material with an anode output of 10.8 A/m2, anode density 1765 Kg/m3, wear and tear (volume) 2296 x 10-3 m3 A/y, and a life time of 10 years. Theoretical calculations get 6 anode rods while the actual data requires 8 anode rods.

Evaluation of the Impact of Two Thiadiazole Derivatives on the Dissolution Behavior of Mild Steel in Acidic Environments.

In light of the variety of industrial uses and economic relevance of mild steel, corrosion resistance is a serious topic. Utilization of inhibitors serves as one of the most essential methods for corrosion control. Two thiadiazole compounds, namely, 2-amino-5-(4-bromobenzyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (a1) and 2-amino-5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (a2), were synthesized. The structure of the prepared compounds was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR and 13C NMR). In a 0.50 M H2SO4 solution, the effectiveness of two synthetic thiadiazole derivatives as mild steel corrosion inhibitors were investigated. In this evaluation, various electrochemical methodologies have been utilized, such as potentiodynamic polarization, open circuit potential (OCP), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results confirm the efficiency of the inhibition increases by raising concentrations of a1 and a2. The inhibitory behavior was explained by the notion that the adsorption of thiadiazole molecules, a1 and a2, on the surface of mild steel causes a blockage of charge and mass transfer, protecting the mild steel from offensive ions. Furthermore, the synthesized molecules a1 and a2 were analyzed using density functional theory (DFT).

Utilization of green inhibitors as a sustainable corrosion control method for steel in petrochemical industries: A review

Infrastructure upgrades in the energy sector are encouraged to satisfy the expanding world’s energy needs, including innovation, consumption, production, and transportation. Thus, steel has been an extensively used construction material, particularly for pipelines and oil wells. However, in their application, every step of the production cycle results in the corrosion of metal parts. One of the simplest and most active ways to inhibit steel from corroding, especially in acidic situations, is to use a corrosion inhibitor. Synthetic organic compounds have been used successfully as corrosion inhibitors in the gas and oil industry. However, their use is today restricted and controlled due to their toxicity, environmental harm, and growing concern about the preservation of ecosystems. This has necessitated the present trend of searching for and developing green inhibitors that are environmentally benign, non-toxic, biodegradable, and low in cost. Corrosion inhibitor develops a shielding layer on the metal surface. Corrosion is avoided by a thin coating that has been adsorbed on the metal surface, which keeps the metal isolated from its surroundings. Several researchers have reported on the success of green inhibitors for steel corrosion protection, particularly in acidic environments. However, the use of green inhibitors still leaves several questions about inhibitor formulation, content, and adsorption mechanisms to be answered. Therefore, based on provided experimental results and an explanation of their inhibitory action, the use of green inhibitors (especially organic inhibitors) for the prevention of pipeline steel corrosion in various grades is studied in this review. Both the identified drawback and the projected future trend have also been highlighted.

Predicting the residual life of concrete structures in biocorrosion from the position of the theory of mass transfer

The problem of corrosive destruction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures of industrial buildings affected by aggressive environments does not lose its relevance, because, despite the abundance of modern methods of protection, there are still no radical methods of corrosion control. Corrosive destruction of building materials leads to a strength and load-bearing capacity reduction, loss of aesthetic properties of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and, consequently, to a decrease in the residual life of buildings and structures. The biological factor often acts as an intensifier of corrosive destruction. In this regard, it is reasonable to search for the possibility of predicting the durability of concrete and reinforced concrete structures in aggressive liquid mediums, taking into account the biofactor effect from the standpoint of mass transfer theory. The authors present a model of mass transfer in a concrete structure exposed to aggressive environment and biofouling. The proposed physical and mathematical model considers the properties of concrete and aggressive environment, as well as the kinetics of continuous processes of growth, reproduction and death of microorganisms. The results of numerical experiments on the proposed mathematical model are provided. The application of the received solutions will allow timely monitoring of biocorrosive destruction of concrete and reinforced concrete structures and selecting effective methods of protection.

Exploring the Impacts of Full-Scale Distribution System Orthophosphate Corrosion Control Implementation on the Microbial Ecology of Hydrologically Connected Urban Streams.

Many cities across the nation are plagued by lead contamination in drinking water. As such, many drinking water utilities have undertaken lead service line (LSL) replacement to prevent further lead contamination. However, given the urgency of lead mitigation, and the socioeconomic challenges associated with LSL replacement, cities have used phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors (i.e., orthophosphate) alongside LSL replacement. While necessary to ensure public health protection from lead contamination, the addition of orthophosphate into an aging and leaking drinking water system may increase the concentration of phosphate leaching into urban streams characterized by century-old failing water infrastructure. Such increases in phosphate availability may cascade into nutrient and microbial community composition shifts. The purpose of this study was to determine how this occurs and to understand whether full-scale distribution system orthophosphate addition impacts the microbial ecology of urban streams. Through monthly collection of water samples from five urban streams before and after orthophosphate addition, significant changes in microbial community composition (16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) and in the relative abundance of typical freshwater taxa were observed. In addition, key microbial phosphorus and nitrogen metabolism genes (e.g., two component regulatory systems) were predicted to change via BugBase. No significant differences in the absolute abundances of total bacteria, Cyanobacteria, and "Candidatus Accumulibacter" were observed. Overall, the findings from this study provide further evidence that urban streams are compromised by unintentional hydrologic connections with drinking water infrastructure. Moreover, our results suggest that infiltration of phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors can impact urban streams and have important, as-yet-overlooked impacts on urban stream microbial communities. IMPORTANCE Elevated lead levels in drinking water supplies are a public health risk. As such, it is imperative for cities to urgently address lead contamination from aging drinking water supplies by way of lead service line replacements and corrosion control methods. However, when applying corrosion control methods, it is also important to consider the chemical and microbiological effects that can occur in natural settings, given that our water infrastructure is aging and more prone to leaks and breaks. Here, we examine the impacts on the microbial ecology of five urban stream systems before and after full-scale distribution system orthophosphate addition. Overall, the results suggest that infiltration of corrosion inhibitors may impact microbial communities; however, future work should be done to ascertain the true impact to protect both public and environmental health.

Development of Sustainable Inhibitors for Corrosion Control

Metal degradation due to corrosion is a major challenge in most industries, and its control and prevention has to maintain a balance between efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The rising concern over environmental damage has greatly influenced this domain, as corrosion prevention should comply with the waste regulations of different regions. In this respect, a fundamental question is which modern synthetic materials are more viable from the point of view of their effectiveness. Therefore, this paper is aims to provide an advanced and holistic review of corrosion prevention and control methods. Corrosion prevention techniques have become extensive; however, the literature indicates that polymer coatings, nano-composite coatings, and encapsulation techniques consistently provide the most efficient and feasible outcomes. Therefore, this review article examined the phenomenon of corrosion inhibition mainly from the perspective of these three techniques. Moreover, this research utilized secondary qualitative methods to obtain data and information on comparative techniques. It is found that due to the rapid development of novel materials, corrosion inhibition techniques need to be developed on scales that are more general, so that they could be applied to varying environments. The self-healing coatings are generally based on epoxy-resins incorporated with synthetic compounds such as inhibitor ions, amino-acids, or carboxylic acids. These coatings have become more widespread, especially due to bans on several traditional prevention materials such as compounds of chromium (VI). However, self-healing coatings are comparatively more costly than other techniques because of their method of synthesis and long-term durability. Therefore, although self-healing nanomaterial-based coatings are viable options for limited usage, their utilization in large and complex facilities is limited due to the costs involved. Amino acids and other biological macro-molecules provide another option to attain environmental sustainability and long durability, especially due to their origins being most of naturally occurring compounds such as lignin, cellulose, and proteins.

Importance of corrosion protection on steel materials in reducing carbon emissions: Carbon emission measurement throughout the life cycle of steel pipeline as an example

<p indent="0mm">This paper studies the calculation method of carbon emissions throughout the life cycle of steel materials covering all stages of manufacturing, transportation, installation, service, and recycling. Taking steel pipelines as an example, this paper explores the impact of corrosion protection on the life cycle carbon emissions and annual average carbon emissions of steel materials. A carbon emission calculation method for all links in the life cycle of engineering steel materials in corrosive environments has been established. In addition to “carbon emissions per unit GDP (carbon emission intensity),” another intensity index is proposed as “life cycle average annual carbon emissions (carbon emissions per unit time).” This intensity index can constrain the life cycle carbon footprint in the time dimension. It is the first to quantify the important role of corrosion protection in controlling carbon emissions from steel materials at home and abroad. Through. Using appropriate anticorrosion technology, steel pipelines can reduce emissions by more than 60% in typical chemical production environments, more than 83% in oil and gas field environments, more than 50% in long-distance pipelines, and more than 28% in urban gas pipeline networks. This study is important in developing low-carbon corrosion control methods and improving corrosion protection, which controls the life cycle carbon emissions and annual average carbon emissions of steel materials, thereby providing a new perspective for the corrosion protection design and engineering implementation of steel structures. Consequently, it provides a new methodology for reducing carbon emissions of steel materials.

Inhibitors of Corrosion Induced by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

Currently, a lot of researcher’s attention is devoted to the problem of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), since it causes huge damages to the economy, initiating the destruction of oil and gas pipelines and other underground constructions. To protect industrial materials from MIC effects an organic chemical inhibitors are massively used. However, the problem of their use is associated with toxicity, dangerous for the environment that caused the need for development the alternative methods of MIC repression. At the review, the data about different types of inhibitors-biocides usage has provided. The chemical inhibitors features are given and the mechanisms of their protective action are considered. The screening results and use of alternative and eco-friendly methods for managing the effect of corrosion caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are highlighted. Methods of joint application of chemical inhibitors and enhancers, such as chelators, biosurfactants, which contribute to reducing the concentration of chemical inhibitors, are discussed. The possibility of disruption of the quorum sensing interaction in the bacterial community to prevent the biofilm formation is considered. The information about the use of natural plant extracts, food waste, as well as by-products of agro-industrial production to combat MIC is provided. The development of biological corrosion control methods (to combat MIC) is of great importance for creating the best alternative and eco-friendly approaches to managing the effect of corrosion caused by SRB. The analysis of the literature data indicates the need to find the best alternatives and environmentally friendly solutions.

Performances of plant based corrosion inhibitors in controlling corrosion of mild steel in sodium chloride environment

Addition of corrosion inhibitors is one of the most commonly used corrosion control method in current industries. However, most of corrosion inhibitors available on the market are inorganic and toxic which pose threat to the environment when they are discharged. Thus, green corrosion inhibitors that are non-toxic, renewable, cheaper and environmentally friendly are required to mitigate this issue. One of the viable sources of green corrosion inhibitors is by using plant extracts. The present study focused on the application of green corrosion inhibitors using Jatropha curcas and Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) extracts in controlling corrosion of mild steel in 3.5% NaCl environment. Results of immersion test showed that Jatropha extract recorded highest inhibition efficiency at 90.84% while Roselle extract attained highest inhibition efficiency at 77.35% in NaCl environment. Potentiodynamic polarization test performed signify that both extracts were mixed-type inhibitors. The presence of adsorptive protective films formed on the surface of mild steel sample were proven through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Results of potentiodynamic polarization test and EIS analysis were in agreement with results of immersion test. Tests performed indicate that both Jatropha and Roselle have high inhibitive performances in 3.5% NaCl environment with Jatropha extract performing slightly better than Roselle extract. Further studies on type of adsorption as well as determination and quantification of phytochemical compounds affecting inhibition performances should be done to further understand and improve the inhibition performances of the extracts.

Anodic protection of 316L stainless steel piping in sulfuric acid service: failure causes and remedial actions

Abstract Anodic protection (AP) is one of the corrosion control methods that has been widely used in the manufacture, storage, and transport of sulfuric acid. The present paper gives a brief review of the history, some applications, and a case study of failure causes and remedial actions of AP in a sulfuric manufacturing plant. The AP system consists of a direct current source, cathodes, reference electrodes, and signal conditioning electronics. In a sulfuric manufacturing plant, for AP of 316L piping (as an anode), platinized titanium (Pt/Ti) and Hastelloy B-2 were used as reference and cathode electrodes, respectively. After seven years of operation of the AP system in the sulfuric acid plant, a section of the protected pipelines has severely corroded. The study of the system showed that the reference electrodes, which were titanium-electroplated with platinum, lost their stability in the acid with the loss of coating and caused overprotection. However, the system could not control the pipe’s potential in the AP situation. In this condition, accelerated corrosion of the cathodes and pipes has also occurred.

Bioinspired Heterocyclic Compounds as Corrosion Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.

Corrosion is a phenomenon that devastatingly affects innovative, industrial, and mechanical applications, especially in the oil and gas industries. The corrosion conceivably influences industrial equipment; it deteriorates the environment and lessens the equipment/infrastructure's lifetime. Considering the significant impact of corrosion in our daily lives, this review article aims to briefly discuss the significance of corrosion and different control methods with special attention on corrosion inhibitors. The classification of corrosion inhibitors based on types and their advantage/limitations, and heterocyclic compounds as potential corrosion inhibitors, mainly nitrogen-based compounds (pyridine (1N), pyrimidine (2N), and triazines (3N) fused ring benzimidazole, etc.), and their biological significance has been discussed in detail. The mechanism, challenges, and applications of heterocyclic compounds as corrosion inhibitors in various industrial relevant corrosive environments such as acid pickling, descaling operation in the desalination plant, oil gas industry, etc., have also been highlighted in the review.

Research on Corrosion Management Technology of Petroleum Pipeline and Pressure Vessel

At present, the corrosion management of the upper module pressure vessel and pressure pipeline of the fixed oil production platform and the floating production oil storage and unloading platform lacks localized corrosion rate knowledge base, corrosion mechanism knowledge base and inspection case knowledge base, resulting in low accuracy of evaluation results and the foundation of integrity management is weak. Based on this background, the paper discusses the leading causes of the corrosion process and studies and analyses the primary mechanism. Through careful consideration of pressure vessel design, material selection, manufacturing, coating and slow release and other factors, combined with different corrosion mechanisms, a comprehensive analysis of the corrosion protection of pressure vessels is carried out to find the best method of corrosion protection and corrosion control to ensure Pressure vessels operate safely and typically in petrochemical production.

Electrochemical Evaluation of Three Zinc-Rich Paints on Carbon Steel Substrates Exposed to 3.5% NaCl

Coatings are the most common method of corrosion control based on isolating a metal from the aggressive environment. They also represent one of the most effective tools to combat the degradation of metallic materials. This research work evaluates using electrochemical techniques, three paint systems rich in zinc: Zerovoc (Z1), ZRC Galvilite (Z2), and Zinga (Z3), on carbon steel substrates. As a first step, the different coatings were applied. Subsequently, the characterization was carried out using direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) electrochemical techniques; Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The systems were evaluated in a period of 30 days of immersion in 3.5% NaCl obtaining as a result a degradation mechanism and the corrosion rate for each paint. Based on the results, it was determined that the ZRC Galvilite (Z2) system represented the best protection performance.

The use of the method of controlling the electrochemical parameters of aqueous solutions to combat complications in the operation of oil field pipelines

Corrosion of equipment in the oil and gas complex is a global problem, as it contributes to huge material costs and global disasters that violate the environment. Corrosion control methods used to protect equipment do not always ensure the absolute safety of the operation of oil and gas facilities. Moreover, they are quite expensive. The developed method for controlling the electrochemical parameters of aqueous solutions to combat complications during the operation of oil-field pipelines provides the necessary protection against corrosion. The method is economical and environmentally friendly, since it does not require the use of chemical reagents. The test results have shown a very high efficiency in dealing with complications in oil fields.