Corolla Throat Research Articles

A new species and a replacement name in Cynanchum (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadeae) from China.

Cynanchumpingtaoi S.Jin Zeng, G.D.Tang & Miao Liao, sp. nov. (Apocynaceae) from Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular evidence. Its deeply cordate to reniform leaves and campanulate, large flowers show that it is a member of former Raphistemma Wall., which has been included in Cynanchum L.. It is different from all former Raphistemma species by the broadly ovate corolla lobes, purple-red corolla and connivent corona tip slightly exceeding the corolla throat. Meanwhile, Cynanchumlonghushanense G.D.Tang & Miao Liao, nom. nov. is proposed as replacement name for Raphistemmabrevipedunculatum Y.Wan, which was considered a synonym of Cynanchumhooperianum (Blume) Liede & Khanum but is here reinstated as a distinct species because of significant morphological differences.

Gentianamopanshanensis (Gentianaceae), a new species from Yunnan, southwest China.

Gentianamopanshanensis, a new species of the family Gentianaceae is here described and illustrated. This species is presently known only from the Mopanshan Mountain, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequence data has shown that this new species is a member of the series Fimbriatae of the section Chondrophyllae. Morphologically, it mostly resembles G.mairei and G.panthaica, but differs clearly from the latter two species in the shape and size of the leaves, and the characters of the corolla throat and plicae.

Another remarkable new species of Dictyanthus (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae, Asclepiadeae, Gonolobinae) with a long stylar head from Mexico

Dictyanthus includes 17 climbing species distributed from northern Mexico to Nicaragua. Mexico is its main center of diversification with 15 endemic species. The genus is known for its conspicuous flowers with high ornamental potential. Dictyanthus species are distinguished by the shape of their corolla (campanulate or rotated), their pattern of color lines or reticulations on the corolla lobes, the size and shape of their corona, and the shape of the stylar head. The present work formally names as a new species, and describes and illustrates the plants with a long and conspicuous stylar head, distinguishing it from the rest of its relatives. The study consisted of field work for two years, as well as a review of herbarium material and literature. The description of the organism was based on in situ morphology, herbarium material and specimens preserved in ethanol. The conservation assessment was based on IUCN criteria. We follow the cohesive species concept as an explanatory hypothesis for the taxa. A dichotomous key and comparative plates are presented for species with stylar head projection. Dictyanthus unicornus differs from other species in the genus by its conspicuously elongated stylar head and the combination of patent corolla lobes and fleshy, spatulate crown lobes protruding from the corolla throat. According to IUCN criteria, this species is considered Endangered. With the present discovery, the genus Dictyanthus reaches 18 described species of which 16 endemic to Mexico.

Viola austroyunanensis (Violaceae), a new species from Yunnan province of China

Viola austroyunnanensis is described and illustrated as a new species from southeastern Yunnan province of China. According to morphological studies, it belongs to Viola sect. Diffusae, and is related to V. fargesii, from which it differs by its stolons, petioles, stipules, abaxial leaf surface and sepals being all glabrous (vs. white puberulous), later petals glabrous (vs. beard), flower color usually blue-purple (vs. white); corolla throat nearly white (vs. yellow). But molecular phylogenetic results based on ITS dataset show that V. austroyunnanensis belongs to Viola sect. Adnatae. The systematic relationship of V. austroyunnanensis needs further research.

A new lithophilous species of Gesneriaceae, Petrocodonrubrostriatus, from the karst area of South Yunnan, China.

A new lithophytic species of Gesneriaceae, Petrocodonrubrostriatus K.Tan, X.Q.Song & M.X.Ren, sp. nov. from Lvchun County, South Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated here. It closest resembles P.mollifolius (W.T.Wang) A.Weber & Mich.Möller, but the new species is differentiated from it by red to brownish-red stripes in the yellow corolla throat and 4.5 mm long bract lobes, a ca. 10 mm long style, and staminodes inserted at 2.5-3 mm from the corolla base. The species is preliminarily assessed as 'Critically Endangered' (CR) according to IUCN criteria, since currently only one single locality is known with a few subpopulations on a fragmented limestone cliff, with fewer than 300 individuals.

Two New Species of PurpleCalibrachoa(Solanaceae) from Southern Brazil Grasslands Revealed by Molecular and Morphological Data

Abstract—We describe two new species ofCalibrachoa(Solanaceae) from southern Brazil grasslands. The new species were first detected by molecular data, and later corroborated by morphological traits and field observations. Both species are erect shrubs with showy purple corollas. The main distinctive morphological traits are the marked dark purple ring contrasting with the yellow corolla throat and the lobed stigma inC. atropurpurea,and the long androecium reaching the distal part of the corolla tube and the connivent anthers inC. synanthera. A key for the species with purple flowers from the Rio Grande do Sul Brazilian State, where the species were found, is given.Keywords—Calibrachoasubg.Stimomphis, Rio Grande do Sul, subtropical grasslands, taxonomy

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPOSITAE – 3

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPOSITAE – 3

The genus Freylinia Pangella ex Colla (Scrophulariaceae: Teedieae): a re-assessment of the systematics and conservation status

The taxonomy of Freylinia Pangella ex Colla (Scrophulariaceae) is revised and eight species are recognised. Each species is fully described, with complete nomenclature, typification, ecological notes, and an updated conservation assessment. The subtropical F. tropica S.Moore is segregated as the new sect. Tropicae J.C.Manning, defined by axillary inforescences and flowers with a glandular corolla tube. The remaining species from temperate South Africa share terminal inflorescences and eglandular corollas. Within this group two sections are recognised. Sect. Freylinia comprises the type of the genus F. lanceolata (L.f.) G.Don, and is readily segregated on the basis of its sessile foliage and small capsules, whereas the remaining, strictly shrubby species share petiolate foliage and larger capsules and are recognised as sect. Macrocarpae J.C.Manning. The latter section includes several highly local endemics, most of them of conservation concern, and among which we propose several taxonomic changes. The most significant of these are the inclusion of F. vlokii Van Jaarsv. in F. undulata (L.f.) Benth., and a reappraisal of the identity F. longiflora Benth., which is recognised here as an earlier name for F. helmei Van Jaarsv. The new species F. brevistyla J.C.Manning & N.A.Helme is accordingly described for the populations that were previously misidentified as F. longiflora, and which are readily distinguished from all other species by their short style and unique, obtuse hairs in the corolla throat. This taxon was thought to be restricted to the Hottentots Holland Mtns near Elgin but a recent collection from the northern foothills of the Klein River Mtns represents a significant range extension. Finally, examination of the type of F. undulata var. macrophylla Hiern. shows it to be misplaced in the genus and we identify it as a synonym of Selago myrtifolia Rchb.

Taxonomic updates in Amphitecna (Bignoniaceae): A new Mexican species and the re-establishment of the giant-leaved A. megalophylla.

In this study, we analyzed the morphological affinities of the 24 species of Amphitecna based on detailed morphological studies and multivariate cluster analyses. Our results suggest that the genus Amphitecna includes six morphological groups that can be easily distinguished based on floral and fruits characteristics: A. donnell-smithii group, A. macrophylla group, A. megalophylla group, A. molinae group, A. spathicalyx group, and A. steyermarkii group. A new species from Mexico, Amphitecna fonceti, is described. This new species is clearly differentiated by the predominantly ramiflorous inflorescences bearing multiple flowers per shoot, buds rounded at the apex, large flowers with a transverse fold in the corolla throat, calyx surface pubescent and strongly costate, and fruits elliptic, apiculate at the apex. We discuss the characteristics of each morphological group and their geographical distribution, provide a detailed description of the new species including ethnobotany notes, and propose the re-establishment of the giant-leaved species A. megalophylla.

Primulina jiuyishanica (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Hunan, China.

Primulina jiuyishanica K. Liu, D.C. Meng & Z.B. Xin, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Hunan, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to Primulina fimbrisepala (Hand.-Mazz.) Yin Z. Wang, but differs in its elliptic to broadly elliptic leaf blade with broadly cuneate base, peduncle densely pubescent with sparse glandular hairs, corolla throat with no purple spots inside, the yellow patch in the throat densely glandular-pubescent and pistil densely glandular-pubescent. Photographs and descriptions of the new species are provided below.

Selection favors loss of floral pigmentation in a highly selfing morning glory.

A common evolutionary trend in highly selfing plants is the evolution of the “selfing syndrome”, in which traits associated with pollinator attraction are lost or greatly reduced. Limited information is available on whether these trait reductions are favored by natural selection or result from reduced purifying selection coupled with genetic drift. This study attempted to distinguish between these two possibilities for the evolutionary loss of floral pigmentation in the highly selfing species Ipomoea lacunosa. This study also tested the hypothesis that loss of floral pigmentation is caused by downregulation or loss of function in a tissue-specific anthocyanin transcription factor, as has been found in other plants. F2 individuals of a cross between white and pigmented individuals revealed segregation at two epistatically acting loci: one affecting pigmentation in both corolla throat and limbs (Anl1) and one affecting limb pigmentation (Anl2). Individuals that are homozygous for the “white” allele at Anl1 have white throats and limbs regardless of genotype at Anl2. In individuals with pigmented throats, homozygosity of the “white” allele at Anl2 produces white limbs. Flower color variation at Anl1 cosegregates with an R2R3-Myb anthocyanin transcription factor, which is down-regulated in white-flowers but not in pigmented flowers. Differential expression of the two alleles of this gene indicates that down regulation is caused by a cis-regulatory change. Finally, allele-frequency differences at Anl1 were substantially and significantly greater than differences in allele frequencies at four microsatellite loci. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that the identified R2R3-Myb gene corresponds to Anl1 and that evolutionary loss of pigmentation in I. lacunosa was caused by selection. They are also consistent with previous studies demonstrating that loss of floral pigmentation is usually caused by down-regulation or functional inactivation of an R2R3-Myb gene.

Molecular and Morphological Evidence Reveals a New Species of Antiphytum (Echiochiloideae, Boraginaceae) from Guerrero, Mexico

Abstract—Molecular and morphological evidence supports a new species in the genus Antiphytum from the Sierra Madre del Sur, in the state of Guerrero, Mexico, here described as Antiphytum brevicalyx. This species is unique in the genus by possessing a calyx shorter than the corolla tube at anthesis; it is similar to A. floribundum in inflorescence arrangement, but differs from that species in lacking a basal leaf rosette and having appendages on the corolla throat. According to phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ITS and plastid ndhF-rpl32 sequences representing seven of the eight North American species of the genus besides the proposed new species, accessions of A. brevicalyx form a well-defined clade within Antiphytum, corroborating its distinctive morphology. However, the analyses do not resolve the phylogenetic position of A. brevicalyx within the genus.

Petrocosmea qiruniae (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Guizhou, China with supplementary data and revised description of P. leiandra

Petrocosmea qiruniae M.Q.Han, Li Bing Zhang & Yan Liu (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Guizhou, China, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to P. leiandra (W.T.Wang) Z.J.Qiu in leaf blade shape and corolla type, especially in the colour of corolla throat and spots, indumentum of the stamens and the anther and ovary morphology. It was found on humid cliffs in an enormous limestone cave called the Qingxu Cave. In addition, Petrocosmea leiandra, based on P. martini H.Lev. var. leiandra W.T.Wang, originally published with very few descriptive data, is supplemented with more morphological data and a revised description.

Una especie nueva de Rogiera (Rubiaceae) de la zona árida de Metztitlán, Hidalgo, México

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El número de especies del género Rogiera aún es debatible, varía entre 11 y 20 dependiendo de los criterios utilizados por diferentes autores en su delimitación. México está considerado como el centro de riqueza de este género con hasta 14 especies reconocidas que se distribuyen principalmente en bosque mesófilo de montaña y selva alta perennifolia.Métodos: El material botánico colectado como parte de un estudio florístico y fitogeográfico de la porción noroeste del municipio Metztitlán, Hidalgo, se comparó con ejemplares de especies de Rogiera depositados en las colecciones ENCB, F, FCME, MEXU y MO. Después de revisar los tipos nomenclaturales y protólogos de todas las especies de Rogiera, se determinó que este material corresponde a una especie nueva.Resultados clave: Se describe e ilustra Rogiera metztitlensis, una especie nueva de la zona árida de Metztitlán, Hidalgo, México. Esta especie tiene similitud morfológica con Rogiera amoena, R. cordata y R. ehrenbergii en la orientación de la estípula al madurar, (excepto en R. ehrenbergii) tamaño y color de las flores. Difiere de éstas por ser un arbusto de hasta 1 m de alto, las estípulas más pequeñas, de 3 a 4 mm de largo, la garganta de la corola con anillo de tricomas blancos y las semillas sin alas.Conclusiones: Rogiera metztitlensis es endémica de Hidalgo, se desarrolla en hábitats áridos, en contraste con los hábitats húmedos en los que predomina el resto de las especies de este género.

Three new species of Senecio (Compositae: Senecioneae) from the Alto Marañón, Huánuco region, Central Peru

Three new species of Senecio (Compositae: Senecioneae) from Central Peru are described and illustrated. Morphological characters are used in order to distinguish them from the closest species. Senecio crassiandinus Montesinos & Pino has succulent leaves with cuticle composed of translucid white glands, bright yellow disc florets with blotches of pale reddish-brown in the corolla throat and linear-oblong achenes covered with trichomes, which distinguish it from the other South American species of the genus. Senecio inghamii Montesinos has oblanceolate-ovate to rhombic-quadrate leaves, short-sized, with serrate-quadrate dentation, upper surface lustrous and glossy, lower surface densely covered with whitish lanuginose pubescence, capitules bear trilobulated ray florets, achenes copiously covered by fimbriate hairs which differentiates it from its closest relative, S. pensilis Greenm. Senecio roseoandinus Montesinos & R. Zárate is a unique pubescent species characterized for being a perennial rhizomatous herb, with lanuginose and arachnoid trichomes, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, thick, densely arachnoid to glabrous (lustrous, glossy, dark green), margin entire to crenate, synflorescence in racemes, capitules discoid, corolla pale yellow but turning fuchsia-pink at maturity, achenes oblong, striate, and glabrous. All three new species are distributed in the Alto Marañon river mountain slopes, at altitudes ranging from 2000 up to 4200 m a.s.l. The species are, so far, only known from their type localities in the Huánuco region.

Linaria yusufeliensis, a replacement name for the Turkish Linaria turcica Makbul & Hamzaoğlu (Plantaginaceae)

Linaria Miller (1754: without page) is currently included in the Plantaginaceae family. This genus consists of ca. 150 species mainly distributed in Europe, Northern Africa and Central and Western Asia, but introduced and naturalized in other regions of the world with temperate climate (Sáez & Bernal 2009). It comprises annual or perennial herbs, with flowering and non-flowering shoots. The flowers occur in bracteate racemes and have a zygomorphic corolla with a long spur, and the lower petal closing the corolla throat; winged or wingless seeds are produced in their pods (Rocio et al. 1999).

Oreocharis purpurata, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Hunan, China

Oreocharis purpurata B.Pan, M.Q.Han & Yan Liu, a new species of Gesneriaceae from central Hunan, China, is described and illustrated here. It is morphologically similar to O. pinnatilobata. The major difference is the two glandular ridges glands on the ventral corolla throat, which may be associated with pollinator attractions.

Orobanche mlokosiewiczii (Orobanchaceae): a new species from the Greater Caucasus, and nomenclatural notes on similar species

A new, probably endemic species, Orobanche mlokosiewiczii (Orobanchaceae) is described from Georgia, in the Greater Caucasus. The species grows near waterfalls, on slopes with thermo-hygrophilous subalpine tall herbaceous vegetation, and is exclusively parasitic of another endemic species: Aconitum cymbulatum. It is a graceful whitish or pale white-yellow plant, characterised by campanulate flowers and usually a very wide open throat of corolla. So far, for the Orobanche parasite on Aconitum (exlusively A. lycoctonum) only one species O. lycoctoni is known—occurring in the Cantabrian Mts. in Spain and in the Alps. A detailed description, diagnosis, illustrations, and comparison with possible related species (O. lycoctoni, O. krylowii, O. inulae, O. flava subsp. cicerbitae) are provided. We also present phylogenetic analysis, and nomenclatural notes about the above species, and a lectotype of O. inulae is designated. Moreover, inside the Orobanche sect. Orobanche, a new combination Orobanche subsect. Curvatae and a new series Orobanche ser. Krylowianae are proposed and their types are designated.

Lamium bilgilii (Lamiaceae), a new species from South-western Turkey (Burdur-Muğla)

Lamium bilgilii Celep (Lamiaceae) is here described as a new species. It is confined to Altİnyayla (Dirmil), Burdur-Muğla border, in South-western Turkey. Lamium bilgilii differs from L. garganicum by its denser, long eglandular villous indumentum accompanied by short glandular hairs on the stem, leaf, inflorescence axis, calyx and corolla; larger corolla (40–52 mm), humped, and largely ventricose corolla tube and wider corolla throat. IUCN red list category, distribution map, notes on biogeography and ecology of the new species are also given.

A New, Large-Flowered Variety ofEremocarya micrantha(Boraginaceae)

Abstract Eremocarya (Boraginaceae), a resurrected segregate of the genus Cryptantha, has recently been recognized as containing two species: E. lepida and E. micrantha. These two species differ in nutlet shape, nutlet size, and features of the corolla, including limb width, presence or absence of a prominent yellow coloration at the fornices of the corolla center, and, perhaps most importantly, presence or absence of distinctive “fornix bodies” at the corolla mouth. Here we present evidence for a large-flowered form of E. micrantha that we argue should be treated as a new taxonomic variety, which we call E. micrantha var. pseudolepida. In nutlet morphology, E. micrantha var. pseudolepida is very similar to E. micrantha var. micrantha and different from E. lepida. Eremocarya micrantha var. pseudolepida differs from E. micrantha var. micrantha and is similar to E. lepida in corolla limb diameter and in having a tendency to possess a prominent yellow coloration in the corolla throat. However, E. micrantha va...