Mixture Of Corn Meal Research Articles

Hemp Hay (Cannabis sativa L.) in Grazing Goats’ Diet: Effects on Oxidative and Inflammatory Status

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a versatile and multipurpose crop with a wide range of industrial, commercial, environmental and medicinal applications. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of hemp hay on the oxidative and inflammatory status of grazing goats. The high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids with anti-inflammatory activity makes hemp hay a promising feed that can be used to improve animals’ health by means of its metabolic profile, as well as its oxidative and inflammatory status. Studies on hemp hay suggest that its usage could replace alfalfa hay to obtain beneficial effects in terms of the milk yield and health status of goats. Indeed, because of the various biological compounds in hemp hay, the effects of its administration should be accurately explored. A total of 20 multiparous goats were equally divided immediately after calving (February) into two groups (C: control vs. H: hemp) that were homogeneous in terms of live weight (49 ± 2 kg) and milk yield at the previous lactation (2250 ± 200 g/head/day). The animals remained in the pasture but received 500 g/head/day of a barley and corn meal mixture. In addition, group H received 250 g/head/day of hemp hay, and group C was fed the same amount of alfalfa hay. Blood samples were taken before the trial and four months later and analyzed for clinical biochemistry, oxidative status, and anti-inflammatory profile. Reactive oxygen metabolites, biological antioxidant potential, Interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10), and TNF-α were determined. In group H, a significant decrease in TNF-α level (22.7 vs. 12.7 pg/mL, p = 0.01) and an opposite but not significant trend for IL-10 was detected. In addition, there was a significant decrease (184.6 vs. 111.4 UCARR, p = 0.001) in d-ROM content and an increase in the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) values (3238.1 vs. 3886 μmol/L). A significant anti-inflammatory effect was only registered for TNF-α, whereas IL6 and IL10 were not affected.

The Effects of Hemp Hay (Canapa sativa L.) in the Diets of Grazing Goats on Milk Production and Fatty Acid Profile.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a cosmopolitan annual herbaceous plant used in the past as a source of textile fiber. Currently, hemp is receiving great interest as animal feed due to its chemical and nutritional properties. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of supplementing goats' diets with hemp hay on the milk yield, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile. Twenty multiparous goats, immediately after kidding, were divided into two homogenous groups (C: control vs. H: hemp); the goats had free access to the pasture, and both groups received a supplement of 500 g/head/day of a barley and corn meal mixture (50/50). In addition, group H was given 250 g/head/day of hemp hay while group C received the same amount of alfalfa hay. The milk yield was measured daily, and milk samples were collected monthly 4 times to evaluate the milk composition and fatty acid profile. The milk yield was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the experimental group, while no differences were found in the milk chemical composition. Concerning the fatty acid profile, the milk from group H was characterized by significantly lower concentrations of C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C14:0, C15:0, and C17:0 and higher C16:0 and C18:0. Among the polyunsaturated FA, C18:2 n6 and C20:4 were significantly (p < 0.001) lower, and C20:5 n3 was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the milk from group H than that from group C. The n6/n3, LA/ALA and AA/EPA ratios were significantly (p < 0.001) lower in the milk from group H, while the CLAs were unaffected by the treatment.

Evaluation of substrates and additives to Trichoderma harzianum development by qPCR

AbstractBiocontrol strains can activate defense genes and promote plant growth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the development of Trichoderma in substrates with additives by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The T. harzianum, T019 isolated from the Protected Geographical Indication Alubia La Bañeza‐León was tested in peat and vermiculite with and without additives. The development was evaluated by qPCR with the α‐actin gene and a standard curve. Statistical analysis was performed using an analysis of variance and mean completely randomized. The qPCR technique has served to quantify precisely the growth of Trichoderma in the different substrates. T. harzianum develops better in the peat substrates supplemented with cornmeal and with a mixture of cornmeal and bentonite than in any of the vermiculate‐based substrates. T. harzianum development was improved by growing in peat substrates supplemented with cornmeal.

Changes in fatty acid profiles of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) induced by terrestrial plants in diets

It has been well known that fatty acid profiles of consumers were flexible in response to the changes in the fatty acid constituents of diets due to the different feed ingredients. No previous studies, however, have been carried out focused on the changes in fatty acid profiles of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) induced by the addition of terrestrial plants in diets. In the present study, 4 experimental diets were prepared with gradually increased proportions of terrestrial plants (corn meal and soybean meal) and concurrently decreased proportions of seaweed Sargassum thunbergii. The artificial feed of sea cucumber containing 50% of S. thunbergii was used as the control diet (diet 1), and S. thunbergii were replaced by the mixture of corn meal and soybean meal with the percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% in diets 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Fatty acid profiles of feed ingredients and sea cucumbers fed with the 4 experimental diets were determined. Results showed that fatty acid compositions of sea cucumbers were remarkably affected by those of the diets. Concentrations of fatty acids 16:0, 18:2n-6, 22:6n-3 and ∑ n-6 in sea cucumbers appeared to positively correlate with those in the diets. In contrast, contents of fatty acids 20:1n-9, 22:1n-9, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3 in sea cucumbers showed a significant increase with the increasing levels of corn meal and soybean meal in diets, even though the contents of these fatty acids in corn meal and soybean meal were lower, even absent, compared with S. thunbergii suggesting that sea cucumbers might have the ability to synthesize these fatty acids. Data of the growth performance revealed that sea cucumbers showed the highest weight gain in diet 2 and the lowest weight gain in diet 4 while the growth of the sea cucumbers in diet 3 did not remarkably differ with those in the control group.

Utilization of corn meal and extruded soybean meal by sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka): Insights from carbon stable isotope analysis

Feed utilization of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) fed diets with different proportions of terrestrial plants, including corn meal and extruded soybean meal, as the substitutes of brown algae Sargassum thunbergii was determined by means of carbon stable isotope analysis. Carbon stable isotope ratios (δ13C) of the different ingredients in diets and the isotopic shifts of sea cucumber fed different diets were determined. The different δ13C values of the various ingredients and the changing ratios of the different ingredients in the formulated diets resulted in the distinguishable isotopic signal between different diet types, and the shifts in the δ13C values of sea cucumber in different groups showed a tendency to approach the δ13C values of corresponding diets. Replacement of S. thunbergii by the mixture of corn meal and extruded soybean meal in formulated diets with suitable proportion might promote the growth of sea cucumber owing to the relatively higher utilization efficiency of corn meal and extruded soybean meal compared to S. thunbergii. However, further replacement of S. thunbergii by the mixture of corn meal and extruded meal in diets resulted in the decreased utilization efficiency of corn meal and extruded soybean meal by sea cucumber and the subsequent reduction in the growth performance of sea cucumber.

Enhancement Effects of Dietary Wheat Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles on Growth, Immunity, and Resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri Challenge of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Juvenile channel catfish were fed for 12 wk with diets containing wheat distiller's dried grains with solubles (WDDGS) at levels of 0 (diet 1), 10, 20, 30, and 40% without lysine supplementation (diets 2–5) or with lysine supplementation (diets 6–9) as substitutes of soybean and corn meal mixture. Fish fed diet 5 had the lowest weight gain (WG), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed intake (FI), and survival. Fish fed diets 7–9 had significantly higher WG, FER, and PER than fish fed diet 1. Body protein decreased in fish fed diets 4 and 5, while body lipid tended to increase in fish fed WDDGS‐containing diets. Fish fed diet 5 developed anemia. The number of days to first mortality was delayed and cumulative mortality 21‐d post‐challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri was lower in fish fed WDDGS‐containing diets relative to fish fed diet 1. Further decrease in mortality was obtained in fish fed diets with 20–40% WDDGS, regardless of lysine supplementation. Serum protein, immunoglobulin, and lysozyme were unaffected by dietary treatments. Serum complement and antibody titer against E. ictaluri significantly differed among treatments but did not appear to be related to cumulative mortality following experimental challenge.

OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRUSION COOKING OF CORNMEAL AS RAW MATERIAL FOR BAKERY PRODUCTS

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was the optimization of extrusion process for the production of extruded cornmeal (ECM) that may be used in the production of corn bread by a direct procedure. The extrusion process variables, barrel temperature, Et (111–159C), moisture content, Mc (12.10–24.77%) and screw speed, Ss (160–460 rpm), were considered and their influence on moisture content of milled extrudates (ME), expansion index (EI), bulk density (BD), water solubility index (WSI), water absorption index (WAI) and cold paste viscosity (CPV) of extrudates was investigated. The influence of ECM addition on viscosity of wheat flour and cornmeal mixture was monitored. The optimimum combination of extrusion conditions was Mc = 21.21%; Et = 145C; Ss = 263.5 rpm. The properties of ECM under optimal extrusion conditions were Mc, 10.97%; EI, 4.22; WAI, 7.84 g gel/g dm; WSI, 14.88%; BD, 36.35 g/100 mL and CPV, 1,220 BU. In the quantity of 30% calculated on the wheat flour quantity, the ECM can be used for the production of corn breads by a direct procedure. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONCorn flour obtained by dry milling of maize, namely in a mixture with wheat flour, has been used in Southeastern Europe for centuries in theproduction of bakery products. Cornstarch granules swell more slowly and gelatinize at a higher gelatinization temperature than starch granules of wheat flour, while corn proteins are incapable of dough formation. The properties of finished corn bakery products depend significantly on the quantity and temperature of the boiling water used for the mix (60–100% of total water quantity added to the mix) and the steaming time of the corn flour (3–12 h), which is the first and critical stage in the process of corn bread and rolls production. The quality of finished products depends significantly on the baker's experience.The purpose of this work was to determine the optimal extrusion process variables for the production of the gelatinized cornmeal that can be used in the production of bakery products by a direct procedure, without prior steaming of cornmeal. This could significantly reduce the processing time and energy consumption, while the product will still be of consistent and even better quality.

Effect of tea saponin on rumen fermentation in vitro

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of tea saponins (TS) on ruminal fermentation in vitro using gas syringes as incubators. The TS were added at levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg against 200 mg mixture of corn meal and grass meal (1/1, w/w) in rumen fluid. In vitro gas production (GP) was recorded and methane concentration was determined at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h incubation. After 24 h, the incubation was stopped and the inoculants were determined for pH, ammonia-N, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), protozoa counts and microbial protein yield. The GP was increased with the increasing level of TS except 8 mg at 24 h, which kept little change from that of the control. Methane concentration was decreased at all levels of TS at each incubation time. At 24 h incubation, inclusion with 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg of TS decreased methane concentration by 13, 22, 25 and 26%, respectively. The pH of ruminal fluid was slightly lower at 4 and 6 mg TS, but all values were in the normal range. Ammonia-N concentrations decreased significantly ( P < 0.01) when the TS were included. Concentrations of individual and total VFAs were not significantly effected by TS addition. The TS significantly inhibited the protozoa growth in ruminal fluid ( P < 0.01). At 24 h incubation, protozoa counts were reduced by 19, 25, 45 and 79%, respectively at levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 mg of TS compared to that in control. The microbial protein was enhanced with the TS addition except 2 mg level, and reached 1.92, 2.36 and 2.61 mg/mL with addition of 4, 6 and 8 mg TS, compared to 1.50 mg/mL in control. It is suggested that TS could modify the rumen fermentation and inhibit the release of methane and ammonia, which may be beneficial for improving nutrient utilization and animal growth.

Constituents in Diets for Galleria mellonella

In tests to develop a high quality, low cost diet for rearing the greater wax moth for egg production, it was found that both beeswax and honey increased cost without increasing egg production. Yeast was a desirable constituent and Wheast® was superior to baker's yeast or brewer's yeast. Wheast could be reduced to ca. 3% without adverse effects. A mixture of bran, cornmeal, and wheat flour resulted in less expensive egg production than baby cereal or a mixture of CSM® and CSMA®. Optimum proportions were: liquid to dry ingredients, 40/60; glycerin to water in the liquid ingredients, 35/65; bran to a 50/50 mixture of cornmeal and wheat flour in the dry ingredients, 40/60.

Relationships between End Products of Rumen Fermentation and Utilization of Metabolizable Energy for Milk Production

Summary Three rations in which the proportion of estimated net energy (ENE) derived from hay or a concentrate mixture of corn meal and soybean meal was varied from 50% hay–50% concentrate (Ration A) to 75% hay–25% concentrate (Ration B) or 100% hay (Ration C) were fed to six, mature, lactating Holstein cows. The end products of rumen fermentation (total methane production and molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen) were studied in relation to lactation efficiency. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME). The molar proportion of acetic acid present in the rumen declined from 71.4 to 65.3% (P The proportions of digestible carbohydrates calculated to be fermented, using a theoretical fermentation balance equation proposed by Wolin, were 86, 84, and 81% for Rations A, B, and C, respectively. The simple correlations between volatile fatty acid (VFA) proportions and lactation efficiency were: r = −0.73 for acetic acid, +0.43 for propionic acid, and +0.67 for butyric acid (P

A Study Of Bacillus Bulgaricus: (Synonyms Bacillus of Massol, B. acidophilus, Boas-Oppler bacillus, Bacillus panis fermentati, Streptobacillus lebenis, Leptothrix buccalis.)

In a preliminary note, presented at the meeting of The Society of American Bacteriologists at Baltimore, 1908, we reported the finding of a bacillus resembling B. bulgaricus, an organism which has been studied extensively because of the fact that Metchnikoff recommends its use in the artificial preparation of buttermilk. According to our investigations, this bacillus is the principal agent which produces lactic acid in salt-rising bread, the acid thus formed decomposing sodium bicarbonate, with the liberation of carbon dioxide. Salt-rising bread, as is well known, is started by a mixture of meal, usually cornmeal, with milk, saleratus, and a small amount of salt. The liberation of carbon dioxide causes the rising of the dough. We ascertained that the active bacillus was present in the cornmeal, since a mixture of cornmeal and sterilized milk revealed the organism in large numbers and practically in pure culture. This bacillus is somewhat difficult to cultivate, and we found that the ordinary laboratory media are quite inadequate. Sterilized milk or media prepared from milk seem the most favorable, although the addition of glucose to broth increases multiplication if the incubation temperature is high enough, i. e., 370 C. or higher. Several descriptions of bacilli producing a large amount of acid, much more than the ordinary lactic-acid bacteria, have appeared in the literature, and the suggestion of Metchnikoff has induced several workers to take up the study again. Fermented milk beverages, especially, have been investigated, and organisms found which resemble each other closely. They are described as large bacilli, which occur singly or in filaments, produce large amounts of acid in milk (up to three per cent), and are gram positive. The descriptions are not complete, owing probably to the fact that the organisms do not