Core-spun Yarn Research Articles

Developing a rheological model for predicting stress relaxation behavior of cotton-covered elastane core-spun yarns

Developing a rheological model for predicting stress relaxation behavior of cotton-covered elastane core-spun yarns

Durable antibacterial and temperature regulated core-spun yarns for textile health and comfort applications

Antibacterial textiles play an important role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. However, the development of their application is limited due to the lack of controlled release of antibacterial agents, low antibacterial efficiency and poor antibacterial durability under high temperature environment. The preparation of antimicrobial nanofibers by heating-controlled release and electrospinning may be an effective solution. In this paper, we prepared twisted composite yarns with high abrasion resistance, excellent electrothermal properties, light properties, antibacterial properties and slow-release properties using the technique of conjugate electrospinning combined with the conventional twisting process. With an applied voltage of 2 V, the temperature of the composite twisted fabric can reach 45 ℃, which obviously promotes the release of antibacterial agent in the nanofiber compared with the normal temperature. The photo thermoelectric properties of the yarn also enable body temperature management, with heating to high temperatures at low voltages. In addition, the twisted composite yarn inhibited S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans up to 99.6 %, 95.7 % and 72.5 %, respectively, and the inhibition rate was almost unchanged after 20 times of water washing. The twisted composite yarn reported in the present article would provide a new methodology for to multi-functional textiles.

Large-scalable fabrication of liquid metal-based double helix core-spun yarns for capacitive sensing, energy harvesting, and thermal management

Yarn-based flexible sensors are the crucial components of intelligent wearable electronics. However, the mass fabrication of high-performance yarn sensors with multifunctional and wear-comfortable remains a challenge. Herein, liquid metal-based double helix core-spun yarns (DHCYs) can be massively produced via a facile friction core-spinning for human motion monitoring, energy harvesting and thermal management. Due to the stable double helix and hierarchical structure, the yarn and its fabric exhibit combined superiority of flexibility, breathability and washability. The yarn strain sensor demonstrates a good workable range (100%), high sensitivity, ultra-low hysteresis and high durability (6000 cycles). For energy harvesting, the plain-woven fabric exhibits the excellent triboelectric performance of 50 V open-circuit voltage (VOC), 500 nA short-circuit current (ISC), and 100 nC short-circuit transferred charge (QSC). Moreover, owing to the high electrical conductivity of liquid metal, the DHCYs present a fast temperature response and achieve a stabilized temperature from 16 ℃ to 45 ℃ within 80 s under 6 V. As proof of concept, we demonstrate the electrothermochromism and heat preservation of DHCYs, indicating its great potential in smart textiles, wearable devices and human-machine interfaces.

DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AND ECOLOGICAL HYBRID YARNS: HEMP FIBER IN DENIM FABRIC PRODUCTION

This study aims to develop and characterize more sustainable and ecological yarns as an alternative to 100% cotton in traditional denim fabric production by using hemp fiber. For this purpose, conventional ring, core-spun and dual core-spun yarns were spun from three blend proportions of organic cotton/hemp fibers as 100:0, 80:20 and 70:30 in percentages. Hemp and organic cotton were used as sheath fiber, and elastane type (Lycra and T400) – as core fiber in the yarn structures. According to the results, the sheath fiber type and blend ratio greatly influenced all yarns’ physical characteristics. Using hemp fiber in the yarn structure generally decreased the yarn properties, as expected. However, the best results by using hemp fiber in the yarn structures were achieved by using 20% hemp fiber in the sheath of the yarn structure. Further increasing this rate to 30% worsened the yarn properties considerably, regardless of the core component. When the yarns were evaluated in terms of sustainability and performance, 80/20% organic cotton/hemp blended yarns had the optimum yarn properties.

Fabrication and infrared thermograms of heating fabrics woven by CNT coated yarns

CNT coated yarns have become desirable alternatives for metal wires in warmth and health care clothing. An efficient heating fabric was prepared using CNT coated yarns as wefts, metal core-spun yarns as electrode warps and polyester filaments as heating region warps. The effects of weaving parameters on resistance of yarns and electrodes were investigated. The resistance of CNT coated yarns changed greatly with elongation rate. The adjustment of weft tensions before weaving was beneficial for heating performance. Compared with uniaxial beaming, biaxial beaming can obtain more stable electrode resistance. CNTs fabrics exhibited high ability of far infrared emission. The relationship between temperature requirement and heating fabric piece size was put forward. Compared with other heating components, CNTs functional fabrics exhibit outstanding heating performance and suitable for large-scale production.

Preparation of nanofiber core-spun yarn based on cellulose nanowhiskers/quaternary ammonium salts nanocomposites for efficient and durable antibacterial textiles

Antibacterial fabrics are critical for the prevention of illness. Herein, we present a strategy for the preparation of a novel efficient and durable antibacterial nanofiber core-spun yarn (NCY) and antibacterial textile based on cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs)/quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) composites for addressing the problems of easy shedding of antibacterial agents, unstable antibacterial effect, and triggering bacterial resistance in traditional antibacterial textiles. Through a facile coupling procedure, QAS and CNW are synthesized as CNW-QAS, which is a stable nanocomposite antibacterial agent. Based on a conjugated electrospinning device, CNW-QASs are firmly immobilized on the CNW-QAS/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber shell layer by combining in situ doping with co-spinning to construct CNW-QAS/PAN NCY with efficient, fast and durable antibacterial properties. Its antibacterial rates against E. coli and S. aureus are both 99.99% even after multiple washes and long-term storage. In addition, the antibacterial yarn possesses a stress of 42.25 MPa and strain of 96.08%, providing excellent mechanical properties and flexibility. The exceptional performance makes CNW-QAS/PAN NCY a promising candidate for next generation antibacterial textiles.

A study on fatigue behaviour of cotton/lycra core spun yarns

Core spun yarn gives denim fabrics durability and flexibility, which has increased the focus on these yarns among denim manufacturers in recent years. These yarns undergo tensile fatigue loading, a typical phenomenon that happens on various parts of clothing, during use and wear. The study on the response of yarns during cyclic loading is essential because it leads to a better understanding of the growth characteristics when repeatedly loaded during the use of core spun yarn fabrics. In this study, the impact of various production parameters such as linear density, stretch percentage, twist multiplier, and the number of cyclic loading on the fatigue value of core-spun yarns was investigated. 18 different core spun yarns were manufactured by modified ring spinning to investigate the effect of various production parameters on fatigue value before and after 10, 20, and 30 load cycles. Experimental results showed that there is an increase in fatigue value with an increase in the number of load cycles. Statistical analysis showed that there is a significant effect of linear density, stretch percentage, and twist multiplier on the fatigue value of yarn. There is a reduction in fatigue value with an increase in linear density, stretch percentage, and twist multiplier of yarn. The contribution of the number of cyclic loading was found to be more dominating in comparison to other process parameters like linear density, twist multiplier, and stretch percentage on the fatigue value of core-spun yarns.

Moisture Management Properties of Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics Made from Regenerated Bamboo: Polyester Core-Spun Yarns

ABSTRACT Today, the capacity to regulate moisture is one of the most crucial qualities of knitted fabrics. This study focuses on the interaction between core ratio, twist, and loop length on the moisture management capabilities of single jersey knitted textiles manufactured from 100% regenerated bamboo, 80:20 regenerated bamboo: polyester yarns, and 60:40 regenerated bamboo: polyester yarns. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize the design parameters in this study. It was discovered that the moisture management qualities were improved by the increased polyester core content, high twist, and short loop length. Single jersey knitted fabrics made from 100% regenerated bamboo yarns swiftly wick away sweat and maintain moisture in their structure, resulting in a very fast wetting rate, spreading speed, and extremely large maximum wetted radius, as well as a very excellent AOTI value and very good OMMC ratings. Additionally, it can be suggested that single jersey knitted textiles consisting of core-spun yarns provide quick absorption and quick drying rates, meeting the needs of sportswear applications.

Fabrication and Characterization of Jute-covered Core-spun Yarn Produced on Flyer-spinning Frame

Recently, the consumption of core-spun yarn is increasing owing to its growing application in functional textiles. In a core-spun yarn, filaments as a core material are being used to provide functional properties, while natural fibers as a cover material are being used to provide surface physical properties and a natural outlook. In this study, jute-covered core-spun yarns containing polyester filaments with different linear densities were made in a modified jute flyer-spinning frame with the distinguishably positioned filament feed. The physico-mechanical properties of the manufactured core-spun yarns were examined, and the results were analyzed with the SPSS software. Compared with the 100% jute yarn, the jute-covered core-spun yarns have significantly higher tenacity (233.13% to 315.5%) and breaking elongation (257.9% to 367%), and lower unevenness (Um%), imperfection values, and degree of hairiness. Such good-quality core-spun yarn can be used in functional, value-added, and different diversified jute products.

A Novel Concept to Produce Submicron-Cotton/Polyester Composite Core-Spun Yarn via Modified Apparatus

ABSTRACT In recent years, due to the special structure and performance, more and more techniques and methods were developed for preparing core-spun yarn. In this article, the submicron-cotton/polyester composite core-spun yarn is produced on conventional ring spinning, in which the polyester staple fibers as core and the sheath were submicron-cotton (Sm-C) fibers, the Sm-C sliver produced by carding machine equipped with a dish-shaped electrospinning device and the core-spun polyester roving covered Sm-C sliver was produced by the roving frame with the modified bell mouth. Three different ratios of submicron-cotton/polyester roving were spun based on the prepared Sm-C sliver, which shows roving formed a core-sheath structure. The coverage rate reaches 100%. The 85Sm-C/15T performance shows that the weight CV (1.0%) and evenness CV (5.0%), then use it to prepare three kinds of spun yarns with 800TPM, 900TPM, and1000TPM, when the twist was increased the structure of the yarn becomes more compact, the long-staple cotton fibers and submicron fibers were intermingled and entangled with each other, and the strength of 900TPM increases by 18.79% compared with 800TPM, the evenness CV decreases by 2.22%, compared with 900TPM, the 1000TPM elongation breaking decreased 9.33%. Consequently, the modified spinning methodology improved the coverage rate, structure, and mechanical properties of submicron-cotton/polyester composite core-spun yarn.

A Study on Highly Effective Electromagnetic Wave Shield Textile Shell Fabrics Made of Point Polyester/Metallic Core-Spun Yarns.

In this study, stainless steel (SS) filaments are wrapped in Ge fibers to form core-spun yarns. The yarns along with 500 D polyester (PET) fibers undergo weaving, thereby forming functional woven fabrics. The experiment is composed of two parts:yarns and fabrics. The yarns are twisted with TPI of 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, and then tested for tensile strength and tensile elongation. The yarns possess mechanical properties that are dependent on the TPI—the higher the TPI, the better the mechanical properties. The maximal mechanical properties occur when the core-spun yarns are made of 12 TPI where the maximal tensile strength is 5.26 N and the lowest elongation is 43.2%. As for the functional woven fabrics, they are made of Ge/SS core-spun yarns as the weft yarns and 500 D PET yarns as the warp yarns. The tensile strength, tensile elongation, negative ion release, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE), and air permeability tests are conducted, determining the optimal woven fabrics. The 12 TPI core-spun yarns provide the woven fabrics with the maximal tensile strength of 153.6 N and the optimal elongation at break of 10.08%. In addition, the woven fabrics made with 8 or 9 TPI core-spun yarns exhibit an optimal EMI SE of 41 dB, an optimal air permeability of 212 cm3/cm2/s, and an optimal release amount of negative ion of 550–600 ions/cc. The proposed woven fabrics have a broad range of applications, such as functional garments and bedding.

Toward 3D double-electrode textile triboelectric nanogenerators for wearable biomechanical energy harvesting and sensing

Textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) have attracted much attention nowadays because of their excellent flexibility and wearability in biomechanical energy harvesting and sensing. However, T-TENGs prepared by current methods of layer-by-layer stacking, stitching, or coating on the surface of fabric still have some problems such as poor comfort, complicated preparation processes, and easy peeling of coating materials. Herein, a 3D double-electrode and machine-knittable fabric TENG (3D-FTENG) with integrated positive and negative triboelectric materials and electrode materials is proposed by coated core-spun yarn and programmable spacer fabric technologies. The triboelectric materials and electrodes of 3D-FTENG are made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) coated and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated Ag-cotton core-spun yarns. With structural design, three 3D-FTENGs with the same surface structures but different intermediate structures are designed and prepared, and the influence of intermediate structures on performance of 3D-FTENG is further studied. The power density of 3D-FTENG with the crisscross structure as intermediate layer reach up to 200.93 mW/m2. The 3D-FTENG is also soft, comfortable, high air permeable and washable. The output electric performance can be maintained after washing cycles and 50,000 cyclic tests. The 3D-FTENG can not only power small electronic products but also monitor human motions, demonstrating good potentials in wearable electronics.

Evaluation of Denim Fabric Performances from Sustainable Yarn

Denim fabric is well accepted, and still, now it has appeal for its variation and technological improvement. Denim is mostly produced from cotton, which is concerned with the sustainability issue. In this article, a new generation of sustainable yarn has been developed from lyocell and cellulosic acetate fiber, blended with cotton fiber having the object to alternate and minimize the cotton fiber amount in the denim production. In this study, denim fabric was produced from Lyocell (Tencel®)/Cotton blended warp yarn and Cellulosic acetate (CA(Naia®))/Cotton blended dual core-spun weft yarn then fabric performances have been analyzed. From the analysis, 100% CO fabric weight changes more than other samples due to higher shrinkage than others. Regenerated yarn samples have lower growth percentages with high elasticity than 100% cotton. Regenerated blended yarn fabric samples have lower tear strength on the weft side than 100% CO sample, but they have more tear and tensile strength on the warp side. Denim fabric from sustainable yarns is also wear comfortable.

Core Spun Based Helical Auxetic Yarn: A Novel Structure for Wearable Protective Textiles

ABSTRACT Textile auxetic materials with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) have potential applications in protective textile, filtration, and energy absorbance. However, cotton core-spun based auxetic textile is rarely investigated. In this study, cotton core-spun (Lycra)-based helical auxetic yarn (HAY) was developed, and the effects of core filament linear density on the auxetic behavior were studied. Core-spun cotton yarns of 8/1 Nec containing core filament (180, 260, and 420 D) were developed. Then, these core-spun yarns were wrapped with 50 D Dyneema filament at 393 twist/m to make the HAY. The diameter, NPR, and tensile strength of HAY were increased with increasing linear density of Lycra filament. Image analysis of HAY containing 420 D Lycra showed 57% diameter increase with the change in axial strain from 0 to 15 mm. The maximum auxetic behavior with NPR of −3.97 and tensile strength of 26.71 cN/tex was observed in 420 D Lycra-based HAY. This study proved that the cotton core spun-based HAY can be produced with significant auxetic properties for practically potential use in wearable protective textiles.

Unique silk-carbon fiber core-spun yarns for developing an advanced hybrid fiber composite with greatly enhanced impact properties

Unique silk-carbon fiber (CF) core-spun yarns (SCCYs) were created via a scalable hollow spindle spinning method. As a novel type of hybrid fiber reinforcement, SCCYs were utilized to develop an advanced hybrid composite (i.e., silk-CF/epoxy resin composites, SCFECs). Avoiding traditional chemical modifications to fibers and matrices, the impact strength of SCFECs is substantially improved without compromising their static strength, ascribed to the distributed SCCYs in SCFECs with strategically located silk wraps at CF bundle-matrix interfaces that behave as the local energy absorbers and provide hoop confinement to individual CF bundles. Notably, the optimal impact strengths of SCFECs with only 5.6 vol% CF-5.2 vol% silk and 11.2 vol% CF-10.4 vol% silk are 50.4 and 64.4 kJ/m2, respectively (about 80% higher than the neat CF composites without silk). This work demonstrates new insights for building advanced hybrid composites with utilizing SCCYs, rendering them well-balanced overall mechanical performance and particularly promoted efficiency of the selected compatible fibers.

Study on Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics Made From Cotton/ Polyester Core Spun Yarns. Part II: Moisture Management Properties

This paper discusses the influence of core sheath ratio, twist and loop length on the moisture management properties of cotton/polyester core spun knitted fabrics. Box behnken, a three level- three variable factorial design was used to study the interactive effects of the dependent variables. Fifteen single jersey fabrics were knitted according to the statistical run and tested for physical and moisture management properties. Increase in polyester percent increases the moisture management properties which decreases the fabric weight and dries quickly. High twisted and tight structured fabrics hold moisture and spread more. The wetting time of all the knitted structures at the top and bottom surface were rated as fast (i.e. 3 to 5). Absorption rate of all the fabrics at the top and bottom surface were graded as medium range. Maximum wetted radius at the top and bottom surface were graded as very large (i.e. >22). Spreading speed of the top and bottom surface were rated as very fast (i.e. >4). 100% cotton knitted fabrics showed excellent (i.e. >400) accumulative one-way transport index and remaining samples were rated as very good (i.e. 200-400). The overall moisture management capacity of the 100% cotton knitted fabrics were rated as excellent compared to core spun knitted fabrics which were graded as very good.

Influence of core yarn structure and yarn count on yarn elastic properties

This work aims to compare the effects of different yarn structures on the elastic properties. A new type of elastic core-spun yarn which is called tri-core (elastane/T400/elastane) yarn is introduced and tested for elastic properties after cyclic loading. The other yarn structures used are single-core/T400, single-core/lycra, dual-core (elastane/T400) yarn, and yarn without a core component (conventional). The five types of yarn structure were produced at three levels of yarn counts (10, 14, and 18 Ne). Elastic properties after cyclic loading including stress decay, permanent deformation, elastic recovery, and relaxation rate were calculated and statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance. The scanning electron microscopy images of the five structures used were produced to illustrate the structure of these yarns. The results determined that elastane/T400/elastane core-spun and single-core/T400 yarns have higher values for most of the elastic properties. It was found that yarn count and yarn structure significantly affect stress decay, while the yarn structure significantly affects permanent deformation and elastic recovery. On the other hand, yarn count significantly affects the relaxation rate. Data showed that the number of cyclic tests significantly influences yarn elastic recovery.

The Effect of Fiber Types Used as Core/Wrapper Fibers in Multi-component Yarns on the Stretch Properties of Denim Fabrics

ABSTRACT Denim fabrics are one of the important research fields in the textile industry. Super stretch denim fabrics that have more than 30% elasticity are among the hottest trends in denim fabrics recently. The entire process chain, from raw material to finished product, must be considered when developing fabrics with high stretch values. Previously, only 100% cotton yarn was used in the denim industry; however, some new generation yarn types are currently being used. Different multi-component core-spun yarns were produced and used as a weft yarn in five different denim fabrics. The study aimed to investigate the influence of fiber types used as core (EL: elastane, PBT: polybutylene terephthalate, T400®: PET/PTT) or as wrap fibers (cotton, modal, EME: Elastomeric multi ester) into the new developed core-spun yarns, on the stretch properties of denim fabrics. Experimental and statistical results show that fiber types used as core/wrappers in the multi-component weft yarns significantly affect all stretch properties of denim fabrics. Fabrics composed of weft yarn with the EL+T400® in the core and EME/CO in the wrapper gave the best results in stretch properties.

Optimization of electromagnetic shielding of three-dimensional orthogonal woven hybrid fabrics in ku band frequency region by response surface methodology

Electromagnetic shielding (EMS) has become the necessity of the present era due to enormous expansion in electronic devices accountable to emit electromagnetic radiation. The principal target of this paper is to originate three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal fabrics with conductive hybrid weft yarn and to determine their electromagnetic shielding. DREF-III core-spun yarn using copper filament in the core and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) fiber on the sheath and fabric constructed of such yarn has a promising electromagnetic shielding characteristic. Box–Behnken experimental design has been employed to prepare various samples to investigate the electromagnetic shielding efficiency of 3D orthogonal woven structures. The orthogonal fabric samples were tested in an electromagnetic Ku frequency band using free space measurement system (FSMS) to estimate absorbance, reflectance, transmittance, and electromagnetic shielding. The increase in copper core filament diameter and hybrid yarn linear density enhances the EMS of orthogonal fabric. Statistical analysis has been done to bring out the effect and interaction of various yarn and fabric variables on EMS. Metal filament diameter, orientation, sheath fibers percentage, and fabric constructional parameters significantly affected electromagnetic shielding efficiency. The inferences of this study can be applied in other 3D structures like angle interlock, spacer fabrics for curtains, and coverings for civilians and military applications.

Fabrication and characterization of impact-resistant core-spun yarn fabrics with a hydroxylated fullerene-strengthened shear thickening fluid

Shear thickening fluid (STF) is investigated to strength soft armor; however, its impact resistance still does not meet practical needs. In this work, a small amount of hydroxylated fullerene (C60) was mixed with STF to improve the thickening ratio. First, furfuryl alcohol (FA) was grafted onto C60 through a Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction to improve the dispersity of C60 in the STF. Sheath-core composite fibers (polyketone (PK) as the sheath and STF as the core) were then fabricated by coaxial electrospinning. Finally, composite fibers containing STF and C60 were wrapped on the surface of aramid yarns to fabricate a core-spun yarn. Under impact, these core-spun yarns manifested the characteristics of aramid fibers and the thickening advantages of the STF, solving problems of the hygroscopicity, migration, and leakage of STF. In addition, the content of STF was also greatly increased. The spike punching resistance of the core-spun yarn fabric is about 2.8 times that of the aramid fabric (AF) under the same area density. Impact-resistant core-spun yarn fabrics could provide a new direction for the development of soft armor.