Corn Starch Levels Research Articles

Effects of plantain and corn starches on the mechanical and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets

The effects of plantain starch obtained from the unripe fruit of the plant Musa paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) on the mechanical and disintegration properties of paracetamol tablets have been investigated in comparison with the effects of corn starch BP using a 2(3) factorial experimental design. The individual and combined effects of nature of starch binder (N), concentration of starch binder (C), and the relative density of tablet (RD) on the tensile strength (TS), brittle fracture index (BFI), and disintegration time (DT) of the tablets were investigated. The ranking of the individual effects on TS was RD > C >> N, on BFI was C >> RD > N and on DT was N > C > RD. The ranking for the interaction effects on TS and DT was N-C >> N-RD > C-RD, while that on BFI was N-C >> C-RD > N-RD. Changing nature of starch from a "low" (plantain starch) to a "high" (corn starch) level, increasing the concentration of starch binding agent from 2.5% to 10.0% wt/wt, and increasing relative density of the tablet from 0.80 to 0.90, led to increase in the values of TS and DT, but a decrease in BFI. Thus, tablets containing plantain starch had lower tensile strength and disintegration time values than those containing corn starch, but showed better ability to reduce the lamination and capping tendency in paracetamol tablet formulation. The interaction between N and C was significantly (P < .001) higher than those between N and RD and between C and RD. There is therefore the need to carefully choose the nature (N) and concentration (C) of starch used as binding agent in tablet formulations to obtain tablets of desired bond strength and disintegration properties. Furthermore, plantain starch could be useful as an alternative binding agent to cornstarch, especially where faster disintegration is required and the problems of lamination and capping are of particular concern.

Gel Textural Characteristics of Corn, Cassava and Yam Starch Blends: A Mixture Surface Response Methodology Approach

Blends of native starches can be used to obtain special sensory properties avoiding the use of chemically modified starches. The mixture design approach was used to analyze the textural properties (hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and gumminess) of gels obtained with different proportions of yam, corn and cassava starches (6% total solids) and related to microstructural characteristics. Maximum limits of 60% yam starch and 70% corn starch and minimum level of 30% cassava starch were fixed to minimize syneresis under storage. Hardness, adhesiveness and gumminess increased with the proportion of corn starch in the blends. The lowest values of hardness corresponded to the blends containing higher proportions of cassava starch, that has the lowest amylose content. Corn starch was the component that less contributed to cohesiveness. The characteristic high cohesiveness of cassava starch pastes (related to its higher amylopectin content) was reduced when it was mixed in adequate proportions with yam and/or corn starches. Gels containing only yam starch presented syneresis values close to 40% after 24° h storage at 4°C; the decrease of the maximum level of yam starch to 60% as well as the inclusion of cassava starch in the blends reduced weight losses. Disadvantages found in gels containing individual starches, such as exudate in yam and corn starch gels, and excessive cohesiveness in cassava starch gels, are minimized improving their possible applications, when blends are used.

Optimal diet composition for European whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus): analysis of growth and nutrient utilisation in mixture model trials

Two feed mixture trials were conducted on the European whitefish. For both trials, nine diets with varying levels of fish meal (FM), fish oil (FO) and cornstarch (CS), and fixed levels of wheat meal and vitamin–mineral premix (12%), were formulated according to d-optimality criteria assuming a quadratic response surface. In the two trials, the proportions of the ingredients were, respectively: 38–86% and 43–85% for FM, 2–22% and 0–30% for FO, and 0–33% and 0–15% for CS. The extruded diets were fed to satiation for 72 and 85 days in a flow-through, freshwater system at 15 °C. Optimal allocation of replicates among 25 and 29 tanks was based on d-optimality criteria. The response surfaces were modelled as quadratic and super-cubic polynomials specific for mixture designs. The data from the trials were combined for the final analysis, which included the experiment as a random effect. Fish growth increased with increasing FM content up to 66.3% FM (16.7% FO and 5.0% CS). Protein growth peaked at a somewhat higher FM content of 72.0% (10.2% FO, 5.9% CS), and lipid deposition rate at the highest studied FO content (53.1% FM, 30.0% FO and 4.9% CS). Feed efficiency improved with decreasing CS content and the highest value was obtained with the mixture containing 58.0% FM, 30.0% FO and 0.0% CS. Protein retention efficiency was improved with decreasing FM content and peaked at a mixture of 50.2% FM, 30.0% FO and 7.8% CS. The diet inducing 95% of the maximum growth with the minimum FM content comprised of 51.2% FM, 30.0% FO and 6.8% CS. Based on the data from these two experiments, an area of optimal diet formulation can be assessed by graphically superimposing isobars of 95% growth, feed efficiency and dietary protein utilisation responses. This optimal composition for the European whitefish appears to be in the range of 53–61% FM, 24–30% FO and 0–7% CS together with the 12% wheat meal and vitamin–mineral premix. However, this optimisation is based on round weight and because high dietary lipid levels induced high lipid deposition rates, the practical optimum for dressed weight would be at a somewhat lower FO level. Mixture experimentation proved to be an efficient method to rapidly screen European whitefish diets for nutritional optimisation.

Optimal diet composition for European whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus): carbohydrate stress and immune parameter responses

A feeding trial was conducted on the European whitefish to study the effects of replacing fish meal with fish oil and corn starch on the stress response and immune system parameters. Nine diets with varying levels of fish meal (FM; 38–86%), fish oil (FO; 2–22%) and corn starch (CS; 0–33%), and fixed levels of wheat meal (10%) and vitamin–mineral premix (2%) were formulated and replicates were allocated among 25 tanks following the D-optimality criteria. Fish were fed the extruded diets to satiation for 10 weeks in a flow-through freshwater system at 15 °C. The liver and plasma were sampled at the termination of the trial, and the response surfaces were modeled as Scheffé polynomials specific for mixture designs. Liver glycogen and plasma glucose increased and plasma IgM decreased with increasing CS level. Plasma lysozyme levels decreased with an increase in FM. Plasma cortisol showed a linear response, with the highest values in high-FO, low-CS diets. Mortalities only occurred with high-CS diets. After the feeding trial, the effects of rapid water cooling on stress responses were measured in fish fed either a low-starch diet (66% FM, 22% FO, and 0% CS) or a high-starch diet (53% FM, 2% FO, and 33% CS). Initial plasma samples were collected at 15 °C, whereafter the temperature was reduced to 2 °C in 24 h. Plasma samples were withdrawn, and sampling was repeated after three more days at 2 °C. Cortisol increased from an initial 7 to a peak value of 70 ng ml −1 at the second sampling, and decreased thereafter to 20–30 ng ml −1. Plasma glucose increased from an initial 3.9 to 4.8 mmol l −1 after 24 h, and further increased to approximately 7.8 mmol l −1 after three more days in cold water. The responses did not differ significantly between fish fed low-starch or high-starch diets. On overall, whitefish showed inadequate adaptation to high dietary carbohydrate levels.

Efeito da acidez no controle da produção de amônia e crescimento microbiano

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da acidez pela adição de níveis crescentes de amido sobre a degradação da caseína hidrolisada (tripticase). Utilizou-se o líquido de rúmen de um novilho fistulado recebendo 40% de ração concentrada. As incubações foram feitas anaerobicamente a 39ºC. Utilizaram-se 150 mg de tripticase e 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200 e 300 mg de amido em 10 mL de líquido de rúmen. Foram coletadas amostras ao longo das incubações para análises de pH, amônia e proteína microbiana. O amido teve pequeno efeito sobre o crescimento microbiano, mas os níveis igual ou acima de 50 mg/10 mL de líquido de rúmen inibiram totalmente a produção de amônia. Esta inibição foi certamente devido ao efeito do pH, pois este teve maior correlação com a produção de amônia que o amido (0,95 vs -0,59). Uma vez que a maior parte da utilização da caseína hidrolisada foi para a produção de amônia e que esta foi altamente inibida pela acidez, conclui-se que o moderado abaixamento do pH ruminal, pelo uso de concentrado, pode acarretar redução na perda de proteína alimentar por fermentação. Portanto, maior quantidade de proteína degradável pode ser adicionada à ração, justificando o benefício do sincronismo de fontes de carboidrato e proteína, quanto às suas degradabilidades, ao se formularem rações para ruminantes.

Digestibilidade aparente de dietas contendo diferentes níveis de amido para coelhos em crescimento

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do amido dietético sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, para coelhos em fase de crescimento, quatro dietas experimentais foram elaboradas de forma a conter níveis crescentes de amido de milho (23, 28, 33 e 38% de amido total na base da matéria seca (MS), os quais foram fornecidas a 20 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, distribuídos em gaiolas de metabolismo individuais, segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram efeito linear crescente para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e amido, à medida que aumentou o nível de amido dietético nas dietas experimentais. O nível de 38% de amido dietético proporcionou, portanto, o melhor coeficiente de digestibilidade para o amido (87,26%). Não foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta (PB), energia bruta (EB) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), em relação aos diferentes níveis de amido nas dietas experimentais. No entanto, para o teor de extrato etéreo (EE), foi verificado melhor aproveitamento (89,46%) para os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo 23% de amido. Os coelhos foram eficientes em digerir o amido de milho, quando este apresentou alta participação na porção carboidrato total da dieta.

Desempenho produtivo e atividade microbiana cecal de coelhos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de amido

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do amido dietético sobre o rendimento produtivo e a atividade microbiana cecal de coelhos em crescimento, quatro dietas experimentais foram elaboradas de forma a conter níveis crescentes de amido (23, 28, 33 e 38% de amido total na base da MS), os quais foram fornecidos a 32 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia Branco, distribuídos em gaiolas de engorda individuais, seguindo um delineamento em blocos casualizados. Houve efeito linear decrescente para consumo e conversão alimentar, em que valores de 108,67 g/d e 3,216, respectivamente, foram obtidos para os animais alimentados com 38% de amido dietético. No entanto, o ganho de peso e o rendimento de carcaça não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Por outro lado, os valores de pH, as concentrações totais e as proporções molares dos ácidos graxos voláteis não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, porém, para o ácido propiônico, houve efeito linear decrescente, sendo a maior proporção molar (12,06%) verificada no conteúdo cecal de coelhos alimentados com 23% de amido dietético. O milho-grão apresentou maior influência sobre a atividade microbiana cecal que o amido de milho purificado, porém, sem alterar o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça.

Formation of Resistant Starch by a Twin‐Screw Extruder

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the potential to increase the level of resistant starch (RS) in extruded products by optimizing extruder conditions. Three experiments were conducted as randomized complete block designs with two replicates. In the first experiment, corn starch, wheat starch, and potato starch were added at a level of 30% (w/w) to degerminated yellow corn meal to investigate the influence of starch type. In the second experiment, citric acid (CA) monohydrate was added to corn meal at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w). The third experiment was a full‐factorial arrangement to evaluate the effect of high‐amylose corn starch (HACS) level (0, 15, 30%, w/w) and CA level (0, 5, 7.5%, w/w) at two screw speeds (200 and 300 rpm). In the first experiment, the means for RS plus dietary fiber for the different starch formulations ranged from 1.27 to 2.28%. In experiment 2, adding CA increased RS plus dietary fiber content to a maximum of 5.23% at 7.5% CA. In the third experiment, the means for RS plus dietary fiber ranged from a low of 1.75% for 100% corn meal at 300 rpm to 14.38% for 7.5% CA and 30% HACS at 200 rpm. The results indicated a highly significant positive relationship between CA and RS formation and the same for amylose content. The RS formation had a negative relationship with screw speed, but the influence of screw speed was small when compared with that of CA and HACS.

Dietary lysine requirements of segregated early-weaned pigs (1994)

A total of 320 (160 barrows and 160 gilts) 14- to 18-d-old pigs (initially 10.2 ± 2.2 lb) was used to determine the optimal level of dietary lysine needed for the segregated early-weaned pig. Two diet formulation methods were used with six dietary lysine levels within each formulation method, resulting in a 2 X 6 factorial arrangement of treatments. The first formulation method consisted of a basal diet that contained 1.95% lysine. Increasing levels of cornstarch replaced L-lysine to achieve the other five dietary treatments (1.2, 1.35, 1.50, 1.65, and 1.80% dietary lysine). All other amino acids in each diet were maintained at the same level as in the 1.95% lysine treatment. The second formulation method consisted of a basal diet (1.2% lysine) with the live additional treatments achieved by adding synthetic lysine and other essential amino acids to maintain an ideal amino acid ratio, relative to lysine. All diets contained 20% dried whey, 10% lactose, 7.5% spray-dried porcine plasma, 5.0% spray-dried wheat gluten, 5.0% select menhaden fish meal, 5.0% soybean oil, and 1.75% spray-dried blood meal. No lysine x formulation method interactions occurred for average daily gain (ADG) or average daily feed intake (ADFI) throughout the 28 d period. However, lysine x formulation method interactions were observed for feed efficiency (F/G) from d 0 to 7, d 0 to 14, and d 0 to 28. From d 0 to 7 postweaning, ADG was improved quadratically as dietary lysine increased and appeared to be maximized at 1.65% dietary lysine. Feed efficiency was lowest for pigs fed 1.80% lysine for the first diet formulation method and for pigs fed 1.95% lysine for the second diet formulation method. From d 0 to 14 postweaning, ADG and F/G were improved by increasing dietary lysine, with both response criteria maximized in pigs fed approximately 1.65% dietary lysine. However, ADFI was not affected during the 28-d experiment. These data suggest that segregated early-weaned pigs require approximately 5.2 and 6.2 g/d of lysine from d 0 to 7 and d 0 to 14 postweaning, respectively, to optimize growth performance. Based on these results, the diet for pigs < 11 lb needs to be formulated to contain at least 1.7% lysine. The transition diet (11 to 15 lb) should be formulated to contain approximately 1.5 to 1.6% lysine.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994

Single‐Screw Extrusion of Defatted Soy Flour, Corn Starch and Raw Beef Blends

ABSTRACTEffects of feed moisture, fat and corn starch levels and process temperature on physical properties of extrudates of defatted soy flour‐amylose corn starch‐raw beef blends were investigated using response surface methodology. Contour plots showed a convex curve of expansion ratio (ER) with moisture, concave curves of bulk density (BD) and shear‐force (SF) with moisture, and concave cmves of SF with each of the four extrusion variables. Fat decreased ER and increased BD, whereas corn starch increased ER. Products with high ER and low BD and SF tended to have prominent air cells, continuous protein matrices, and smooth cell wall surfaces in scanning electron micrographs. The optimum extrusion conditions for minimal SF values, with 20% non‐dehydrated beef muscle and varied amounts of defatted soy flour, were: 29.1% feed moisture; 2.96% feed fat; 22% feed corn starch; and 162°C process temperature.

Small intestinal starch digestion in steers: effect of various levels of abomasal glucose, corn starch and corn dextrin infusion on small intestinal disappearance and net glucose absorption.

Eight Holstein steers (four at 300 kg, four at 406 kg) fitted with an elevated carotid artery, hepatic portal and mesenteric venous catheters, and abomasal and ileal cannulas were used in several 4 x 4 Latin square experiments to evaluate small intestinal starch digestion. They were fed alfalfa hay at 1.5% of BW and abomasally infused with water or glucose, corn starch or corn dextrin (one carbohydrate per Latin square) at 20, 40 or 60 g/h, with subsequent determination of small intestinal disappearance and net portal glucose absorption. Increasing the amount of all three carbohydrates infused abomasally increased the amount of carbohydrate disappearing in the small intestine. Increased infusion of glucose caused a continual increase (linear, P less than .01) in net glucose absorption, whereas net glucose absorption for starch and dextrin was maximal at the 20 g/h infusion (quadratic, P less than .05). With the 60 g/h infusion, 94% of the glucose but only 38% of starch and 29% of small intestinal dextrin disappearance could be accounted for as net glucose absorption, leaving a large portion of starch and dextrin disappearance unaccounted for. Of the infused starch and dextrin passing the ileum, 5.8 and 7.3%, respectively, was unpolymerized glucose, indicating that, at least in the distal small intestine, complete starch hydrolysis exceeded the capacity for glucose disappearance. It is concluded that only about 35% of the raw corn starch disappearing in the steer's small intestine resulted in net portal glucose absorption.

Nutritive Value of 1, 2-Propanediol Di-lauryl Succinate and 1, 3-Butanediol by Calves

Procedure of bioassay for chicks was applied to ruminants. Calves of about 8-week-old were fed the same but restricted amount of basal diet and graded levels of corn starch or test materials. The feeding conditions was so adjusted that body weight gain of calves from 1 st to 6 th week was in proportion to dietary energy supply. Digestive ability of the calves was not disturbed and growth was smooth in the feeding conditions. All of the 3 samples tested were suggested to be available by calves, although palatability of di-lauryl succinate was low. Reliability of the estimate was discussed.

Varying Levels of Starch in Calf Milk Replacers

Starch replaced varying amounts of lactose in milk replacers fed to Holstein calves by nipple pail as the only source of nutrients in three trials. Trial 1 was a growth trial involving 28 heifers. Amylopectin comprised 0, 9, 18, and 27% of solids in the replacer. Daily gains (3 to 45 days) for the respective treatments averaged 0.50, 0.45, 0.35, and 0.36 kg/day and were significantly lower (P<.05) for the two highest starch levels. In Trial 2, 30 heifers were used to compare two levels (14 and 28%) of amylopectin or corn starch. Daily gains were lower in all the starch diets than in the control. There was little difference due to starch source or level. In Trials 1 and 2, most of the growth depression due to starch occurred during the first three weeks. Trial 3 compared the same rations as Trial 1 in a digestion and nitrogen balance study with 16 bulls. Collections were made at 10, 24, 38, 52, and 80 days of age. Significant decreases (P<.01) in dry matter, carbohydrate, and protein digestibilities were noted as dietary starch increased. Starch digestibilities averaged 79% compared to 98% for lactose in the control diet. Starch digestibilities increased markedly between 10 and 24 days of age; whereas, a linear increase with age to 80 days was noted for protein digestibilities.

Effects of Pelleting Concentrate Mixtures of Varying Starch Content on Milk Yield and Composition

Twenty-four Holstein cows were used to study the effects of meal, pellet, and ground pellet forms of concentrates fed with roughage at either 1.0 or 1.5kg of hay equivalent per 100kg body weight on the yield and composition of milk. Pellets and ground pellets depressed the milk fat test slightly, but significantly, when compared to the meal form. There were no differences in milk yield or composition due to the rations fed. Cows on low roughage, however, exhibited significantly higher solids-not-fat and protein than those fed the higher roughage level.Another experiment was conducted with nine cows to observe the effect of ingredient composition of pelleted concentrates on the yield and composition of milk. The diets contained several levels of corn starch, developed by a selective use of common feed ingredients. A level of 36% corn starch in the concentrate (equivalent to about 34% corn in the feed) resulted in a depression in milk fat content. A level of 33.5% starch from other feeds, but only 15% corn starch, maintained the milk fat test. Both the quantity and type of starch in the diet seem to be important factors influencing the fat content of milk. The molar proportions of rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not greatly altered by diets fed.