Corrosion Behavior Of Carbon Steel Research Articles

Effects of Different Fouling Organisms on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in Dalian Seawater

Carbon steels are widely used in ocean engineering due to their cost effectiveness, ease of manufacture, and excellent weldability. However, the attachment of macro-fouling organisms in seawater poses a serious threat to the integrity of carbon steel structures. In this experiment, carbon steel plates were immersed in the Dalian Sea area from January to October to investigate the effects of macro-fouling on corrosion propagation. The electrochemical measurement indicated that the propensity for the corrosion of Q235B is ranked as ascidians > mussels > barnacles. The characterization results indicated that various marine organisms significantly influenced the corrosion behavior of Q235B carbon steel immersed in natural seawater. The colonization of barnacles inhibited corrosion at the barnacle central area, and the presence of barnacle covering caused crevice corrosion at the edges of the barnacle due to oxygen concentration cells. The presence of ascidians resulted in general corrosion due to the locally high conductivity and ion diffusion rate. A relatively compact rust layer, which exhibited localized defects, was observed beneath the mussels. Seawater had the ability to penetrate the rust layer through these defects, leading to the formation of pitting corrosion on the metal substrate.

Understanding the intrinsic effect of fly ash on passivity and chloride-induced corrosion of carbon steel and stainless steel in cement extract solutions

Compared with the ordinary Portland cement extract solution (OPC solution), the passivation capability and chloride-induced corrosion behavior of carbon steel (Q235) and 316 stainless steel (316ss) in fly ash modified cement extract solution (FA solution) were intensively investigated in this study. The composition and electrochemical properties of steel passive films were studied using XPS technique and a series of electrochemical measurements including M − S, EIS and CPP. Moreover, FT-IR, AFM and SEM/EDS were employed to analyze the corrosion products and morphology on the steel surface. After 10 d of passivation, the film resistance of Q235 in OPC solution was 1.42 times that in FA solution, but an opposite result was observed for 316ss, which is consistent with the subsequent chloride-induced corrosion behavior. Steel passive films of different thicknesses and protective characteristics for Q235 and 316ss formed in alkaline solutions were confirmed to be the dominating reason for the distinct passivity and corrosion resistance to chloride attack. Accordingly, the intrinsic impact mechanisms of fly ash on passivation capability and chloride-induced corrosion of Q235 and 316ss in extract solutions were proposed.

Effect of chloride and bicarbonate ions on corrosion behavior of carbon steel in anaerobic environment

This investigation was initiated to study the influence of chloride ions and bicarbonate ions on the corrosion behavior of Q345 carbon steel in anaerobic condition by electrochemical tests and surface characterizations. It was found that low concentration of Cl- tends to cause general corrosion of sample while high concentration of Cl- induces localized corrosion because of its migration to the corrosion defects, leading to the accelerated dissolution of matrix. The existence of individual HCO3- results in the passivation of sample. When Cl- co-exists in the solution, the increase concentration of HCO3- results in an overall decrease of corrosion pit depth and the disappearance of localized corrosion, revealing the inhibitory effect of HCO3- on corrosion due to the formation of dense FeCO3 film. This corrosion suppression behavior of HCO3- is opposite to its synergistic effect on pitting with Cl- in aerobic environment.

Marine atmospheric corrosion of carbon steel in Mauritius

A geospatial variation of environmental conditions across Mauritius complicates atmospheric corrosion control and prediction. In the current study, field exposures in four distinct locations have given new insights into the marine atmospheric corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the country. Mauritius shows diverse atmospheric aggressivity with corrosion rates affected by both salinity and humidity. An acute thickness loss of 0.5 mm y-1 was associated with a direct spray of marine aerosols while relative humidity was a key factor in increasing the corrosion rate in inland areas.

Enhancement of corrosion protection of metal carbon steel C45 and stainless steel 316 by using inhibitor (Schiff base) in sea water

This research has presented a solution to the problem faced by alloys: the corrosion problem, by reducing corrosion and enhancing protection by using an inhibitor (Schiff base). The inhibitor (Schiff base) was synthesized by reacting of the substrates materials (4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and 4-aminoantipyrine). It was diagnosed by infrared technology IR, where the IR spectrum and through the visible beams proved that the Schiff base was well formed and with high purity. The corrosion behavior of carbon steel and stainless steel in a saline medium (artificial seawater 3.5%NaCl) before and after using the inhibitor at four temperatures: 20, 30, 40, and 50 C° was studied by using three electrodes potentiostat. The corrosion behavior was studied by cathode and anode polarization through which all corrosion parameters were investigated which include: corrosion current icorr (1341× 10-7- 5393 × 10-9A/cm2), corrosion potential Ecorr (-1.031- -0.227 mV vs SCE) , corrosion rates CR (0.658-0.007 mm.y-1), inhibition efficiency %IE (92-98%), and energy activation barriers Ea (4.709-26.733 kJ/mole). The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the corrosion behavior of these two metals under study, which include: enthalpy ∆H*(2.153-24.176 kJ/mole), entropy ∆S*(-197 -156 J/mole), and free Gibbs energy ∆G*(59.87-74.56 kJ/mole) before and after using the inhibitor, were also studied.

A study on the microbial biocorrosion behavior of API 5 L X65 carbon steel exposed to seawater

AbstractDespite much progress achieved, corrosion in oil and gas pipelines remains a concern due to industrial failures, and environmental and economic damages. Oil and gas pipeline failures are very common as a result of the natural degradation of carbon steel exposed to the marine environment. It has been reported that the presence of microorganisms in seawater contributes to the intensification of corrosion and subsequent biofilm formation on metal surfaces. Few scientific publications have investigated the effects of seawater containing natural microorganisms on the internal corrosion of pipelines, which is the motivation for this study. The present study aims to report the corrosion behavior of carbon steel American Petroleum Institute (API) 5 L X65 exposed to seawater collected from the Persian Gulf containing microorganisms such as sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB), iron‐reducing bacteria (IRB), and acid‐producing bacteria (APB). Microorganisms were detected, segregated, colonized, and finally injected into autoclaved seawater to investigate their effect on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. Nondestructive electrochemical techniques were performed to study the corrosion behavior and field emission electron microscope images and energy dispersive x‐ray analysis (EDS) were also utilized to characterize the corrosion products. The results confirmed the amounts of oxygen and iron presented of FeO as the main corrosion product in abiotic conditions. Corrosion products and electrochemical properties of steel have been influenced by microbial activity. The variation of the open circuit potentials (OCP) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated that SRB and APB could not only significantly harm an alloy, but also could alter its electrochemical behavior from uniform to local damage. The outcomes proved that biofilm formation and bacterial activity can cause serious degradation.

Corrosion behavior on carbon steel affected by iron-reducing bacteria via dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction in simulated marine atmospheric environment

The corrosion behavior of carbon steel in simulated marine atmospheric environment combined with microorganisms was investigated. Results demonstrated that weight loss was increased, pitting corrosion was aggravated and the velocity of charge transfer and ionic migration were accelerated in media with bacteria. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) grew into a dominant population in the biofilm. The compact and protective corrosion product film in the inner layer was disrupted locally in presence of IRB. The corrosion mechanism of carbon steel in marine atmospheric environment influenced by IRB via dissimilatory Fe(Ⅲ) reduction had been discussed.

Effect of Surface Characteristics of Abrasive Water-jet Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel

Effect of Surface Characteristics of Abrasive Water-jet Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel

Effects of Lorentz Force and Gradient Force of Magnetic Field on the Seawater Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steels

With the rapid development of modern civilization, the development of marine resources has become imminent, but seawater corrosion has become one of the most important factors hindering development. In order to overcome this problem, an environmentally friendly physical anticorrosion scheme based on a magnetic field () has been proposed. In this context, we investigate the effect of the Lorentz force and gradient force of a magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in seawater. The experimental results show that the gradient force of a magnetic field inhibits corrosion while the Lorentz force promotes corrosion. Especially in the (corrosion electrical field) case, the Lorentz force influence on the corrosion behavior is greater than the gradient force, while in case gradient force dominates. In addition, the effect mechanism of magnetic field on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in seawater was revealed by comparison of corrosion product composition in different reaction regions and electrochemical impedance spectrum analysis, which will provide an experimental basis for the application of environmentally friendly marine anticorrosion technology based on a magnetic field.

The corrosion behaviors of carbon steel under the effect of AC and imidazoline quaternary ammonium salt corrosion inhibitor

The development of self-healing coating technology makes the corrosion inhibitor can be used in preventing the external corrosion of the pipelines, providing a new possibility that the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel are under the effect of the corrosion inhibitor and alternating current (AC). Understanding the combined effect of the corrosion inhibitor and AC on the corrosion behavior is essential. In this paper, the corrosion behaviors of X90 steel under the effect of AC and imidazoline quaternary ammonium salt corrosion inhibitor (IM) were investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface analysis. The results showed that the adsorption of the IM on the corrosion surface influenced the AC corrosion behaviors. Meanwhile, the adsorption process of IM was under the effect of AC interference. The negative shift of the potential induced at low AC current density could enhance IM absorption, causing a decrease in the corrosion current density. As AC current density further increased, IM tended to desorb with the formation of the corrosion product, resulting in an increase in the corrosion current density. The high IM concentration cannot effectively decrease the AC-induced corrosion rate, which was probably because the anodic desorption due to the positive shift of the potential occurred at the high IM concentration. As the IM concentration increased, the active substances in corrosion products such as γ-FeO(OH) and Fe3O4 gradually decreased, while α-FeO(OH) increased, indicating the protectiveness of the outer rust layer increased with the IM concentration.

The effect of HPAM polymer for enhanced oil recovery on corrosion behaviour of a carbon steel and interaction with the inhibitor under simulated brine conditions

The introduction of polymers to reservoir is a common technique for enhanced oil recovery. In this paper, the combination of electrochemical measurements, surface analysis and rheological measurements was employed to elucidate impact of hydrolysed polyacrylamide (HPAM) on corrosion behaviour of carbon steel. The interaction between HPAM and inhibitor was also studied for first time. Adsorption isotherm analysis and XPS implied that corrosion inhibition properties of HPAM are due to chemisorption of polymer on carbon steel surface. Introduction of inhibitor in system resulted in increased viscosity and corrosion inhibition at 25 and 75 °C due to H bonding between HPAM and inhibitor.

Research on Adhesion and Properties of Composite Coating on Aluminized Carbon Steel

In this paper, we studied the adhesion and properties of the composite coating on aluminized carbon steel. The part of the review introduces the concept and application of aluminizing technology and composite coating on carbon steel, and the related research is summarized. In the professional content section, the aluminizing process of carbon steel, the preparation method and characteristics of the composite coating, and the evaluation method of composite coating performance are introduced. In the main body, we focused on the research content of aluminized structure and corrosion behavior of carbon steel and studied the adhesion, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal stability, and microstructural properties of composite coatings on aluminized carbon steel. In addition, this study includes the bonding mechanism between the composite coating and the substrate, the corrosion protection mechanism of the composite coating, the wear resistance mechanism of the composite coating, the thermal stability of the composite coating, and the factors affecting the adhesion, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, thermal stability and microstructure of the composite coating. The results show that the composite coating after aluminizing treatment can effectively improve the surface properties of carbon steel. Different preparation methods and process conditions have a significant effect on the performance of the composite coating. This study is of great significance for understanding the properties and preparation of composite coatings after aluminizing treatment of carbon steel.

Experimental investigation of new compound adsorption on carbon steel in 1M HCl

The effect of new compounds named, 6,6'-(((2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diyl)bis(azanediyl))bis(methylene))bis(2- methoxyphenol) (RSH) on the corrosion inhibiting of ST- 37 low carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl has been studied. The inhibitor effects on the corrosion behaviour of the samples have been determined at three different concentrations, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. Weight loss, polarization curves, AC impedance measurements and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) have been utilized to study the corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in corrosive environment in the presence and absence of new ligand. Results show that the inhibition occurs through adsorption of the inhibitors molecules on the metal surface. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with increasing inhibitor’s concentration. Polarization data indicated that this compounds act as mixed-type inhibitors. The corrosion efficiency of RSH at an optimal concentration of 2mg/L is 86. The adsorption of inhibitors follows the Langmuir isotherm. The values of free energy of adsorption in the presence of the corrosion inhibitor are around -32 KJmol-1, which indicate chemiosorption of the molecules. Powerful Atomic Force microscopy is used for the surface morphology studies.

High-temperature corrosion behavior of carbon steel subjected to simulated combustion atmosphere

This research aimed to study the high-temperature oxidation of carbon steel in simulated combustion atmosphere. The comparative oxidation rate of sample substrate carbon steel was experimentally investigated. The comparative high temperature oxidation rate studies were carried out using different atmosphere of gas and salt at 800 °C with different time 1, 25, and 100 hr. The kinetics of oxidation rate of carbon steel were established with weight change measurements. The oxidation rate was measured by the ratio of weight loss and quantity of gas and gas-salt atmosphere. The morphology surface of oxidation in form of spallation and peeling of unprotected oxidation and sulphurization. The structure morphology and chemical composition were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The oxidation behavior was further discussed in this research.

Effect of marine microalgae Synechococcus sp., Chlorella sp., Thalassiosira sp. on corrosion behavior of Q235 carbon steel in f/2 medium

The effect of marine microalgae on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel (CS) still needs further investigation due to their dual roles. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Q235 CS specimens in f/2 medium with absence and presence of three classes of marine microalgae Synechococcus sp., Chlorella sp., and Thalassiosira sp. was investigated during a 16-day immersion period by the weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, potentiodynamic polarization curve, and surface analysis techniques. The biomass of the three microalgae was monitored at the same time. The results showed that the values of weight loss and corrosion current density decreased, and the values of charge transfer resistance increased in the CS specimens treated with these microalgae. On day 16, the inhibition efficiency of Thalassiosira sp. group was the highest (80.78%), followed by Chlorella sp. group (70.80%), and finally Synechococcus sp. group (69.38%). But the inhibition efficiency diminished with time. Furthermore, in these microalgal treatment groups, the passivation films were found to consist of a biofilm and a corrosion product film. This study revealed that the three microalgae can effectively strengthen the barrier of the CS specimens in the f/2 medium, leading to slow down their corrosion rates.

The corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in 1 M HCl solution by Oestrus ovis larvae extract as a new bio–inhibitor

Since, nowadays, utilizing the eco-friendly and economic corrosion inhibitors in various industries is a challenge, in this research, the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in the HCl solution by the addition of the extract of Oestrus ovis larvae as a novel bio-inhibitor has been evaluated. The electrochemical tests plus the gravimetric investigations were performed to study the corrosion property of steel substrates in various concentrations of bio-inhibitor (0.25–3 g/L). Different methods such as grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), were utilized to detect the chemical composition and morphology of corroded surfaces. Results of the Tafel polarization showed that the inhibition efficiency was about 57–86% with the highest value at the inhibitor concentration of 1 g/L. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicated that with the specified concentration of bio-inhibitor the electrochemical properties of samples changed based on the suggested electrical circuit. Results showed that the adsorption isotherm of the inhibitor was the Langmuir model with the cathodic-anodic performance. Both FESEM and AFM images demonstrated that the intensity of deterioration and the roughness of corroded surfaces reduced significantly at the optimum concentration of inhibitor (1 g/L). The inhibition mechanism was proposed based on experimental results.

Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in Beibu Gulf tidal zone

ABSTRACT Corrosion behaviour of carbon steel (CS) exposed in the tidal zone of Beibu Gulf was investigated by experimental method. Q235 CS specimens were designed and exposed for 12 months. The corrosion mechanism of CS was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that the corrosion performance of CS can be verified by the formula D = atn . The corrosion products are mainly composed of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, β-FeOOH, Fe3O4 and γ-Fe2O3. Significantly, Cl– is an intermediate in the corrosion process and promotes the formation of the characteristic product β-FeOOH.

Effect of Cathodic Protection Potential Fluctuations on the Corrosion of Low-Carbon Steels and Hydrogen Absorption by the Metal in Chloride Solutions with Nearly Neutral pH.

Considerable fluctuations in the cathodic protection potential under the impact of stray currents lead to the occurrence of local corrosion on steel structures operated in soils and seawater. The potential fluctuations induced by both alternating and direct current sources can be simulated by cycling a square potential step. This paper covers the impact of sign-alternating cyclic polarization (SACP) on the general and local corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5% NaCl solution containing a borate buffer (pH 6.7) and without it. A decrease in the cathodic half-period potential (Ec) of SACP inhibited the general corrosion and accelerates the local corrosion of steel in both solutions, which was associated with an increase in the amount of hydrogen in the metal. Increasing the duration of the SACP cathodic half-period increased the pit density and total area at less negative Ec values. At more negative Ec values, an increase in the duration of cathodic polarization reduced the intensity of steel local corrosion in the unbuffered chloride solution. This effect is explained by blocking of the pit nucleation centers on the metal surface by a layer of steel dissolution products formed in the near-electrode electrolyte layer with a high pH. The combined body of data shows that hydrogen absorption by the metal determines the corrosion behavior of carbon steel under the impact of SACP in chloride solutions, which should be taken into account in the development of models of the corrosion of steel structures under the action of stray currents.

Corrosion inhibition of hydrazine on carbon steel in water solutions with different pH adjusted by ammonia

Abstract The ammonia-hydrazine shutdown protection method is widely used in thermal power plants in China because of its good protective performance. However, the toxicity and safety of hydrazine have restricted its use in many power plants, and it is necessary to improve the shutdown protection techniques. In this paper, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization curves were used to study the effect of hydrazine in water solutions of different pH values, adjusted with ammonia on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. It was found that in the water solution without hydrazine, the corrosion resistance of a carbon steel electrode increased with raising the pH. When the pH value of water increased to 10.5, the impedance value of the carbon steel increased significantly, the corrosion current density decreased from 26.06 μA·cm−2 at pH 10.0 to 2.36 μA·cm−2, and the steel surface was passivated. Hydrazine had different effects on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of carbon steel in water solutions with various pH. When the pH of water was not higher than 10.0, hydrazine had a good corrosion inhibition effect on carbon steel. When the pH of water was not lower than 10.5, the addition of hydrazine inhibited the passivation of carbon steel and promoted the corrosion. The adsorption and substitutional oxidation of hydrazine in the anode region of carbon steel surface should be the reasons for the above phenomenon.

Analysis of corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in a Qatari GTL plant process water

Internal Corrosion in tubing, piping, and process system is a huge challenge to the oil and gas facilities. Severe corrosion problems in the carbon steel pipelines are caused by the high corrosive produced water, leading to significant threats to the humans’ safety, and operation quality, and causing economic losses. In this study, the effect of the process water from the Qatar Shell GTL plant on the corrosion of SAE-1040 carbon steel was studied by using electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical measurement was performed utilizing electrical impendence spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The corrosion behavior of the metal was tested at a variety of temperatures between 293K and 333K and different immersed times up to 3 h. It is reported that the corrosion rate of the carbon steel metal increased as the immersed period and the temperature increased. The behavior was attributed to the presence of cracks, holes, and pitting observed on the corroded steel surface as the immersion time and temperature increased. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) tests were employed to study the surface of the corroded metal samples. The analysis of the corrosion products confirmed the formation of iron oxide (Fe2O3) as the main corrosion product.