Correlative Relationship Research Articles

The Impact of Strategic Leadership Practices on Organizational Ambidexterity: An Analytical Study of Workers in Iraqi Private Commercial Banks

The study aims to know the impact of strategic leadership practices with its selected dimensions on organizational ambidexterity with its combined dimensions. Since the study is analytical and its place of application is the private banking sector, data was collected using a questionnaire directed to a sample of department and branch managers and division officials in private commercial banks. The study sample included (258) respondents from different job levels. After using statistical analysis programs (SPSS,24), the results of the analysis indicated the existence of a statistically significant relationship of influence and correlation for strategic leadership practices in terms of its dimensions in the dimensions of organizational ambidexterity. The study recommends paying more attention to enhancing the dimensions of organizational ambidexterity within the organization.

The impact of leadership strategies in enhancing product creativity: an exploratory study in the General Company for the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Supplies/Samarra

The current research aims to determine the correlation and influence between entrepreneurial strategies and enhancing product innovation in the General Company for the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Supplies in Samarra. Entrepreneurship strategies are among the important strategies for any organization and have a prominent role in reaching the goals that the organization seeks to achieve,Among them is the goal of enhancing product creativity. Due to the limited studies that included the influential relationship between these variables in general and in the Iraqi environment in particular, the researchers sought to include in their current study these dimensions and their variables within a comprehensive framework in an attempt to study the relationship and influence between them. In general, this study attempts to answer the following question: What is the nature of the correlations and influence between entrepreneurial strategies and enhancing product creativity in the General Company for the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals and Medical Supplies in Samarra?To answer this question, a hypothetical chart was prepared that reflects the relationships of correlation and influence between the research variables. Specific hypotheses were formulated that were tested and verified. The descriptive and analytical approaches were used to complete the research, in addition to adopting a questionnaire form according to a five-point Likert scale as a main tool for collecting data and related informationSearch

Learning Complementary Correlations for Depth Super-Resolution With Incomplete Data in Real World.

Depth information is a significant ingredient to visually perceive the physical world. However, mainstream depth sensors, e.g., time-of-flight (ToF) cameras, often measure incomplete and low-resolution depth data, resulting in low-quality visual perception. In this article, we try to address a potentially valuable task, i.e., depth super-resolution (DSR) with incomplete data, which recovers dense and high-resolution depth map from incomplete and low-resolution one. To tackle this task, we introduce a novel incomplete DSR (IDSR) framework, including a primary branch for DSR to recover high-frequency details, and an auxiliary branch for depth completion (DC) to fill missing pixels. More importantly, we propose two modules, joint correlation learning (JCL) and iterative-cross (IC), to enhance the learning of complementary information flows between the two branches. The former module aims to learn the correlative relationships of the two branches, whilst the latter module adequately fuses higher level representations for more precise predictions. Extensive experiments show that our framework is effective and achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the real-world RGB-D-D and the synthetic NYUv2 datasets.

The role of strategic intelligence in enhancing the success of organizational innovation (An Analytical study at the Ministry of Industry and Minerals/General Company for Electronic Systems)

The current research aims to clarify the concept of strategic intelligence as an independent variable with its five dimensions (foresight, future vision, systems thinking, partnership, creativity), and the concept of organizational innovation success as a dependent variable with its three dimensions (administrative innovation, technical (technological) innovation, additional innovation), After that, the relationship of correlation and influence between them was determined, and for the purpose of achieving the research objectives, a questionnaire was designed consisting of (40) items, in the light of which data was collected and analyzed and hypotheses were tested by using the statistical program (SPSS). A purposive sample consisting of (50) managers was chosen. And an official in the Ministry of Industry and Minerals/General Company for Electronic Systems. Many statistical tools and methods were used, including: frequencies, percentages, arithmetic averages, standard deviations, correlation coefficient, and regression analysis. A number of main and subsidiary hypotheses were developed to address the research problem and answer. On its questions to prove or reject these hypotheses, the most prominent conclusions were: the existence of a significant correlation between the two variables, and a strong influence between strategic intelligence and organizational innovation.

Opportunistic leadership behavior and its impact on the spiritual elevation of employees (An analytical study of the opinions of a sample of decision makers in the General Company for Pastry Manufacturing in Baqubah

The current research aims to address the weaknesses in opportunistic leadership behaviors and thus stay away from threatening positions that weaken that leadership, and in a way that is consistent with the spiritual highness of the employees in the company under investigation. Based on the above, the main research problem can be clarified, which is “Is there a statistically significant correlation and impact between... Opportunistic leadership behavior and the spiritual elevation of employees in the researched company. In light of the main research problem, a hypothetical model was built that reflects the relationship and impact between the main research dimensions and variables, and thus finding the best appropriate solutions to that problem. The research relied on the descriptive analytical approach, which gives the possibility of using description in forming a framework. Intellectual and theoretical, the study population was represented by the General Company for Pastry Production in Diyala, where the research community reached 250 individuals representing the decision-makers in the researched company. 80 individuals were selected to represent the research sample from the decision-makers in the researched company. The questionnaire form was distributed in a regular manner to all members of the sample, and all members of the sample were retrieved. The distributed questionnaires enriched the research with important information and data from sources and references related to the theoretical side. As for the field side, reliance was placed on a set of statistical tools, including the questionnaire, the arithmetic mean, and the simple and multiple regression coefficient to stabilize the relationship of correlation and impact. The research reached a set of results and recommendations, the most prominent of which is building successful leadership characteristics from By modifying opportunistic behavior that would eliminate the spiritual highness of workers

Correlative relationship between body mass index and heart rate variability in psychiatric disorders.

Indicators of heart rate variability (HRV) have been used to assess the autonomic activity. However, the influence of obesity on HRV in these patients remains to be determined. This study aimed to examine how obesity (measured with the body mass index [BMI]) affects HRV and determine whether the effect varies among different psychiatric disorders. We recruited 3159 consecutive patients, including 1744 with schizophrenia, 966 with mood disorders, and 449 with anxiety disorders. Patients were divided into four groups based on BMI: underweight (< 18.5), normal weight (18.5-23.9), overweight (24-27.9), and obese (≥ 28). The cardiovascular status was assessed using several time- and frequency-based HRV indicators, measured via electrocardiogram signals recorded for 5min. The mean BMI of the participants was 23.6 ± 4.0. The patients in theoverweight and obese groups were 29.4% and 13.6% of the total, respectively. The HRV indicators were higher in underweight and normal-weight patients than in the overweight and obese ones. After stratification based on the psychiatric diagnosis, the patients with mood disorders showed lower HRV than those with schizophrenia or anxiety disorder in the normal-weight group. In contrast, in the overweight and obese groups the patients with mood disorders showed higher HRV than those with the other disorders. The HRV variableswere significantly associated with BMI, and higher BMI was associated with higher heart rates and lower HRV. These results indicate that weight gain in psychiatric disorders is associated with an imbalance in autonomic nerve activity. However, the relationship between autonomic activity, weight gain, and psychiatric disorders warrants further investigation.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and muscular fitness correlates in youth: A hierarchy of behavioral, contextual, and health-related outcomes

ObjectivesDespite the health importance of identifying correlates of physical fitness in youth, no investigation to date has explored the influence of behavioral, health-related, and contextual correlates simultaneously. We investigated the hierarchical relationship of multiple modifiable correlates favoring or diminishing cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in youth. DesignCross-sectional investigation. MethodsIn a sample of 5174 children and adolescents, 31 correlates were hierarchized according to their impact on cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness assessed using the FITESCOLA® fitness battery. A Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection approach was employed and measures of correlation and association were used to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and correlates. ResultsIn children, body mass index was the most relevant factor to discriminate between high and low cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness of the upper, middle, and lower body. While body mass index was more important than any other correlate to differentiate levels of upper and lower body muscular fitness during adolescence, specific characteristics of sports participation emerged as key factors to discriminate between high and low cardiorespiratory fitness and middle body muscular fitness. Other correlates, including the self-report of active recess time, active commuting to school, favorable neighborhood conditions, and limited time on screens and cellphones, were demonstrative of favorable physical fitness levels. ConclusionsBoth body composition and sports-related characteristics emerged as the two most relevant factors of physical fitness in youth. Additional health benefits may be obtained from building supportive environments for sports and healthy exercise habits within the household and at different school education levels.

Empirical Determinants of Research and Development (R&amp;D) Investment in Chinese Manufacturing Companies

Background and Aim: As manufacturing enters the fourth industrial revolution, R&amp;D investments help in converting new ideas into innovative products and services. Manufacturing firms rely on R&amp;D projects to improve product quality, increase productivity, reduce waste, and enhance operational efficiency. This study examined the empirical determinants of Research and Development (R&amp;D) investment in Chinese manufacturing companies. Materials and Methods: Data was obtained from the Oriana database, which keeps updated records regarding R&amp;D investments across Southeast Asia. The database provides information about key R&amp;D drivers and resources that companies are willing to invest as percentages of their revenues. A systematic analysis of data was used to identify the key determinants and their impact on R&amp;D decisions and intensity. The FE model equations were used for calculating correlational relationships among variables. Results: The study found that key determinants associated with R&amp;D decisions and intensity include firm size, market power, demand-pull, technology opportunity, and appropriability. Technology opportunity and demand-pull had the strongest influence on R&amp;D decisions and intensity. Firm size also showed a significant influence on research intensity and development decisions. However, market power showed limited impact on both R&amp;D decisions and intensity. Conclusion: Technology opportunity and demand-pull are the key determinants of Research and Development (R&amp;D) investment in Chinese manufacturing companies.

PERCEPTION OF PARENT-STAKEHOLDERS IN THE SCHOOLS' READINESS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DISTANCE LEARNING MODALITIES AT EASTERN SAMAR NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

The prime purpose of the study is to highlight the relationship between perceived schools readiness for distance learning and the perceived effectiveness of schools implementation of distance learning modalities of parents in Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School, Borongan City Division, province of Eastern Samar, among parents whose children are recipients of the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) and officially enrolled during the school year 2021-2022. As a result, the researcher decided to investigate how well-prepared and successful the schools were at integrating distance learning modes from the perspective of the parents of students enrolled in ESNCHS. The researcher investigated the correlational relationship between readiness and perceived effectiveness of the three primary distance learning modalities in terms of curriculum support, instructional support, and overall learning program among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) recipient parents of Eastern Samar National Comprehensive High School for the School Year 2020-2021. The results appear to make sense due to the ready and very effective perceptions of the respondents based on the previously presented results. The finding implies the need to continuously implement good practices in monitoring learners learning activities even if they are not in school; that the teacher-parent relationship be strengthened through focus group activities to identify their strengths and weaknesses in assisting their children; and to regularly review the preparation, distribution, and retrieval of learning modules mechanism to cater the learning needs of the students better. KEYWORDS: Distance learning, Readiness of implementation, parent-stakeholders, COVID-19 Pandemic

Связь между осознанием ценности времени и сформированностью мягких навыков у студентов инженерно-управленческих специальностей

The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the awareness of time values among engineering and management students and their soft skills development. The article examines the significance of soft skills, including self-management, awareness of time values. Correlational relationships between the last skill and others (readiness to communicate, critical thinking, emotional intelligence) are identified. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the identification of social-cognitive predictors of time values and finding correlations between this parameter and some soft skills of engineering students. As a result of the research, it is concluded that the more a student's awareness of the value of time is developed, the higher their emotional intelligence, as well as higher scores on the "Resourcefulness, Initiative, and Entrepreneurship" and "Verbal Competence" scales of the KOSKOM methodology by V. N. Kunitsyna, which enhances the communicative-personal potential of the individual. Additionally, the awareness of the value of time positively impacts the student's academic performance. In turn, developed critical thinking will more likely lead to a decrease in the considered parameter. The social-cognitive predictors of the development of awareness of the value of time in students include the following indicators: self-motivation, communicative-personal potential, as well as academic performance (direct relationship), understanding of situations, and emotional stability (inverse relationship).

Differences in gut microbiota between Dutch and South-Asian Surinamese: potential implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Gut microbiota, or the collection of diverse microorganisms in a specific ecological niche, are known to significantly impact human health. Decreased gut microbiota production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) has been implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) disease progression. Most microbiome studies focus on ethnic majorities. This study aims to understand how the microbiome differs between an ethnic majority (the Dutch) and minority (the South-Asian Surinamese (SAS)) group with a lower and higher prevalence of T2DM, respectively. Microbiome data from the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) cohort were used. Two age- and gender-matched groups were compared: the Dutch (n = 41) and SAS (n = 43). Microbial community compositions were generated via DADA2. Metrics of microbial diversity and similarity between groups were computed. Biomarker analyses were performed to determine discriminating taxa. Bacterial co-occurrence networks were constructed to examine ecological patterns. A tight microbiota cluster was observed in the Dutch women, which overlapped with some of the SAS microbiota. The Dutch gut contained a more interconnected microbial ecology, whereas the SAS network was dispersed, i.e., contained fewer inter-taxonomic correlational relationships. Bacteroides caccae, Butyricicoccus, Alistipes putredinis, Coprococcus comes, Odoribacter splanchnicus, and Lachnospira were enriched in the Dutch gut. Haemophilus, Bifidobacterium, and Anaerostipes hadrus discriminated the SAS gut. All but Lachnospira and certain strains of Haemophilus are known to produce SCFAs. The Dutch gut microbiome was distinguished from the SAS by diverse, differentially abundant SCFA-producing taxa with significant cooperation. The dynamic ecology observed in the Dutch was not detected in the SAS. Among several potential gut microbial biomarkers, Haemophilus parainfluenzae likely best characterizes the ethnic minority group, which is more predisposed to T2DM. The higher prevalence of T2DM in the SAS may be associated with the gut dysbiosis observed.

The role of lean manufacturing (Toyota model) in entrepreneurship for organisations/an analytical study of the opinions of a sample of workers at the Arab Integration Factory in Al-Muthanna Governorate

The current research sought to identify the role of lean manufacturing in entrepreneurship for medium and small-sized organizations, clarify the intellectual relationship between the two variables, and test the relationship of correlation and effect between them in the field

Correlative relationship of chlorophyll "a" and "b" pigments in genetics of cotton weight per boll yield in plants with anthocyanin lines L-2, L-3, F1, Fb, F2

Based on the results of the experiments, the following scientific opinion is expressed. Experiments have shown that the separate actions of salinization and alkalization did not significantly affect the value of the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b. The absence of significant changes in the value of this indicator indicates that these factors do not affect the light collection complex of the thylakoid membranes of this test crop.

Correlative relationship of amounts of chlorophyll "a" and "b" pigments in plants with anthocyanin ridges L-2, L-3, F1, Fb, F2

In the article: Based on the results of the experiments, the following scientific opinion is expressed. Experiments have shown that the separate actions of salinization and alkalization did not significantly affect the value of the ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b. The absence of significant changes in the value of this indicator indicates that these factors do not affect the light collection complex of the thylakoid membranes of this test crop

Regional AT-8 reactive tau species correlate with intracellular Aβ levels in cases of low AD neuropathologic change

The amyloid cascade hypothesis states that Aβ aggregates induce pathological changes in tau, leading to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and cell death. A caveat with this hypothesis is the spatio-temporal divide between plaques and NFTs. This has been addressed by the inclusion of soluble Aβ and tau species in the revised amyloid cascade hypothesis. Nevertheless, despite the potential for non-plaque Aβ to contribute to tau pathology, few studies have examined relative correlative strengths between total Aβ, plaque Aβ and intracellular Aβ with tau pathology within a single tissue cohort. Employing frozen and fixed frontal cortex grey and white matter tissue from non-AD controls (Con; n = 39) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases (n = 21), biochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) measures of Aβ and AT-8 phosphorylated tau were assessed. Biochemical native-state dot blots from crude tissue lysates demonstrated robust correlations between total Aβ and AT-8 tau, when considered as a combined cohort (Con and AD) and when as Con and AD cases, separately. In contrast, no associations between Aβ plaques and AT-8 were reported when using IHC measurements in either Con or AD cases. However, when intracellular Aβ was measured via the Aβ specific antibody MOAB-2, a correlative relationship with AT-8 tau was reported in non-AD controls but not in AD cases. Collectively the data suggests that accumulating intracellular Aβ may influence AT-8 pathology, early in AD-related neuropathological change. Despite the lower levels of phospho-tau and Aβ in controls, the robust correlative relationships observed suggest a physiological association of Aβ production and tau phosphorylation, which may be modified during disease. This study is supportive of a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis and demonstrates regional associative relationships between tau pathology and intracellular Aβ, but not extracellular Aβ plaques.

The influence of sunflower oil in meals on the blood mineral profile of dairy cows

Minerals are essential substances with an important function in livestock, and their disbalance negatively affects the health and production, especially of ruminants. The addition of fat to the rations of dairy cows impacts the overall and mineral metabolism, and thus on health and production. The aim of the research was to examine the correlative relationships between balanced production meals and the mineral status of lactating cows with different ration compositions with or without the presence of vegetable oil. The research was conducted on 30 dairy cows of the Holstein breed at the Butmir farm, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Three groups of 10 animals were formed based on productivity (A, 13-15 kg of milk/day, B, 19-21 kg of milk/day and C, 25-27 kg of milk/day). Samples of feed, blood plasma and milk of animals were collected on three occasions a 3-week intervals. According to the feed analysis results, the rations were standardized for each group, given for three weeks without oil,and then for three weeks with the addition of sunflower oil in the amount of 2.5% of the ration dry matter. After determining the content of basic nutrients, dry matter and ash in the rations, the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and K were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry,while the colorimetric method was used to analyse P according to Woy and Eggertz-Finkener. Analysis of blood mineral parameters was performed spectrophotometrically. The content of fat, proteins, lactose, and non-fat dry matter in milk samples was determined by infrared spectrometry using an automatic analyser. Based on the results, we observed a similarity in changes of values and the statistical significance of the differences in plasma Ca, P and Mg between the study groups and at sampling intervals. Milk production was positively correlated with the concentration of Mg and Ca with addition of the sunflower oil to the meal, while no correlation coefficient was established for P in any of the samplings. Balanced meals with and without the addition of oil did not significantly affect the content of Ca, P or Mg in the blood plasma of the tested animals, nor were significant differences found between the groups. However, by determining the correlations between milk parameters and blood biochemical parameters, a significant positive correlation was established between the amount of milk and Ca and Mg levels with a diet supplemented by oil. Given that the addition of sunflower oil in the amount of 2.5% of dry matter of the balanced rations for cows had no negative effects on the mineral profile and the parameters of the tested animals, we conclude that the introduction of this oil could be useful both from the economic point and improving nutritional composition of milk as an animal food present in the daily human diet.

The Correlation between Fatigue, Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Depression in a Sample of Patients at the Hassan II University Hospital Center – Department of Pulmonology – Sleep Unit, Fes-Morocco

The study aims to monitor the correlational relationship between fatigue, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and depression in a sample of patients visiting the Hassan II University Hospital Center in Fes. Study tools included the Epworth Sleepi-ness Scale, the Berlin Questionnaire for assessing the risk of sleep apnea, and Beck Depression Inventory. The scales have been translated into Arabic after ensuring their validity and reliability. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 65+ years, with a male proportion of 34.4% (52) and a female proportion of 65.6% (99). The study results revealed a statistically significant positive correlation (p &lt; 0.01) between fatigue and OSAS, with a correlation coefficient of 0.261. Similarly, a statistically sig-nificant positive correlation (p &lt; 0.01) was found between fatigue and depression, with a correlation coefficient of 0.561.

Meaning in life of elite athletes: A person-oriented study

Introduction The concept of meaning in life has gained significant attention in psychology research in recent years due to its correlational relationship with physical and mental well-being (i.e., objective and subjective health measures, e.g., Steger, 2012). While recent attention has been directed toward this concept in sport psychology using qualitative research methods (e.g., Ronkainen et al., 2015), quantitative investigations into the specific sources of meaning engaged by athletes are notably scarce. This study (1) compares athletes with the general population and (2) employs a person-oriented approach to identify distinct profiles of athletes’ meaning in life and the sources they predominantly tap into. Methods A sample of 589 elite athletes from Switzerland (50.9% women, 49.1% men; Mage = 24.86 years, SD = 5.09) participated in this study. Utilizing the Meaning and Purpose Scales (MAPS; Schnell &amp; Danbolt, 2023), participants also provided contextual information about their life situations. The athletes were compared with the general population using t-tests. To identify profiles within the athlete population, we employed a latent profile analysis. Results Compared to the general population, athletes exhibit heightened meaningfulness and lower crisis of meaning and prioritise different sources of meaning. Athletes were higher in Growth and Community and lower in Faith, Sustainability and Security. The analysis yielded a three-profile solution based on theoretical considerations and statistical criteria: (1) athletes with below-average meaning in life and sources (n = 127), (2) athletes with above-average meaning in life and faith (n = 109), (3) athletes with above-average meaning in life with balanced sources (n = 353). Athletes in profiles 2 and 3 were characterized by elevated levels of meaningfulness and sources of meaning, and demonstrated greater life satisfaction and self-esteem, relative to the profile with below-average meaning in life and sources. Discussion/Conclusion The identified relationships with key mental health constructs align with qualitative findings emphasizing the centrality of meaningfulness in athletes’ lives. On a nomothetic level, elite athletes indicate a high degree of meaningfulness (compared to the population), however, there is a high degree of heterogeneity within the sample, which is why group-specific analysis (i.e., LPA) could help understanding meaning and its sources in elite athletes. In the future this approach could be useful to tailor programs aimed at cultivating meaning in life of elite athletes.

(249) Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Hypogonadism (HG): Is There a Relationship? - A Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and is widely recognized as a disease primarily affecting women. However, recent studies have shown that patients with MS, both male and female, may also suffer from hypogonadism, a condition characterized by decreased testosterone production and decreased gonadal function. The relationship between MS and hypogonadism is complex and not fully understood, with recent evidence showing that hypogonadism may have a significant impact on the quality of life and disease progression of MS patients. Objective This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the relationship between MS and hypogonadism, including the mechanisms underlying this relationship, the effects of hypogonadism on MS patients, and the potential benefits and drawbacks of testosterone replacement therapy for MS patients with hypogonadism. Methods This scientific review analyzed 19 articles that investigated the potential relationship between MS, testosterone levels, and hypogonadism. The articles were published between November 2008 and March 2022 and were identified through a comprehensive search of the PubMed database. The search terms used included “multiple sclerosis,” “testosterone,” “hypogonadism,” and “MS and testosterone levels.” The inclusion criteria for articles were as follows: (1) articles that investigated the relationship between MS, testosterone levels, and hypogonadism, (2) articles that were published in English, and (3) articles that provided original data. Exclusion criteria included (1) articles that were not related to the topic, (2) reviews and editorials, and (3) articles that did not provide original data. Results Of the 19 articles reviewed, 11 described a positive correlation between low testosterone levels and dysfunction within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in individuals with MS. These findings suggest that low testosterone levels may contribute to dysfunction within the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which plays a crucial role in regulating testosterone production. The results also showed a relationship between sexual dysfunction and low testosterone levels, as well as a positive correlative relationship between these two factors. Conclusions The reviewed articles indicate a complex relationship between MS, testosterone levels, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, with low testosterone levels potentially contributing to dysfunction in this axis and to sexual dysfunction. Further research is needed to better understand the effects of testosterone therapy on MS and sexual dysfunction in MS patients. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Advisory board and speaker for Coloplast; consultant for Cynosure; advisory board and speaker for Halozyme; intellectual property with Masimo; advisory board for Promescent; consultant for Sprout; advisory board for Xialla.

Thinking Skills and Learning Interest in World History of Junior High Students in a Public School

World History's importance lies in its ability to enhance thinking skills and interest in understanding global events. Therefore, assessing students' thinking skills and interests is necessary to determine their inclination toward the discipline. Based on Cognitive Development Theory, this study aimed to assess the level of thinking skills and learning interests and their correlative relationship. A descriptive-correlational approach was used, and validated and reliability-tested questionnaires were administered to 294 junior high school students in a public school in Bacolod City, Philippines. The mean, standard deviation, and Spearman rank correlation were used for data analysis. Students displayed average thinking skills and a high level of learning interest. Additionally, no significant correlation was found between students' thinking skills and their interest in learning world history. This invalidated the anchored theory. Hence, continuous improvements in employing strategies are recommended to public school teachers to boost students' critical thinking abilities and engagement in the subject.