Correlation Test Research Articles

Examining the Effect of Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Conflict on Job Dissatisfaction and Employees Turnover Intention in the Health Care Sector of Pakistan

This study explains the effect of conflicts within individuals and between individuals in the healthcare industry, and examines their impact on employees' intentions to leave the organization. The objective of this study is to thoroughly examine the impact of certain factors, such as conflicts within oneself and conflicts with others, on employees' intention to leave their current positions. In addition, the study examines the moderating influence of perceived organizational support and the mediating role of job dissatisfaction. A structured questionnaire consisting of 40 items will be utilized to gather relevant insights and collect data. The analytical framework incorporates a variety of statistical tests, including factor analysis, descriptive statistics, reliability tests, correlation tests were performed using Smart PLS. In this study all the hypothesis were found significant. We found that interpersonal conflict with the supervisor has a positive influence on the turnover intentions of the young worker and an insignificant effect on job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Similarly a significant positive impact of intra-personal conflict on turnover intentions were people usually perceive themselves in a personality which also defines how they are going to react towards conflict resolution. We also found that intra-personal conflict of an individual causes barrier against their ability to resolve conflict as their desires and intentions. We also conclude that there is a significant positive impact of intra-personal conflict on the job dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction plays a vital role among employee’s productivity and intention to stay in organization as job satisfaction has been defined as an internal happy feeling of an employee which caused by number of factors like good education, experience, work nature, job security, presence of work-life balance, chances of better career development opportunity.

Testing for spatial correlation under a complete bipartite network

Testing for spatial correlation under a complete bipartite network

Influence of Built-up Land and Vegetation Density to Urban Cool Island in Bandung City

Abstract Land use change is causing higher temperatures in urban centers, posing challenges for cities seeking livability and maintainability. Urban Cool Island can improve comfort in urban areas by directing microclimate and lowering temperature rise. The impact of Surface Urban Cool Island (SUCI) on a city’s ability to withstand urban microclimate phenomena is investigated in this study. This study aims to spatially analyze the spatial distribution, correlation, and impact of vegetation, surface temperature (LST), and built-up land density on Urban Cool Island Intensity. The method used was quantitative descriptive analysis of image data, including extraction of LST, NDVI, NDBI, and statistical analysis in the form of correlation and regression tests. The findings indicate that the Bandung City SUCI phenomena happened outside of the city at an intensity of -7.74°C to 0°C. Moderate vegetation density tends to be the cause of SUCI intensity, affecting 33.68%. Meanwhile, the density of built-up land has an effect of 43.18% on the intensity of SUCI. Correlation and regression analysis show that the relationship between SUCI intensity and NDVI is inversely proportional, while the relationship between NDBI and SUCI intensity is directly proportional. Denser buildings result in hotter SUCI intensity.

Morphological Changes and Inflammation Preceded the Pathogenesis of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colorectal Cancer.

This study examined the morphological changes in the colonic mucosa and the presence of inflammation in rats induced with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) 30 mg/kg BW over 9, 11, and 13 weeks without a latency period. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess the morphology and characteristic alteration of the epitheliocytes in the colon. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The difference in the severity of inflammation and COX-2 expression was examined using one-way analysis of variance. The correlation of COX-2 expression with the severity of inflammation was analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation test. Until week 13, chronic inflammation and non-hyperplastic and hyperplastic aberrant crypt foci occurred. The severity of inflammation gradually shifted from high moderate to low moderate. TNF-α expression was high in all groups; however, COX-2 expression was gradually lower with longer duration of induction, which corresponded with the severity of inflammation. DMH induction until week 13 without a latency period caused chronic inflammation without the formation of adenoma or adenocarcinoma. A very strong correlation was established between COX-2 expression and inflammation.

Hubungan Antara Short Term Memory dengan Kemampuan Sintaksis pada Anak Prasekolah Usia 3-5 Tahun di TK IV dan KB IV Saraswati Denpasar

Abstract Background: Short term memory is a memory that is responsible for holding and processing relevant information and at the same time, this will activate the repository language of lexical representations in long term memory. Syntax is an aspect of language that refers to grammatical rules, i.e., how words are combined into phrases and sentences correctly in grammar (White et al., 2017). Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between short term memory and the syntactic ability in preschool children aged 3-5 years at Kindergarten IV and Play Group IV Saraswati Denpasar. Methods: This research uses a quantitative method, an observational approach with a cross sectional study design. The population in this study were children 3-5 years old in Kindergarten IV and Play Group IV Saraswati Denpasar. The sampling technique used purposive sampling by taking 37 samples of children. Results: The results of the Spearman rank test show that short term memory ability and syntactic ability have a significance of 0.000 (ρ < 0.05) so that the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. The correlation test value (r) shows a figure of 0.938 and shows a positive correlation. Conclusion: There is a relationship between short term memory and the syntactic abilities of preschool children aged 3-5 years at Kindergarten IV and Play Group IV Saraswati Denpasar. Keywords: Short Term Memory, Syntax, Syntactic, Preschool Cognitive, Language

Correlation between peripheral immature platelet level and coronary immature platelet levels in coronary artery disease: an observational study in cardiac referral centre in East Java, Indonesia.

To investigate the correlation between peripheral and coronary immature platelet, and factors that may predict coronary immature platelet levels. The cross-sectional, observational, analytical study was conducted at the Cardiovascular Diagnostic and Intervention Centre of Dr Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from November 2017 to January 2018, and comprised patients of either gender with coronary artery disease. Peripheral and coronary blood samples were retrieved during coronary catheterisation. Immature platelet fraction was acquired by examining whole blood samples analysed through automated flow cytometry. Relationship between peripheral and coronary immature platelet fractions and counts were analysed using parametric correlation test, followed by linear regression analysis model of variables that influenced coronary immature platelet fraction. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Of the 70 patients, 55(78.6%) were males and 15(21.4%) were females. The overall mean age was 57±5.32 years. There were 35(50%) patients with a history of smoking, and 34(48.6%) had hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Mean peripheral immature platelet fraction was 3.86±1.84% and mean coronary immature platelet fraction was 3.63±1.7%. There was a robust positive and significant correlation (r=0.882; p<0.001) between immature platelet levels in peripheral and coronary blood. Peripheral immature platelet and glycated haemoglobin >7.5 were independent predictors of coronary immature platelet (p=0.001). There was a strong correlation between immature platelet levels in peripheral and coronary blood.

Analysis Of The Effect Of Vegetation Density Index On Land Surface Temperature In Sukoharjo Regency In 2018 – 2022

Abstract Regional Development and population growth in Sukoharjo Regency will result in reduced land vegetation, thus giving an impact on the influence of rising ground surface temperatures. The objective of this study is to (a) Analyze land surface temperature in Sukoharjo Regency in 2018 – 2022 (b) Analyze vegetation density index in Sukoharjo Regency in 2018 – 2022 (c) Analyze changes in vegetation density index to land surface temperature in Sukoharjo Regency in 2018 – 2022. The quantitative descriptive analysis method extracting Landsat 8 image data into vegetation density index &amp; land surface temperature, and the SPSS correlation test. The results of the study were obtained in the form of vegetation density index values in 2018, 2020, and 2022 which were dominated by medium vegetation, in 2019 and 2020 low vegetation, and in 2021 dominated by high vegetation. The average land surface temperature in Sukoharjo regency for the period 2018-2022 is in the range of 18.1 – 33.7° C with a fluctuating distribution every year. The correlation of vegetation density index and land surface temperature in 2018-2022 in Sukoharjo Regency obtained negative results with correlation values of -0.536 in 2018, -0.827 in 2019, -0.768 in 2020, -0.516 in 2021, and -0.553 in 2022.

Sivelestat Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Injury Induced by Inflammatory Response and Improves the Prognosis of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Children: An Ambispective Cohort Study.

In Asia, Hanta virus (HTNV) results in severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The efficacy of sivelestat in treating children with HTNV-induced HFRS remains unclear. An ambispective cohort study was performed on children diagnosed with HFRS and hospitalized at the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xi'an Jiaotong University from August 2018 to 2023. Patients who received neutrophil elastin-inhibitor infusion between August 2019 and August 2023 were assigned to the sivelestat group, while patients who did not were assigned to the control group. The independent sample t test was used for inter-group analysis. The Chi-square test and Fisher's exact probability test were used for categorical variables. Spearman correlation test was used to evaluate the correlation between two sets of continuous variables. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log -Rank test was used to evaluate the difference in cumulative probability of survival between the two groups. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in gender, age, contact history, body mass index, HFRS severity, clinical indexes at admission. Compared to the control group, the sivelestat group exhibited a significant decrease in the interleukin-8 level at 48 h (28.5±3 vs 34.5±3.5) and 72 h (21.3±4.5 vs 31.5±5.6) (P<0.05), as well as the ICAM-1 level at 48 h (553±122 vs 784±187) and 72 h (452±130 vs 623±85) (P<0.05). The concentration of VCAM-1 in the sivelestat group exhibited a consistent downward trend. Moreover, the level of VCAM-1 was significantly lower than that in the control group at 24 h (1760±289 vs 2180±445), 48 h (1450±441 vs 1890±267), and 72 h (1149±338 vs 1500±396) (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in the cumulative probability of survival between two groups (P = 0.041). In the secondary outcomes, the sivelestat group demonstrated a decrease in the utilization rate of mechanical ventilation and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Sivelestat may suppress neutrophil-mediated inflammatory response to reduce endothelial and organ damage, and improve clinical outcomes in children with severe hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome.

The effect of psychology factors and environmental concerns on mass rapid transit usage intention among private vehicle users in Klang Valley, Malaysia

Abstract Since its introduction in 2016, Malaysia has made improvements to the mass rapid transit (MRT) system; however, the current year’s usage figures are below expectations and do not meet target levels. Thus, the purpose of this study is to look at the elements that influence the behavioural intentions of private vehicle users to use the MRT in Malaysia. In this study, A total of 403 respondents who are private vehicle users from the Klang Valley were involved and the Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the factors that potentially influence the behavioural intention to use MRT among private vehicle users. Next, the factors influencing private car users’ behavioral intention to utilize MRT were also investigated using the multiple linear regression method. The findings of Pearson’s correlation analysis show that all factors namely environmental concerns, perceived behavioural control, attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioural intention have a positive and significant relationship among those factors. Furthermore, the multiple linear regression model demonstrated that drivers of private vehicles are significantly influenced by attitude, subjective norms, and environmental concerns to switch to MRT as a mode of transportation.

Are radiographic changes in the mandibular canal associated with bone mineral density?

Osteoporosis, highly prevalent among postmenopausal women, significantly reduces bone density and increases the risk of fractures. Cortical bone, which constitutes the largest calcium deposit in the human skeleton, is primarily affected in various conditions, including osteoporosis. Due to its visibility in panoramic radiography, the cortical area of the mandibular canal could be valuable in assessing decreases in bone mineral density (BMD). The study aimed to characterize and compare changes in the cortices of the mandibular canal between normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Our cross-sectional study analyzed postmenopausal patients. We included only patients with panoramic radiographs with good quality and who underwent osteoporosis risk assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BMD was measured by DXA at 3 sites (spine, femur, and forearm) and used to classify the patients into normal, osteopenic, or osteoporotic. This classification remained consistent across all measurement sites. The main outcome variable was BMD of the mandibular canal cortices measured using black pixel intensity. Demographic covariates, including age, weight, height, and BMD, were assessed. One-way analysis of variance between groups considering a P<.05. The relationship between covariates and dependent variables was assessed using the Pearson correlation test. The sample comprised 52 postmenopausal women aged more than 40 years (mean age 61±10years), 26 (50%) normal, 18 (35%) osteopenic, and 8 (15%) osteoporotic. Significant differences were observed in the percentage of black pixels in the mandibular ramus between the groups. In this region, the average percentage of black pixels was 3.19% (± 0.65) for the normal group, 2.78% (±0.65) for the osteopenia group, and 2.35% (± 0.65) for the osteoporosis group (P=.015). No significant differences were found in other mandibular regions. Our findings demonstrate an association between BMD assessed in the mandibular canal cortex and the presence of osteoporosis as determined by DXA. While the observed differences in black pixel percentages in the mandibular ramus are minor, they are statistically significant, suggesting that panoramic radiography may serve as an adjunctive tool for osteoporosis screening.

Social Determinants of Health and Psychological Capital Among Youth Experiencing Homelessness.

Social determinants of health affect health behaviors and outcomes. Youth experiencing homelessness suffer significant deprivation of resources such as inadequate housing, reduced education, poor health care, and decreased economic stability. Inner resources, such as psychological capital, may also be related to health behaviors and health outcomes. In this study, we sought to describe and explore associations among selected determinants of health and self-reported scores on indicators of psychological capital among youth experiencing homelessness. This cross-sectional secondary analysis was conducted with a randomized subsample of 148 youth. We calculated chi-square frequencies to describe the data, classical item analyses to evaluate responses, and correlation tests to examine significance of associations. Youth in this sample demonstrated that they possess inner resources associated with determinants of health. Education, health care, and social support were significantly associated with attributes of psychological capital (hope, efficacy, resilience, optimism). Sexual minority groups had high representation in this subsample (25.7%), indicating a need for more study and equitable services for this population. More research should be conducted to better understand the associations between determinants of health, psychological capital, and health behaviors among disadvantaged youth to advance health equity initiatives.

Hubungan Kejelasan Bicara dengan Kemampuan Bahasa Pragmatik pada ABK Sekolah Dasar Inklusi di Surakarta

Abstract Background: This research was motivated by the problem of children with special needs having difficulty in developing interactive conversations. This happens because they have difficulty understanding and predicting other people's thoughts and feelings. They consider the process of changing listening and explaining to be very difficult to do. They don't know what to focus on and how to respond back to their conversation partners, which results in crew members becoming less confident every time they speak. The required components of speech clarity and pragmatic language include non-verbal communication, conversation initiation and maintenance, while structural language, is a narrower category of skills that includes syntax, articulation and phonology. Objectives: This research aims to determine the relationship between speech clarity and pragmatic language skills in inclusive elementary school students in Surakarta. Methods: This type of research is quantitative with a correlational descriptive design. The data collection technique uses purposive sampling technique. Data was taken using the Assessing Intelligibility Worksheet questionnaire and the pragmatic language ability questionnaire. Next, the data was analyzed using the chi-square correlation test. Results: Univariate respondents with male gender were 22 children (73.3%) and 8 children female (26.7%). The speech clarity results of 10 children (33.3%) were average and 20 children (66.7%) were below average. The results of pragmatic language ability showed that 7 children (23.3%) were capable. 23 children (76.7%) are not yet capable. The results of the bivariate analysis obtained the value of ρ is 0.836 where the value of ρ≥0.05, which can be interpreted as Ha being rejected and Ho being accepted. Conclusion: There is no relationship between speech clarity and pragmatic language skills in inclusive elementary school students in Surakarta. Keywords : Speech clarity, Pragmatics, ABK, Inclusion, Elementary School

Do words matter: Investigating the association between linguistic features of accounting examinations and marks

The use of linguistic features in school assessments, as well as the impact of these factors on the outcome of assessments have received limited attention in the literature. With this study I aimed to analyse linguistic features of accounting examinations. A quantitative technique, using tests for correlation, was employed to analyse the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate accounting examinations from 2011 until 2021. Advanced textual analysis software was used to identify connections between specific linguistic features and the marks obtained in these examinations. The findings of this study suggest that increasing the levels of linguistic features associated with analytical thinking, emotional tone and big words, which may be assumed to promote comprehension, may in reality be counterproductive, consequently potentially resulting in poorer marks attained in assessments in the future. The findings of this study are important for the creators of assessment to consider when developing accounting assessment. Given the effect of linguistic features on assessment results as identified in this study, it contributes to the debate on the use of certain linguistic features in assessment.

Effect of Particle Size and Application Pressure in Air-Borne Particle Abrasion on the Adhesion of Polyetheretherketone.

This study aims to investigate the effect of different particle sizes and pressures on the shear bond strength (SBS) and the roughness (Ra) of polyetheretherketone. A total of 117 polyetheretherketone specimens were fabricated and divided into a control (CN: no air-particle abrasion) and eight pre-treatment groups (air-abraded with 50- or 110-μm Al2O3 particles at 1(A), 1.5(B), 2(C), and 2.5(D) bar). The adhesive, Visio.link was used. Thermal aging was performed. Surface properties, SBS and failure mode were assessed. Data was analyzed by linear regression, Pearson correlation and Dunnett's T3 test for pairwise comparisons (p⟨0.05). The highest and lowest Ra were found in the 110D and CN groups respectively, and the highest SBS results were obtained from the 50B group. Pressure and particle size showed significant difference on the investigated properties (p⟨0.001). Only adhesive failure was observed in the CN, and resin cohesive failure was observed in addition to adhesive failure in the overall study groups. The air-borne particle abrasion procedures and the adhesive material combination are critical to the strength of the polyetheretherketone bond. The combination of visio.link with the pre-treatment option of 50-μm Al₂O₃ particles applied at 1.5-bar pressure delivered the most favorable results.

Resiliensi penyintas Covid-19: apa peran dari dukungan sosial?

Abstract. This study aimed to determine the relationship between social support and resilience in early adult survivors of Covid-19 in Surabaya. The research method used was the quantitative method. The participants of this study amounted to 110, aged 18-40 years, were COVID-19 survivors, and lived in Surabaya. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instruments used were the social support scale and the resilience scale. Data were analyzed with Kendall's Tau-B non-parametric correlation test. The results showed a relationship between social support and resilience in early adult survivors of COVID-19 in Surabaya with a correlation coefficient of 0.654. The study's results can be used as the basis for intervention design.

MRI-based vertebral bone quality score as a novel bone status marker of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

To investigate the application of MRI-based vertebral bone quality (VBQ) score in assessing bone mineral density (BMD) for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). We reviewed the data of AIS patients between January 2021 and October 2023 with MRI, whole-spine plain radiographs, quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and general information. VBQ score was calculated using T1-weighted MRI. Univariate analysis was applied to present the differences between variables of patients with normal BMD group (QCT Z-score > − 2.0) and low BMD group (QCT Z-score ≤ − 2.0). The correlation between VBQ score and QCT Z-score was analyzed with Pearson correlation test. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine the independent factors related to low BMD. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to analyze the diagnostic performance of VBQ score in distinguishing low BMD. A total of 136 AIS patients (mean age was 14.84 ± 2.10 years) were included, of which 41 had low BMD. The low BMD group had a significantly higher VBQ score than that in normal group (3.48 ± 0.85 vs. 2.62 ± 0.62, P < 0.001). The VBQ score was significantly negative correlated with QCT Z score (r = − 0.454, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, VBQ score was independently associated with low BMD (OR: 4.134, 95% CI 2.136–8.000, P < 0.001). The area under the ROC curve indicated that the diagnostic accuracy of the VBQ score for predicting low BMD was 81%. A sensitivity of 65.9% with a specificity of 88.4% could be achieved for distinguishing low BMD by setting the VBQ score cutoff as 3.18. The novel VBQ score was a promising tool in distinguishing low BMD in patients with AIS and could be useful as opportunistic assessment for screening and complementary evaluation to QCT before surgery.

The Relationship of Analytical Skills and Information Literacy on Student Learning Outcomes of Economic Education Study Program at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Lambung Mangkurat University

This study aims to determine the relationship between analytical skills and information literacy on student learning outcomes of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP ULM. This study used a descriptive method with a quantitative approach, the research sample was taken using a proportionate stratified random sampling technique and obtained 141 samples. Data collection techniques using tests, questionnaires and documentation. The analysis technique uses descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing using the Kendall Tau-B Correlation test and the Kendall W Concordance Coefficient test because the data in this study are not normally distributed. The results showed that: (1) students’ analytical skills were included in the high category, (2) students’ information literacy was included in the medium category, (3) there was a positive relationship between analytical skills and learning outcomes (τ = 0.256; p &lt; 0.05), (4) There is a positive relationship between information literacy and learning outcomes (τ = 0.201; p &lt; 0.05). The results of the Kendall W Concordance Coefficient test show the strength of the relationship of 0.940 which is included in the very strong category. Developing analytical skills and improving information literacy are essential for achieving better learning outcomes. To accomplish this, students must learn effective habits of gathering information, paraphrasing, and creating new knowledge. This ability can help students become more effective learners, leading to improved academic performance and long-term success.

Stressful Conditions Increase Fatigue during Undergoing Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis is a therapy given to replace kidney function. This therapy has various physical and psychological impacts on the sufferers. This study aims to analyze stress conditions with fatigue in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Analytic observation research design with a cross-sectional approach. Population of chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. The sample was 54 patients, with a non-random sampling technique, with inclusion criteria, namely routine hemodialysis 2 times/week, full consciousness, communication well, and not experiencing complications during dialysis. Analysis using the Independent T-test and Pearson Correlation Test. The instruments used were the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale questionnaire and the fatigue questionnaire. The analysis results obtained the youngest age (17 people), more women than men, most of them have higher education and most of them undergo hemodialysis for more than 11 months. The average patient undergoing hemodialysis experienced mild stress and was in a state of severe fatigue. There was a significant relationship between stress and fatigue (p-value 0.048), with a prediction model that increasing one stress score will increase the fatigue score by 0.237. Therefore, psychological aspects must be an important concern in providing nursing care to patients undergoing hemodialysis in the hemodialysis unit.

Investigation of hepatitis B virus mutations associated with immune escape and drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients

Background Co-infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has an impact on high HBV replication and progression to liver cancer. These may lead to cross-resistance of drugs due to therapeutic pressure or liver toxicity. These require continuous monitoring of HBV variants for better diagnosis and treatment strategies. Methods Convenience sampling was used to collect fifty archival sera from Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital. The Sera were subjected to HBsAg screening using ELISA, DNA extraction, PCR amplification, Sanger sequencing, phylogenetic and mutation analysis. A correlation test was performed to measure the association between polymerase and surface mutations. Results Of the 50 samples, 86% (N= 43/50) were HBsAg positive; 82% (N=41/50) PCR positive and 92% (N=38/41) sequenced. The HBV sequences showed similarity to genotype A (73% [N=19/26]) and (24% [N=7/26]) as genotypes B, C, D, E, F, and G. Prevalence of the mutations in the Surface region was (47% [N=18/38]); including diagnostic failure (K122R and T143S) and vaccines escape mutations (P127T, G145R, S207N, Y200T, E164D, Y206H and L209V). The mutations in the RT was at (36% [N=14/38]) with drug resistance mutations (DRM) at (50% [7/14]). Mutations showed resistance to lamivudine (LMV) at (35% [5/14]), telbivudine (LdT) at (29% [4/14]), (14% [2/14]) for entecavir (ETV) and (21% [3/14]) for adefovir (ADV). One sample had a combination of L180M, M204V, S202K, and M250I mutations. There was no statistical significance between S and RT mutations at P&gt;0.005 and the statistical correlation between RT and SHB mutations was weak at 0.877. Conclusions Our findings highlight the prevalence of HBV genotype A in HIV-infected patients in South Africa. We provide evidence of mutations linked to immune evasion and drug resistance. Mutations have no statistical significance but can have clinical Implication on the diagnosis and treatment of HBV in HBV/HIV co-infected individuals.

VITAMIN A SUPPLEMENTATION COVERAGE AND PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION STATUS AMONG TODDLERS IN SIDOARJO, INDONESIA

Background: A toddler's nutrition status is an essential indicator of public welfare, and the occurrence of malnutrition leads to severe problems that impact child growth development. Purpose: This research aims to understand the coverage correlation of giving vitamin A with the occurrence of malnutrition among toddlers in Sidoarjo regency. Methods: The researchers used ecological study methods followed by the usage of secondary data retrieved from Sidoarjo's Regency Health Profile in 2020-2022 with a sub-district analysis unit. Vitamin A coverage and the nutrition status amount by sub-district were visualized on the map using QGIS. Pearson's correlation test was used to find out the correlation between coverage of giving vitamin A and nutrition status. Results: The findings show that there are none of the significant correlations found between giving vitamin A and the occurrence of malnutrition in toddlers, which tends to increase annually. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no significant correlation between the coverage of vitamin A and the occurrence of malnutrition among toddlers, which indicates there are a few factors and risks that play an essential role in participating in the impact of malnutrition status among toddlers in Sidoarjo regency.