Corpus-based Research Research Articles

意义单位对翻译对等的制约因素研究— 以“마땅하다”和“理应”为例

This paper takes “마땅하다-理应” as an example, using corpus-based research method to examine meaning units of the two words, and finds that “마땅하다” and “理应” show a high degree of consistency in collocation, semantic selection tendency, and semantic prosody. They can be regarded as translation equivalence units. Meanwhile, we also come to the following conclusions: data-based analysis of meaning units (extended meaning units and meaning shift units) is an effective way to determine translation equivalence. The collocations, semantic selection tendency, and colligation in the meaning units are all likely to have a key influence on translation equivalence, but semantic prosody is still the decisive factor in judging translation equivalence. Colligation in the analysis of meaning units can provide a clear grammatical framework for extracting collocation words and a more detailed classification approach for generalizing semantic selection tendency, semantic prosody and meaning-shift units, and can also have a direct impact on the semantic prosody of certain node words, that is, node words have a clear attitudinal meaning in certain colligations and construct semantic prosody with clear tendency.

A Corpus-based Research on the Co-occurrence of Degree Adverb ‘kkwae’

목적 본 연구에서는 정도부사 ‘꽤’의 전반적인 분포, 사용 빈도 및 공기 관계를 살펴보면서 그 실현 양상과 의미·통사적 특징을 분석하였다. 방법 우선 국립국어원 세종말뭉치를 상대로 ‘꽤’의 사용 빈도와 공기 관계의 용례를 추출하여 1차 말뭉치를 정리하였고 그 결과를 토대로 ‘꽤’의 의미 차이를 밝히는 2차 작업을 진행하였다. 다음 ‘꽤’와 공기 관계에 있는 어휘들을 분류하여 결합 관계를 살펴보았으며 마지막으로 ‘꽤’의 의미·통사적 특징을 분석하였다. 결과 ‘꽤’와 공기 관계에 있는 어휘의 품사 분포 양상은 형용사>동사>부사>명사+용언>명사>관형사의 순위를 보였다. 의미·통사적 측면에서 ‘꽤’는 일반 정도부사의 [+상태성], [+존재성] 어휘를 수식한다는 제한을 받지 않고 [+동작성]을 가진 어휘도 직접적인 수식과 한정이 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. 또 통념상 화자와 청자의 대화에서 사용되는 ‘꽤’는 부정적인 것을 원하거나 기대하지 않는 심리가 내재되어 있지만, 실제 표현에서는 정도부사 ‘꽤’에 [부정적 감정 지향]도 추가되어 사용되고 있다. 또 화자의 기대치를 반영하고 피수식어의 심리적 평가 기준에서 정도가 초과되는 상황을 가리키는 주관성 자질로 하여 ‘꽤’의 사용이 판정 의문문과 설명 의문문에서는 제약을 많이 받지만 수사 의문문일 경우에는 추측이나 확신 등 주관성 의미를 첨가해주면서 자연스럽게 사용되고 있다는 것을 알 수 있다. 결론 본 연구는 정도부사 ‘꽤’의 사용 양상과 공기 관계를 분석하여 한국어 학습자들이 ‘꽤’의 용법을 더 정확하게 파악함으로써 올바르고 자연스러운 표현을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Linguistics - Translation Studies - Linguistics: eine Einführung

The introduction primarily explains the meaning of the title “Linguistics and Translation Studies. Translation Studies and Linguistics” and furthermore focuses on the choice of the term “translation studies” which in the present context should be considered as any form of scientific approach to transla¬tion which is not based on a preconceived theory.The second paragraph outlines the difficult relationship between lin-guistics and translation studies. The convergence of both disciplines was particularly favoured by the fact that since the Seventies and Eighties, Linguistics have expanded their research to include text linguistics, prag-matics and cognitive studies. The three mentioned fields and the actual tech¬nological developments are the basis on which this publication was subdi¬vided into four parts.The third paragraph presents various contributions. The first part “textlinguistic approaches” starts with an overview of the relationship between (text) linguistics and translation studies (Holzer); two pair-related language contributions (Krein-Kühle, Sládková), a contribution on hermeneutics, translation and text linguistics (Stolze) and a contribution on translational text production from a pragmatic functional viewpoint (Feyrer). In part two “pragmatic approaches ”, the various aspects of prag-matism are represented: the sociocultural context of the translator (Goyens & Van Hoecke), rendering the implicit explicit by the translator (Zlateva), the cultural influences on juridical terminology (Brugnoli), the genre as a culture-specific category (García Izquierdo & Montalt i Resurrecció), the social relationship between sender and receiver (Nord) and the involvement of the reader in the translation discussion (Renkema & van Wijk). The contributions to the third part are divided into three main themes: 1. Cognitive structures which are the basis for complex relations between terms and the formation of metaphors (Thelen, Temmerman, Holm), 2. cognitive processes of information flow in understanding and translating (Sévigny) and the description of the note-taking technique of the interpreter as a language and discourse (Kohn & Albl-Mikasa), 3. empirical studies of the translation process on the basis of data collection with subsequent didactic goals (Rydning, Büyükkantarcio lu & Do an, Hansen, Breedveld & van den Bergh). The fourth part “technological approaches” consists on the one hand of contributions that examine technological procedures as an auxiliary means for the translator (Michiels, Feder, Schmitz) and on the other hand contributions that relate to corpus-based research as a bridge between linguistics and translation studies (Ramón-García, Nilsson, Olohan).

Replicating corpus-based research in English for academic purposes: Proposed replication of Cortes (2013) and Biber and Gray (2010)

AbstractAccurate description of language use is central to English for academic purposes (EAP) practice. Thanks to the development of corpus tools, it has been possible to undertake systematic studies of language in academic contexts. This line of research aims to provide detailed and accurate characterization of academic communication and to ultimately inform EAP practice. Very few studies, however, have attempted to ascertain whether, and to what the extent, corpus-based findings have achieved such goals. The diverse nature of EAP, and the unique methodological challenges involved in compiling and using corpora, provide sufficient incentive for replication research in this area. The present article makes a case for replication of corpus-based studies in the field of EAP. It argues that replication research not only enhances the credibility of corpus linguistics for EAP pedagogy and research but also provides practical advice for EAP teachers and materials designers. It then looks at how two key corpus-based studies on the topic, Cortes (2013) and Biber and Gray (2010), can be replicated with respect to replication approaches described in Porte (2012).

Between fear and confidence

The phenomenon of news automation is viewed ambivalently by news professionals, who understand that it promises to give journalists more time to focus on their key activities but who also fear job losses and perceive new ethical questions relating to its use. Although automated news production methods refer to software or algorithmic processes that convert structured data into text or visual representations, a ‘robot’ metaphor is often used to describe the activity. Does this metaphor influence the mediatic discourses of journalists when they write about automated news within their professional context? How do they give meaning to the information? Do they observe an enunciative withdrawal? The present corpus-based research focuses on 300 headlines published online in English and French in a variety of countries over eight years. The findings show that journalists do not limit themselves to facts when they write about a subject connected to them, and that although in this instance the two groups studied do share some preoccupations, there are nuances between them. Those nuances lie in the opposition between the expression of feelings of fear (of losing their jobs or professional identity) and the expression of feelings of confidence (in the future or in progress). It was also found that the use of robot metaphors influenced these trends but in opposite directions.

A Corpus-Based Study of Linguistic Deception in Spanish

In the last decade, fields such as psychology and natural language processing have devoted considerable attention to the automatization of the process of deception detection, developing and employing a wide array of automated and computer-assisted methods for this purpose. Similarly, another emerging research area is focusing on computer-assisted deception detection using linguistics, with promising results. Accordingly, in the present article, the reader is firstly provided with an overall review of the state of the art of corpus-based research exploring linguistic cues to deception as well as an overview on several approaches to the study of deception and on previous research into its linguistic detection. In an effort to promote corpus-based research in this context, this study explores linguistic cues to deception in the Spanish written language with the aid of an automatic text classification tool, by means of an ad hoc corpus containing ground truth data. Interestingly, the key findings reveal that, although there is a set of linguistic cues which contributes to the global statistical classification model, there are some discursive differences across the subcorpora, yielding better classification results on the analysis conducted on the subcorpus containing emotionally loaded language.

The treatment of realia in the translations of Smagul Yelubay’s novel “Ak Boz Uy”

The purpose of this study is to identify the types and frequency of the techniques for translating realia. Uses and misuses of various techniques have been assessed from the perspectives of domestication and foreignization on the basis of a rich corpus compiled from the Russian and English translations of Smagul Yelubay’s novel “Ak Boz Uy” in the Kazakh language. The novel contrasts the nomadic and sedentary lives of the Kazakh people, thus describing the shift from felt yurts to brick houses, camel caravans to automobiles, folk courts to Soviet prisons, from the poor men having 20 heads of cattle to the poor men begging for a slice of bread, from ideal marital life to endless divorces, from the society without orphans to orphanages. Therefore, the novel is full of culture-specific items, or so-called realia, which give cultural colour to the whole literary work. From the analysis of the achieved results, it can be concluded that along with well-known techniques discussed by various authors in the sphere of Translation Studies, procedures like cultural substitution, grammar transposition, and translation triplets can be applied to render realia. In the future we propose conducting such a corpus-based research on the treatment of extralinguistic realia, i.e. allusions, and translation of stylistic figures containing realia or references to cultural information.

A corpus-based analysis of trainee translators’ performance in medical translation

ABSTRACT Medical translation plays an increasingly important role in mediating communication between medical professionals and facilitating medical research and practice. A close observation of empirical linguistic data of collective translated medical texts contributes to evaluating translators’ professional performance in this specialized field. This article describes the application of corpus linguistics methods to analyse trainee translators’ patterned use of the target language in medical translation. Based on an intensive review of corpus-based translation research, a case study is conducted among 27 Chinese trainee translators undertaking a Chinese-to-English medical report translation task. The translated texts in English are compiled to construct a target corpus. Standardized terminologies, patterns of semantic meaning, and the trainee translators’ discursive preferences are investigated and characterized. The analyses show that linguistic evidence retrieved from learner corpora is of vital importance to evaluate trainee translators’ lexical choices and discursive preferences in their translation practice, thus contributes to enhancing their critical language awareness of the cultural dimension in medical translation. The research findings have implications in program development for specialized translator training, particularly how to integrate selective corpus data into the design of inductive, reflective translation tasks.

中国经典翻译的韵律音系学研究体系: 以蒙学典籍翻译为例

The Chinese culture is known as a broad and profound culture with long hisroty.The Chinese classics, as an important element of excellent traditional culture, have been passing down from generation to generation with their poetic style. They are also an important vehicle for promoting “Chinese culture going abroad” in the new era. Among them, primer classicssuch as San Zi Jing, Bai Jia Xing, Qian Zi Wen, Qian Jia Shi, Di ZiGui, etc. pass on the unique wisdom and language charm of the Chinese culture in the past thousands of years. The fact that the texts are catchy and easy to recite is inseparable from their strict and standardized rhythmic tradition. In recent years, the team led by Professor Ren Xiaofei in the Corpus-based Translation Teaching and Research Center, Jiangsu University has devoted to the prosodic phonological study on the translation of Chinese Classics, including Chinese Primer Classics. They take the advantage of the theoretical framework and methodology of prosodic phonology to elaborate the translation norm of the Chinese rhythmic tradition by using Interphonic and Praat. This is a overall report about their seires of studies on the Englsih translation of Chinese Primer Classics. It is emphasized that the reproduction of the sound effet of the Chinese Classics is of great significance to protect and disseminate the cultural heritage of human beings.

Style and meaning in translations of the Qur'anic verb-noun collocations into English

Purpose This paper aims to investigate seven prominent translations of the Qur'anic verb-noun collocations into English (Pickthall, 1930; AL-Hilali and Khan, 1977; Ali, 1934; Arberry, 1955; Shakir, 1999; Sarwar, 1981; Saheeh International, 1997) to unfold their renditions of the style and meaning of such Qur'anic verb-noun collocation into English. Design/methodology/approach The study follows a corpus-based research in a sense that the study is conducted on seven translations of the Noble Qur'an that have been taken form The Qur'anic Arabic Corpus, using linguistic and exegetical analyses. Based on Reiss’ model of text analysis (2000), the author analyses the intralinguistic and extralinguistic features of the Qur'anic verb-noun collocations. Findings Findings reveal that linguistic and exegetical analyses are perquisites for adequate rendition, which prevent deviation in meaning and translation loss. It is also found that Qur'anic collocations use unique literary techniques and devices, which hinder their natural and adequate renditions into English. Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in studying the architectural design of the Qur'anic verb-noun collocations in terms of the unique selection of words and style. Such unique architectural design of such collocations creates monumental hindrances in their rendition into other languages, which have not been given due attention in translation studies.

Corpus-Based Research of Simple Non-Inverted Pronominal Interrogative Constructions in English

The research featured nuclear models of pronominal interrogative sentences with direct word order in the English language. The use of non-inverted interrogative structures depends on the analytical character of English. The partial subjectpredicate inversion is the main means of interrogativity. However, interrogative sentences with direct word order are quite common in colloquial English. The violation of the inverted word order reflects the phenomenon of language economy and can be explained by expressive and stylistic tasks. Although violation of word order in declarative sentences is a popular research topic, the subject-predicate inversions in interrogative sentences remain largely understudied in domestic and foreign linguistics. The research involved a modified corpus analysis. Based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English, the author established the frequency of pronominal interrogative structures with direct word order, analyzed their grammatical features, and defined the most popular genres, which appeared to be the discourse of television and cinema. The obtained results make it possible to develop a formal classification of non-inverted pronominal and non-pronominal constructions.

Corpus-based Research on Variation in English Legal Discourse, edited by Teresa Fanego and Paula Rodríguez-Puente

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A Corpus-Based Study on Reporting Verbs Used in Tesol Research Articles by Native and Non-Native Writers

This corpus-based research aimed to compare the use of reporting verbs in TESOL research articles between non-native and native English writers. Two corpora including 30 for the non-native corpus and 30 for the native corpus were constructed for analysis. The data in the form of plain text were processed via AntConc software version 3.5.7. The findings indicated significant differences in terms of frequency, function, and position between the two corpora. Specifically, more reporting verbs were found in the non-native corpus than in the native corpus. Of four verb groups of Argue, Find, Show, and Think, Argue group was the top priority used in TESOL research articles by both non-native and native English authors. The results of the functional and positional analysis in both the corpora also showed that two most common functions of reporting verbs were (1) presentation and (2) evaluation and examination, and most of the observed reporting verbs were in neutral position.

COMPARING SELF WITH TRAVEL - A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF FIRST PERSON NARRATIVE

The present research aims to present comparative analysis of two genres of non-fiction: autobiographies and travelogues. Autobiographies are personal narratives or firsthand accounts of unique or dramatic events of an individual’s life while travelogue is record of a person’s journey to another place and the author’s traveling experiences. The present study explores functional variations that exist in these genres based on the multidimensional analysis approach presented by Biber (1988). This corpus-based research employs triangulation methods to quantitatively analyze statistical techniques and to qualitatively interpret the function of co-occurring linguistic features. Statistical evidence suggests that significant variation exists between two genres with travelogues are more informational, more explicit and less persuasive than autobiographies. Nouns and prepositions are the major constituents of both these first person narratives. This research can be further extended to compare the functional dimensions of autobiographies and travelogues with other first-person narratives. A contrastive genre analysis can also be conducted to explore variations in native and non-native writings.

CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF CONCEPTS IN MODIAIN

Translation involves communication across languages and cultures. When one translates, s/he is involved in cross-cultural communication that is necessary in the current world scenario of globalization. English has been a global lingua franca that lubricates communication in the multilingual and multicultural communities. In this context, some Nepali novels have been translated into English, including Modiain that is the corpus of the present study. This study aims to explore and examine strategies used in translating cultural concepts (CCs) from Nepali into English. To achieve the set objective, I have employed corpus-based research design that uses parallel corpora consisting of Nepali-English pair of the selected novel. I investigated CCs in the original version and examined their translation counterparts in light of the set strategies such as translation by a more general term, a more neutral term, cultural substitution, loan terms, paraphrase, omission and illustration. The findings reveal that the use of the strategies poses pitfalls in transferring senses of the CCs across languages and cultures in one way or the other. This implies that the translators should be aware of the bilingual and bicultural sensitivities and sensibilities while translating CCs. Further implication of the study is that the course developers of applied linguistics, especially translation studies, should pay due attention while designing the courses towards the cross-cultural communicability of the CCs.CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION OF CONCEPTS IN MODIAIN

Frequency and distribution of the units of general scientific (academic) lexicon as the markers of disciplinary affiliation of a discourse

This article is dedicated to a corpus-based research of functionality of the units of general scientific (academic) lexicon in various types of disciplinary discourse, the purpose of which lies in verification of a hypothesis on a special function of the academic lexicon to indicate disciplinary affiliation of the scientific text. In the era of increasing mathematization and digitalization of scientific knowledge, corpus linguistics becomes a paramount instrument of empirical research aimed at acquisition of knowledge on the language through quantitative and qualitative analysis of compilations of texts, the scope and subject of which can be set in accordance with the specific objectives of the scholar. Special role in corpus-based research is assigned to the methods of statistical analysis for effective processing of the obtained quantitative data on linguistic realias, thereby considering linguistic research equivalent to the research of exact and natural sciences by degree of verification. The article describes the fragment of comprehensive research on functionality of the general scientific lexicon, which using the statistical method of correlation analysis on the example of more than 100 general scientific words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) established correlation between frequency and distribution of the units of general scientific lexicon and the type of disciplinary discourse. The scientific novelty lies in the holistic approach towards analyzing the characteristic features of distribution of the frequency of general scientific lexical units in 8 types of disciplinary discourse, as well as in in application of the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics that demonstrate that academic lexicon same as terminological lexicon may serve as marker of disciplinary affiliation of the discourse.

The Challenges of Large-Scale, Web-Based Language Datasets: Word Length and Predictability Revisited.

Language research has come to rely heavily on large-scale, web-based datasets. These datasets can present significant methodological challenges, requiring researchers to make a number of decisions about how they are collected, represented, and analyzed. These decisions often concern long-standing challenges in corpus-based language research, including determining what counts as a word, deciding which words should be analyzed, and matching sets of words across languages. We illustrate these challenges by revisiting "Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication" (Piantadosi, Tily, & Gibson, 2011), which found that word lengths in 11 languages are more strongly correlated with their average predictability (or average information content) than their frequency. Using what we argue to be best practices for large-scale corpus analyses, we find significantly attenuated support for this result and demonstrate that a stronger relationship obtains between word frequency and length for a majority of the languages in the sample. We consider the implications of the results for language research more broadly and provide several recommendations to researchers regarding bestpractices.

COMPARING SELF WITH TRAVEL - A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF FIRST PERSON NARRATIVE

The present research aims to present comparative analysis of two genres of non-fiction: autobiographies and travelogues. Autobiographies are personal narratives or firsthand accounts of unique or dramatic events of an individual’s life while travelogue is record of a person’s journey to another place and the author’s traveling experiences. The present study explores functional variations that exist in these genres based on the multidimensional analysis approach presented by Biber (1988). This corpus-based research employs triangulation methods to quantitatively analyze statistical techniques and to qualitatively interpret the function of co-occurring linguistic features. Statistical evidence suggests that significant variation exists between two genres with travelogues are more informational, more explicit and less persuasive than autobiographies. Nouns and prepositions are the major constituents of both these first person narratives. This research can be further extended to compare the functional dimensions of autobiographies and travelogues with other first-person narratives. A contrastive genre analysis can also be conducted to explore variations in native and non-native writings.

Epistemologies of evidence-based medicine: a plea for corpus-based conceptual research in the medical humanities

Evidence-based medicine has been the subject of much controversy within and outside the field of medicine, with its detractors characterizing it as reductionist and authoritarian, and its proponents rejecting such characterization as a caricature of the actual practice. At the heart of this controversy is a complex linguistic and social process that cannot be illuminated by appealing to the semantics of the modifier evidence-based. The complexity lies in the nature of evidence as a basic concept that circulates in both expert and non-expert spheres of communication, supports different interpretations in different contexts, and is inherently open to contestation. We outline a new methodology that combines a social epistemological perspective with advanced methods of corpus linguistics and elements of conceptual history to investigate this and other basic concepts that underpin the practice and ethos of modern medicine. The potential of this methodology to offer new insights into controversies such as those surrounding EBM is demonstrated through a case study of the various meanings supported by evidence and based, as attested in a large electronic corpus of online material written by non-experts as well as a variety of experts in different fields, including medicine.

To We or Not to We: Corpus-Based Research on First-Person Pronoun Use in Abstracts and Conclusions

A growing trend exists for authors to employ a more informal writing style that uses “we” in academic writing to acknowledge one’s stance and engagement. However, few studies have compared the ways in which the first-person pronoun “we” is used in the abstracts and conclusions of empirical papers. To address this lacuna in the literature, this study conducted a systematic corpus analysis of the use of “we” in the abstracts and conclusions of 400 articles collected from eight leading electrical and electronic (EE) engineering journals. The abstracts and conclusions were extracted to form two subcorpora, and an integrated framework was applied to analyze and seek to explain how we-clusters and we-collocations were employed. Results revealed whether authors’ use of first-person pronouns partially depends on a journal policy. The trend of using “we” showed that a yearly increase occurred in the frequency of “we” in EE journal papers, as well as the existence of three “we-use” types in the article conclusions and abstracts: exclusive, inclusive, and ambiguous. Other possible “we-use” alternatives such as “I” and other personal pronouns were used very rarely—if at all—in either section. These findings also suggest that the present tense was used more in article abstracts, but the present perfect tense was the most preferred tense in article conclusions. Both research and pedagogical implications are proffered and critically discussed.