Logical Correctness Research Articles

A localist solution to the problem of mixed inferences by juxtaposition

Logical localism is a thesis within philosophy of logic according to which the correct logic is dependent on the topic, domain or subject matter of its application. There is a very straightforward problem for anyone defending a localist thesis, a problem that follows from the fact that we reason across domains. This challenge is known as the problem of mixed inferences. The problem is, very roughly, the following: suppose that there are at least two components, within the premises or conclusion of an argument, belonging to domains governed by different logics. Then, which is the criterion of validity for the mixed argument? Our aim is to offer an answer to this question and, more concretely, a way out to the dilemma that Chase Wrenn has raised in his analysis of the problem of mixed inferences. We will use Joshua Schechter’s method of combining logics, juxtaposition, as the criterion of validity for mixed inferences. After exploring its virtues and possible shortcomings, we argue that juxtaposition is a first step towards a fully-fledged solution, but already a promising way out of the dilemma posed by Wrenn.

What does nihilism tell us about modal logic?

Brauer (Philos Stud 179:2751–2763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-022-01793-7, 2022) has recently argued that if it is possible that there is nothing, then the correct modal logic for metaphysical modality cannot include D. Here, I argue that Brauer’s argument is unsuccessful; or at the very least significantly weaker than presented. First, I outline a simple argument for why it is not possible that there is nothing. I note that this argument has a well-known solution involving the distinction between truth in and truth at a possible world. However, I then argue that once the semantics presupposed by Brauer’s argument is reformulated in terms of truth at a world, we have good reasons to think that a crucial semantic premise in Brauer’s argument should be rejected in favour of an alternative. Brauer’s argument is, however, no longer valid with this alternative premise. Thus, plausibly Brauer’s argument against D is only valid, if it is not sound.

Real-time map rendering and interaction: a stylized hierarchical symbol model

ABSTRACT Digital maps, serving as pivotal instruments in the realm of geographic information services, adeptly encapsulate spatial data through refined graphics and symbols. Widely used across various domains such as smart devices, in-vehicle navigation systems, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), electronic gaming, and virtual reality, these maps face the ongoing challenge of delivering real-time, precise, and efficacious map rendering and interaction experiences. In response to this challenge, this study introduces a Stylized Hierarchical Symbol structure (SHS) and a Geographic Feature Color-weighted Rendering technique (GFCR). The approach is further complemented by incorporating Adaptive Hierarchy-Weighted caching (AHie), Catalan Number-based Caching access (CatNCa), and Grid-based Dynamic caching loading (GriD). Experimental results demonstrate the method's effectiveness in addressing issues related to timeliness, accuracy, and logical correctness in mobile map environments, enhancing the real-time interaction experience of mobile digital maps. Notably, this method imposes modest hardware and storage requirements, making it applicable to a wide range of scenarios including natural resource planning, intricate road landscapes, route navigation challenges, and emerging fields such as autonomous driving, virtual reality, and the metaverse.

Solvability of systems of partial fuzzy relational equations revisited – a short note

Fuzzy inference systems have been widely investigated from different perspectives, including their logical correctness. It is not surprising that the logical correctness led mostly to the questions on the preservation of modus ponens. Indeed, whenever such a system processes an input equivalent to one of the rule antecedents, it is natural to expect the modus ponens to be preserved and the inferred output to be identical to the respective rule consequent. This leads to the related systems of fuzzy relational equations where the antecedent and consequent fuzzy sets are known values, the inference is represented either by the direct product related to the compositional rule of inference or by the Bandler-Kohout subproduct, and the fuzzy relation that represents the fuzzy rule base is the unknown element in the equations. The most important question is whether such systems are solvable, i.e., whether there even exists a fuzzy relation that models the given fuzzy rule base in such a way that the modus ponens is preserved.Partiality allows dealing with partially defined truth values which allows to deal with situations, where we cannot define the truth value for a given predicate. The partial logics have been recently extended to partial fuzzy logics and the partial fuzzy set theory has been developed. Partial fuzzy sets then may have undefined membership degrees for some values from the given universe.This background leads naturally to the problem of solvability of partial fuzzy relational equations, which are equations with partial fuzzy sets in the role of antecedents and consequents and with partial fuzzy relation as the model of the given fuzzy rule base. Such a setting led to a recent publication that uncovers the solvability and even the shape of the solutions. In this contribution, we revisit the problem and consider a specific case that allows partiality only in the input. In other words, antecedents, as well as consequents expressing the knowledge, are fully defined. Thus, the model of the fuzzy rules is one of the standard and fully defined relations. We investigate what happens if the input differs from one of the antecedents only by a few undefined values. This mimics the situation when a description of an observed object misses a few values in its feature vector. We show that under specific conditions, we still may preserve the modified modus ponens, i.e., that the inferred output is identical with the fully defined consequent of the respective rule.

High-temperature superconductor quantum flux parametron for energy efficient logic

We report the fabrication and measurement of quantum flux parametron logic from high-transition-temperature Josephson junctions operating at 25 K, above the temperature of liquid helium. The circuits are written directly into the plane of a single-layer thin film of YBa2Cu3O7 using a focused helium ion beam. A single-cell quantum flux parametron was constructed and correct logic operation was verified by using an on-chip superconducting quantum interference device for readout. A three-cell shift register was also fabricated and tested using a three-phase clock cycle. We estimate the average bit energy to be about 1×10−20 J at 1 GHz.

A binary neural computing unit with programmable gate using SFQ and CMOS hybrid circuit

Superconducting neural networks hold significant potential for future applications such as natural language processing and image recognition. To this end, we propose a binary neural computing unit implemented using a hybrid circuit of cryogenic CMOS and superconducting technologies. It offers two main advantages: firstly, we utilize current-mode computations for neural unit weight calculations, significantly reducing the unit’s footprint and enabling the potential for higher integration in the future. Secondly, all computations are performed in a low-temperature environment, which implies the possibility of on-chip learning in superconducting neural networks and the potential for achieving faster training rates in the future. We fabricated the chip using Nb 1 kA cm−2 process (1KP) technology and experimentally verified the correctness of the circuit logic. The margins for various control parameters of the circuit are approximately around 30%, and the superconducting circuit power consumption is estimated to be around 4 microwatts.

Experiment-driven rationalism

Philosophers debate about which logical system, if any, is the One True Logic. This involves a disagreement concerning the sufficient conditions that may single out the correct logic among various candidates. This paper discusses whether there are necessary conditions for the correct logic; that is, I discuss whether there are features such that if a logic is correct, then it has those features, although having them might not be sufficient to single out the correct logic. Traditional rationalist arguments suggest that the necessary conditions of thought are necessary and sufficient conditions singling out the correct logical and mathematical theories. In the contemporary debate, Chalmers advocates a view along this line. Jago, analogously, suggests that the necessary conditions for thought—or, as he calls them, our basic epistemic expectations—single out a family of logical and mathematical theories. Warren and Williamson, on the other hand, argue that there are no necessary conditions of thought. I argue that there are necessary conditions for thought, and these are necessary but not sufficient conditions to be the correct logic; indeed, these are features that all logics—correct or incorrect—share. No view we can understand is ruled out by the necessary conditions for thought, but we cannot understand quite any view. Human linguistic and conceptual abilities are genetically constrained, and these constraints are our best guide to the boundaries of logic. Arguing for this, I tackle two dogmas of modern rationalism: namely, the view that the biological constraints of human cognition have no bearing on the boundaries of the epistemic space, and the view that the boundaries of thought coincide with the boundaries of language.

Three Approaches to Logical Correctness

This paper outlines three broad ways one might think about logical correctness: the Realist approach, the One-Language approach and my own Neo-Carnapian view. Although the realist and one-language views have dominated the philosophy of logic in recent years, I argue against them, favouring of the Neo-Carnapian approach.

A programmable hybrid digital chemical information processor based on the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction

The exponential growth of the power of modern digital computers is based upon the miniaturization of vast nanoscale arrays of electronic switches, but this will be eventually constrained by fabrication limits and power dissipation. Chemical processes have the potential to scale beyond these limits by performing computations through chemical reactions, yet the lack of well-defined programmability limits their scalability and performance. Here, we present a hybrid digitally programmable chemical array as a probabilistic computational machine that uses chemical oscillators using Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction partitioned in interconnected cells as a computational substrate. This hybrid architecture performs efficient computation by distributing information between chemical and digital domains together with inbuilt error correction logic. The efficiency is gained by combining digital logic with probabilistic chemical logic based on nearest neighbour interactions and hysteresis effects. We demonstrated the computational capabilities of our hybrid processor by implementing one- and two-dimensional Chemical Cellular Automata demonstrating emergent dynamics of life-like entities called Chemits. Additionally, we demonstrate hybrid probabilistic logic as a viable logic for solving combinatorial optimization problems.

The concept of «Internet science» as an innovative scientific and educational paradigm that significantly influences the procedure for preparing master's and candidate's theses

Scientific problem: the contradiction between the gigantic rates of quantitative growth and progressive qualitative development of the Internet space, on the one hand, and, on the other, clearly insufficient attempts to include this space in the field of modern traditional science and the sphere of education (including specialized ones). The relevance of the study lies in the need for a much more complete and deep, that is, systematic coordination of the modern scientific and educational (including specialized physical education and sports) sphere with the capabilities of the steadily expanding and progressing Internet space. The purpose of the study is to construct the concept of «Internet science» as an innovative scientific paradigm that ensures the systematic inclusion of the Internet in the modern scientific and educational (including specialized physical education and sports) sphere, as well as to consider and justify aspects of the influence of this paradigm on the traditional mechanism for preparing master’s degrees and master's theses. The methodology and organization of the study imply the use of the method of scientific interpretation as an operation of comparison and comparison of arguments-positions historical and theoretical analysis and results of concrete empirical research. Research results and conclusions: the practice of applying the four-stage model of an innovative mechanism for preparing scientific and qualifying works, developed on the basis of the innovative concept of «Internet Science», briefly described and justified in this article, proves that compared to traditional models, this model has the following advantages: 1. The one-sidedness of the forms of historical-theoretical, logical-linguistic analysis and purely empirical research is eliminated. 2. The hypothetico-deductive model of scientific theory and program, put in place of descriptive theory and descriptive program of scientific research, allows us to eliminate all the disadvantages listed below: • lack of evidence of logical correctness; • the fundamental impossibility of obtaining reliable knowledge, even of calculating the degree of probability of the truth of new knowledge; • absence or extremely limited and fundamentally insufficient degree of practical verification of conclusions and recommendations.

SU-VPDN: A scene understanding method for vehicle part detection

High-accuracy positioning and identification of vehicle parts are crucial for status detection, fault diagnosis, and the development of intelligent damage detection systems. However, detecting left–right and front-rear categories in vehicle parts remains challenging due to numerous categories and feature similarity. To address this, we propose the scene understanding vehicle part detection network (SU-VPDN). It comprises three subnetworks: vehicle orientation scene classification (VOSC), vehicle part instance segmentation (VPIS), and scene understanding (SU). VOSC performs preliminary classification of vehicle orientation scenes, while VPIS detects vehicle parts. SU fine-tunes VOSC results using the part logic correction module, fuses VOSC and VPIS results using the part replacement module, and obtains accurate VPIS results through confidence regulation and hierarchical filtering. SU-VPDN integrates results from multiple subnetworks, transforming the challenge of detecting similar objects into orientation scene detection for precise recognition. We evaluate the proposed method on a dataset containing 59 types of vehicle parts and compare it with advanced segmentation detection models. Experimental results demonstrate that SU-VPDN outperforms other models, achieving a 12.2% and 12.3% improvement in mean average precision (mAP) for box and mask, respectively, compared to the baseline model. Moreover, qualitative and quantitative experiments show that SU-VPDN significantly enhances the detection performance of objects with similar features. Overall, our proposed SU-VPDN offers a promising solution for detecting left–right and front-rear categories in vehicle parts. It surpasses existing models and can enable insurance companies to replace damaged parts and improve claims efficiency efficiently.

Calculational Design of [In]Correctness Transformational Program Logics by Abstract Interpretation

We study transformational program logics for correctness and incorrectness that we extend to explicitly handle both termination and nontermination. We show that the logics are abstract interpretations of the right image transformer for a natural relational semantics covering both finite and infinite executions. This understanding of logics as abstractions of a semantics facilitates their comparisons through their respective abstractions of the semantics (rather that the much more difficult comparison through their formal proof systems). More importantly, the formalization provides a calculational method for constructively designing the sound and complete formal proof system by abstraction of the semantics. As an example, we extend Hoare logic to cover all possible behaviors of nondeterministic programs and design a new precondition (in)correctness logic.

Empathetic Language in LLMs under Prompt Engineering: A Comparative Study in the Legal Field

The demand for empathetic conversations increases with conversational AIs’ rise and exponentially spreading applications. In areas like law and healthcare, where professional and empathetic conversations are essential, conversational AIs must strive to retain the correctness of information and logic while improving on empathetic language use. When addressing such an issue, we focus on linguistic empathy, relating only to syntactic and rhetoric choices in language while disregarding the emotional aspect of influence. By performing this study, we are interested in finding whether current open-sourced Large Language Models (LLMs) can match human experts in the legal field by using empathetic language while not compromising facts and logic in responses. We compare responses from three open-sourced LLMs under four prompting strategies with the expert responses. In the comparison, we use metrics from three aspects: text and semantic similarity, factual consistency, and ten rules of linguistic empathy from previous research literature. After statistical tests, the comparison results show that language models can use empathetic language without compromising the default knowledge base of LLMs when properly prompt-engineered. To accomplish this, additional domain knowledge is still needed to match factually. The data supporting this study is publicly available at huggingface.co/datasets/RCODI/empathy-prompt and code is available at github.com/RCODI-ConversationalAI/Empathy-Prompt.

The Resistance Analysis Attack and Security Enhancement of the IMC LUT Based on the Complementary Resistive Switch Cells

The resistive random access memory (RRAM) based in-memory computing (IMC) is an emerging architecture to address the challenge of the “memory wall” problem. The complementary resistive switch (CRS) cell connects two bipolar RRAM elements anti-serially to reduce the sneak current in the crossbar array. The CRS array is a generic computing platform, for the arbitrary logic functions can be implemented in it. The IMC CRS LUT consumes fewer CRS cells than the static CRS LUT. The CRS array has built-in polymorphic characteristics because the correct logic function cannot be distinguished based on the circuit layout. However, the logic state of every CRS cell can be readout after each operation. It helps the attacker to recover the correct function of the IMC CRS LUT. This work discusses the resistance analysis attack of the IMC LUT based on the CRS array. The proposed resistance analysis attack method is able to be applied to different computation styles based on the CRS array, such as the CRS IMPLY, CRS NOR-OR/NAND-AND, and so on. The attacker can recover the logic function of the LUT by tracing the states of CRS cells. Furthermore, an improved IMC CRS LUT method is proposed and discussed to enhance security. The simulation and analysis results show that the improved IMC CRS LUT can resist various attacks, and it maintains the polymorphic characteristics of the IMC CRS LUT. And the N-bit full adder circuit based on the improved IMC CRS NOR-OR LUTs achieves the best performance compared with the previous counterparts.

A Generalization of Beall’s Off-Topic Interpretation

In one of his papers, JC Beall advanced a new and interesting interpretation of Weak Kleene logic, in terms of on-topic/off-topic. In brief, Beall suggests to read the third value as off-topic, whereas the two classical values are read as true and on-topic and false and on-topic. Building on Beall’s new interpretation, the aim of this paper is threefold. First, we discuss two motivations to enrich Beall’s interpretation, and offer an alternative semantic framework that reflects our motivations. Second, by making use of our new framework, we will offer a new interpretation of the logic of Catuskoti which combines Beall’s proposal of having FDE as the correct logic with the on-topic/off-topic divide. Finally, we will offer a general result that will allow us to make sense of a family of infectious logics in terms of Beall’s on-topic/off-topic reading.

Classification of Typical Tasks of Forensic Linguistics

The main problem in forensic linguistic theory is the lack of an agreeable classification of expert tasks. Since the concept of expert task precedes concepts of method and methodology, it is clear that without regularizing tasks, further theoretical understanding of this subject area is impossible.
 The purpose of our article is a theoretical revision of this topic. Definitions of the term "expert task" are specified, and bases for classifying tasks common to all kinds and types of forensic examination are listed. We've checked classification options found in modern methodological and teaching publications on forensic linguistics in Russian ("Semantic Research in Forensic Linguistic Expertise" by RFCFS of the Russian Ministry of Justice, textbook by prof. Elena Galyashina, manual by ECC of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs). We've evaluated their logical correctness and compliance with the criminalistic and philological scientific basis. The conclusion is made about the suitability of some and unsuitability of other options: it is better to use the classification proposed by ECC of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (tasks on denotative, evaluative, illocutionary, and extralinguistic components of a speech object). We've also concluded that it is unproductive to classify forensic linguistic tasks on a substantive law basis (tasks in cases of extremism, cases of libel, cases of corruption crimes, etc.). Such an understanding of expert tasks leads to systematic work outside of expert competence, in the field of law: an expert linguist plays the role of a competent investigation officer.

Designs of High-Speed Triple-Node-Upset Hardened Latch Based on Dual-Modular-Redundancy

The development of modern process CMOS integrated circuits has reduced the feature sizes and thus the reliability of the chip continuously. First, this paper proposed two kinds of single-node upset self-recovery feedback loops with low overhead. One is called P-RFL which is composed of P-type complementary element (CP) and Clocked CP (C2P), and the other is called N-RFL which is composed of N-type complementary element (CN) and Clocked CN (C2N). Second, in order to fully tolerate triple-node upsets (TNUs), this paper presents three TNU-hardened latches: C2P-C2N, DMR-C2P and DMR-C2N. Using the blocking ability of the C-element, the outputs of two RFLs are connected to the C-element array. Therefore, when any three nodes upset at the same time, the transient pulse propagates inside the latch step by step, and disappears after being blocked by the C-element, ensuring that the TNU-hardened latches can restore to the correct logic state. HSPICE simulations show that all the three proposed latches achieve lower power, delay and APDP, compared with other six TNU-hardened latches. DMR-C2N achieves the lowest power, delay and APDP. In addition, the PVT variations analysis show that three proposed TNU-hardened latches are less sensitive to the variations of process, voltage and temperature.

Development of trajectory-tracking maneuvering system for automatic berthing/unberthing based on double deep Q-network and experimental validation with an actual large ferry

The development of an automatic berthing and unberthing system is essential for realizing autonomous ship navigation systems. Although numerous berthing/unberthing methods using neural networks (NNs) have been proposed in recent years, whether NNs trained via numerical simulations including modeling errors can be used for the automatic berthing/unberthing of actual ships in natural external disturbances is not clear. Hence, in this study, a maneuvering system for automatic berthing/unberthing was developed using a NN that solves the trajectory-tracking problem. The proposed method considered future targets as discrete points in learning, such as to absorb the modeling error and reduce the influence of external disturbances; thus, it achieved a more robust control compared to path planning methods. The system achieved trajectory tracking at low speeds by offline learning without teaching data to follow a target ship with the same maneuverability as its own ship and operated randomly under external disturbances. Furthermore, an online target correction logic function that locally corrects targets was developed to increase the tracking ability in external disturbances. Subsequently, a berthing and unberthing experiment was conducted using an actual large ferry to ensure the applicability of simulation-based NNs to the trajectory-tracking control of an actual ship in a real-life environment.

STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION ABILITY IN SOLVING PISA PROBLEM

This study aims at describing students’ mathematical representation ability in solving PISA problem. Qualitative research was used in this study. Participants of the research were 28 students of IX A at junior high school 01 North Bengkulu. Data collected through representation ability skill test, questionnaire and interview. Data analysis revealed that students were able to solve PISA problems but still face some difficulties in presenting mathematical representations related to the solutions of PISA problem. Many students are able to solve the PISA questions having been given with the correct calculations and reasonable logic. Unfortunately, they have a low verbal representation ability. It is showed when students face difficulty writing down what is on their minds precisely. Furthermore, very few students solve the problem using symbol representation. In addition, very few students are able to present visual representations correctly. Most of the graphs made by students are still imprecise or totally incorrect.

Typology of “Displased criticism” in scientific pedagogical dialogues as a methodological phenomenon

Introduction. Modern dialogue in the sciences of education plays an extremely important role as a tool for making scientifically based decisions, as a means of evaluating the productivity of innovations proposed by various authors. However, the practice of modern scientific discussions in pedagogy fixes a lot of problems. The organisation of dialogues, which are correct from the point of view of logic and content, and participants carefully listen to their partners and adequately perceive and analyse the proposed solutions to the author’s intentions, is a rather serious problem. Nevertheless, the analysis of the literature on the research topic, the analysis of “live” dialogues in the field of education shows that the authors and participants often violate the rules of logically and meaningfully correct discourse. The author’s criticism of predecessors presented in many dialogues suffers from many shortcomings, which can be briefly summarised as “displaced criticism” – this means shifting the focus of criticism from real errors and inconsistencies to minor flaws and carelessness. Therefore, the authors of the present research considered it necessary to carry out methodological “intervention” in the problem of correct dialogue in pedagogy. These circumstances, supported by the findings of European education researchers, determine the relevance of the chosen topic. Aim. The current research aims to: a) construct and substantiate the typology of fragments of “biased criticism”, their thesis display; b) display “displaced criticism” as a methodological negative and a stimulus for the research reflective activity of the pedagogical scientific community. Methodology and research methods. The research methods involved the analysis of records of scientific dialogues and scientific texts for the content and logical correctness of the justifications for pedagogical conclusions and their criticism; construction and substantiation of the typology of the components of the field under study; reflection of the result and identification of promising vectors for the development of the designated topic. Results. The results of the study are a typology of fragments of “displaced criticism”, including: a) uncritical isolation of fragments of the reviewed text (or oral dialogue) – regardless of how they were presented by the criticised author himself/herself; b) attribution to the author of incorrect conclusions that he/she did not put forward; c) criticism of illusory consequences from the statements of the author of the text or the participant in the dialogue; d) criticism that clearly demonstrates the substantive ignorance of the participant in the dialogue; e) criticism with inextricably linked elements, which are artificially isolated and there is a distorted form of connection between the elements; f) criticism that deliberately focuses the reader’s attention on minor errors in the text or fragment of the dialogue and misses significant errors. In addition to the justified typology, “displaced criticism” is presented in the format of a methodological negative (1), and the process of its identification as an incentive for scrupulous research activities in pedagogy (2). Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty consists in proposing and substantiating the typology of methodologically incorrect fragments of “displaced criticism” in pedagogical oral and textual dialogues, as well as in positioning the phenomenon under study as a methodological negative and an incentive for research reflective activity in scientific pedagogy. Practical significance. The practical significance of the results lies in finding such forms of displaying criticism towards the participants in the dialogues, towards the texts of predecessors, which must be avoided in every possible way, participating in scientific discussions, criticising the results obtained by the authors of articles and books.