Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Research Articles

Low Loss in a Gas Filled Hollow Core Photonic crystal fiber

The work in this paper focuses on the experimental confirming of the losses in photonic crystal fibers (PCF) on the transmission of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. First HC-PCF was evacuated to 0.1 mbar then the microstructure fiber (PCF) was filled with He gas & gas. Second the input power and output power of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was measured in hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HCPCF). In this work loss was calculated in the hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) filled with air then N2, and He gases respectively. It has bean observed that the minimum loss obtained in case of filling (HC-PCF) with He gas and its equal to 15.070 dB/km at operating wavelength (1040-1090) nm.

Highly birefringent hexagonal porous core photonic crystal fiber for polarization maintaining integrated THz-photonics applications

Highly birefringent hexagonal porous core photonic crystal fiber for polarization maintaining integrated THz-photonics applications

High birefringent slotted core slotted cladding porous core PCF for THz waveguide

A novel design featuring a porous core photonic crystal fiber (PC-PCF) is proposed in this paper for terahertz (THz) waveguide application. This work uses finite element method (FEM) and a boundary condition related to perfectly matched layer (PML) for analyzing the guiding properties. This methodology is supported by a fiber type featuring a slotted core and slotted cladding, utilizing Zeonex as the material. It offers high birefringence valued at 0.0978, small confinement loss of 10−14 dB/cm, a meager amount of effective material loss (EML) valued at 0.011697 dB/cm and a very high core power fraction (CPF) of 67.156%. Additionally, it shows a flattened pattern of dispersion measuring 0.4 ± 0.2 ps/THz/cm at an extensive frequency range of 0.5 THz to 2 THz. Other significant waveguide properties: effective refractive index, numerical aperture (NA), V-parameter, effective area, spot size, and beam divergence of the suggested fiber are numerically analyzed and conferred thoroughly. Regarding its mode of operation, the proposed fiber primarily functions in multimode, but it can also operate in single mode for higher porosity levels and lower core diameters. This unique characteristic renders the proposed PC-PCF structure well-suited for a broad range of applications, offering versatility as to its mode of operation.

Retraction Note: Modulation instability induced supercontinuum generation in defective core photonic crystal fiber

Retraction Note: Modulation instability induced supercontinuum generation in defective core photonic crystal fiber

Early diagnosis of Chikungunya virus utilizing square core photonic crystal fiber (SC-PCF) with extremely high relative sensitivity

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) poses a significant public health threat due to its capacity to cause widespread and debilitating outbreaks. The virus is responsible for CHIKV fever, a disease characterized by severe joint pain, sudden onset of fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. The virus has been reported in various regions globally, with outbreaks occurring in parts of Africa, Asia, the Americas, and the Indian subcontinent. Consequently, the scientific community expends substantial efforts in developing dependable, rapid, highly sensitive, and cost-effective techniques in order to identify the CHIKV virus. In this study, an innovative biomedical sensor using photonic crystal fiber technology enables precise detection of the CHIKV virus through uric acid, normal and infected plasma, red blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The introduced sensor identifies those kinds with extremely increased relative sensitivity and minimal losses in contrast to alternative photonic crystal fiber-based biosensors. The introduced sensor showcases a minimal confinement loss of 2.25 × 10− 13 cm− 1, a relative sensitivity of 99.37%, an effective area of 1.36 × 105 µm2, with a minimal effective material loss of 0.001966 cm–1, a numerical aperture of 0.1874, and low dispersion of 0.06. Also, the demonstrated sensor is able to function within the terahertz spectrum, covering a substantial span from 0.8 to 2.6 THz. Furthermore, an extensive comparison analysis is performed between the showcased sensor and related literature on photonic crystal fibers to verify the reliability and effectiveness of the introduced structure.

Ultra-short pulse: A comprehensive way of sensing pure solvents through hollow core photonic crystal fiber sensor

Chemicals like acetone, ethanol, hexane, isopropanol, and hexanol are essential components of our daily routines, serving critical functions in various industries and medical settings. Therefore, it is essential to perform thorough examinations to identify any contamination in these substances, which is crucial for preserving their high quality and confirming their appropriateness for different uses. The detection of these chemicals is done using a novel approach utilizing ultra-short pulses passed through Hollow-Core-Photonic Crystal Fiber based sensor. The fiber characteristics including the non-linear and dispersion parameters are used to sense the change in shape of the ultra-short pulse as the pulse travels through the HC-PCF. By implementing this approach, we've attained distinctive levels of compression sensitivity and power upsurge for the samples tailored to each specific input setup. A minimum compression sensitivity has been recorded as 24.5 % when the input power was 600W, resulting in an outstanding power upsurge of 719 W.

Highly universal sensitive star core photonic crystal fiber (S-PCF)-based sensor for both chemical and biomedical applications

Highly universal sensitive star core photonic crystal fiber (S-PCF)-based sensor for both chemical and biomedical applications

Innovative Refractive Index Sensor Utilizing Terahertz Spectrum for Early Cancer Detection: a Photonic Crystal Fiber Approach.

In this article, we have presented a new cancer sensor with a square core Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) to detect the cancerous tissues of the cervix, breast, and skin. This process is thus streamlined and separated by PCF due to its excellent detection characteristics. All required configurations using the finite element method are developed, and various performances of the model are studied using MATLAB. The results depict a mathematical analysis regarding the effectiveness of the sensor within the frequency range of 1.0-2.8 THz. Its relative sensitivity becomes around 99.85% at 2.2 THz with 8.49 × 10-14 dB/m for CL. This PCF has a spot size 3.06 × 10-4 μm that further contributes an effective area of 9.078 × 10-8 m2. Moreover, it has a very small EML of 0.00182 cm-1. This device uses the unique photonic properties of cancer cells to provide quick, reliable, and really very accurate methods for cancer cell identification, such as in breast, cervical, and skin cancers. Due to small size and flexibility, only minimally invasive operations are possible. Real-time monitoring can also be provided, hence improving immediate evaluation and therapy efficacy. This article introduces a novel integration of PCF technology with THz radiation to create a highly sensitive sensor for early cancer detection. By utilizing THz waves' non-invasive and high-resolution properties, this sensor overcomes the sensitivity limitations of traditional methods. It also addresses scattering issues from conventional air hole shapes through optimized geometric configurations, setting a new standard in biomedical sensing and potentially revolutionizing early cancer diagnostics.

Ultra-broadband similariton generation in a carbon disulfide core photonic crystal fiber for wavelength division multiplexing technology

Ultra-broadband similariton generation in a carbon disulfide core photonic crystal fiber for wavelength division multiplexing technology

Polarization rotator with large bandwidth and low insert loss based on lemon core photonic crystal fiber

Polarization rotator with large bandwidth and low insert loss based on lemon core photonic crystal fiber

High birefringence low loss nearly zero flat dispersion similar to slotted core photonic crystal fibers

Abstract Studying high-performance photonic crystal fibers (PCF) is of significant scientific importance for terahertz (THz) waveguide systems. This study introduces a novel PCF design with a core composed of the smallest sub-wavelength units resembling a slotted structure, aiming to achieve high birefringence and low loss. The optical properties of the proposed PCF are analyzed through simulations, yielding impressive results. The PCF exhibits an ultra-high birefringence of 0.07848, a minimum limiting loss of 10−17 dB/cm, and an effective material loss as low as 0.04251 cm−1. Moreover, it demonstrates near-zero flat dispersion of −0.012 ± 0.074 ps/THz/cm over a broad frequency range of 1.2–2.2 THz. This fiber stands out by not only providing high birefringence but also by striking an optimal balance among birefringence, transmission loss, and dispersion for THz waveguides. The implications of this work are profound for the development of THz communication systems, THz polarization-maintaining transmission, and sensing applications. Furthermore, it established an important benchmark for the design of THz-PCFs that prioritize high birefringence, low loss, and near-zero flat dispersion, offering an essential reference for future research and development in this field.

Design and analysis of hexagonal astroid-like shaped core photonic crystal fiber for highly non-linear applications

Design and analysis of hexagonal astroid-like shaped core photonic crystal fiber for highly non-linear applications

Innovative suspended ring core fiber for SERS application

Solid core photonic crystal fibers (SC-PCFs) have garnered attention as probes for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) due to their potential as optofluidic devices, offering heightened sensitivity and reliability compared to traditional planar/colloidal nanoparticle-based SERS platforms. A smaller core allows for more light interaction but might compromise sensitivity and reliability due to reduced surface area for interaction. Here, we introduce an innovative SC-PCF design aimed at resolving the trade-off between increasing the evanescent field fraction and the core surface area. By substituting a suspended silica rod with a suspended thin-silica ring, we augment the surface area for attached nanoparticles by one order of magnitude while retaining a substantial amount of evanescent light interaction with the analyte. Experimental findings showcase an improved sensitivity in SERS signal compared to previously reported top-performing PCF sensor designs. Importantly, with necessary refinement and optimization, this innovative fiber design extends beyond SERS applications, potentially amplifying the sensitivity of various other fiber-based sensing platforms.

Mechanically induced long period gratings in different silica multi-layered optical fibers

This work presents a thorough comparative investigation of mechanically induced long period gratings (MILPGs) realized in different unconventional multi-layered silica optical fibers: two double cladding fibers (DCF), with progressively three layered (PTL) and W-type structures, and a solid core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). A periodic interdigitated grooved structure, based on the stereo-lithography 3D printing technique, is developed for the grating formation in these fibers with simplicity and cost-effectiveness. Multiple grating periods are developed in the range 480–660 μm, resulting in attenuation bands with depth within 15–25 dB and wide range of tunability over the wavelength range of 1100–1700 nm. The results demonstrate effective management of transmission spectra evolution as a function of the applied weight, with minimal alteration in wavelength position when testing the fiber with or without its coating. Polarization dependent properties of these gratings are also investigated demonstrating a negligible impact. This is the first time that such a broad investigation is conducted about MILPGs in the fibers mentioned earlier with broad scouting in fabrication parameters, opening to the application of such devices for sensing and communication purposes.

Design of uncomplicated triangular core PCF for enhanced non-linearity applications

An innovative design of Photonic Crystal Fibre (PCF) for enhanced non-linearity applications using simulation with the Finite Element Method (FEM) is presented. The PCF is a kind of fibre optic waveguide that has air-holes along the entire length of the optical fibre, which exploits its exclusive features of being continuously single-moded and having a modifiable spot-size and dispersion properties for various linear and non-linear applications. This proposed triangular core PCF is made of silica material with a refractive index of 1.445 and features three large air-holes placed 120° apart in the core, each with a refractive index of 1.00. The air-holes have a pitch length of 6.03 μm and a radius of 2.86 μm, and the wavelength of operation is 1.55 μm. The proposed PCF design has a large diameter to pitch ratio (d/Λ) of up to 0.95, resulting in a reduced spot-size of just above 1.00 μm2. This indicates that the proposed triangular core PCF design could be used to enhance non-linearity applications. This study introduces a novel structure that simplifies construction by employing three strategically positioned large air-holes in the cladding, thus achieving the necessary properties for guiding light through the core. This streamlined approach overcomes complexities associated with previous designs from the literature, hence, offering a practical solution for effective light guidance while minimising construction difficulties. This inventive proposed PCF design can be fabricated using the Stack and Draw process or the slurry casting method.

Ultra high birefringent dispersion flattened fiber in terahertz regime

Abstract In the current study, a novel Zeonex based porous core photonic crystal fiber (PC-PCF) is presented for polarization-maintaining and dispersion flattened in the terahertz (THz) region. For minimizing the Effective Material Loss (EML), an array of three rectangular and six triangular air holes are surrounded by hexagonal-shaped cladding. Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed through Comsol V5.3a software to design and examine the essential features of the proposed porous core fiber which revealed that it has an extremely small EML of 0.04 cm−1 at 1.2 THz and has almost zero flattened dispersion of 0.8 ± 0.08 ps/THz/cm in 1.0–1.4 THz frequency spectrum. Moreover, the optimum designing parameters offer an extremely high value of birefringence (0.043 at 1.2 THz). Besides, other major features notably bending loss, effective area, and confinement loss are also found to be precise and relatively low. For effective, adaptable and fitting transmission characteristics, this type of design would lay the foundations for broadband THz radiation wide variety of usage in the THz regime.

Reliable and easy-to-use SERS spectroscopy probe using a tapered opto-fluidic photonic crystal fiber.

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is one of the most sensitive biosensing techniques that offers label free detection for a variety of applications. Generally, SERS spectroscopy is performed on nano-functionalized planar substrates with plasmonic structures or colloidal nanoparticles. Recently, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have gained great interest for SERS based bio sensing applications due to the immense advantages such as improved sensitivity, flexibility and remote sensing capability that it offers compared to the planar substrates. However, the use of PCF based biosensors demand the alignment of it under a microscope, which can affect the reliability of SERS measurements and could be restrictive for practical end use applications. Herein, we aim to develop a tapered suspended core PCF fiber (Tapered-SuC-PCF) that represents an improvement in coupling efficiency and measurement reliability as well as it opens the way to the development of an easy-to-use bio-sensing probes with a plug and play option with conventional Raman spectrometers. We have fabricated several samples of the optimized tapered-SuC-PCF and demonstrated its superior SERS performance compared to standard SuC-PCF fibers with 2 µm core diameter. An excellent SERS measurement reliability is demonstrated using such a fiber in a plug and play type system demonstrating its versatility for practical end use applications.

Role of structural asymmetry on the delivery of all-optical logical binary half adder in an asymmetric triple core photonic crystal fiber

This article explores the influence of structural asymmetry on the delivery of all-optical logical binary half adder function through triple-core photonic crystal fiber. For the proposed aim, the study considers different configurations of symmetric as well as asymmetric triple-core photonic crystal fiber involving optical guiding cores arranged in a planar and triangular fashion. The role of geometrical asymmetry is investigated by considering an asymmetric triple core photonic crystal fiber with a minor variation in one of the guiding core radii. Through the extinction ratio calculations, with suitable input signal combinations and control signal power, the half adder operation is demonstrated via logic outputs. The obtained results show the significant role of geometrical asymmetry indicated by the variation in the extinction ratios for the individual configurations. However, the half adder operation is found to be robust even in the presence of considerable geometrical asymmetry, with a significant figure of merit. Apart from this, a minor shift in the control signal phase is also observed between symmetric and asymmetric configurations for delivering logic gates based on the half adder function.

Photonics for AI and AI for photonics integration : Materials and characteristics

Photonics and artificial intelligence (AI) are two rapidly advancing fields that have the potential to revolutionize various technological domains. This paper explores the convergence of photonics and AI, focusing on the integration of photonics for AI applications and the utilization of AI techniques for advancing photonics technology. Paper explores the materials used in photonics for AI systems, highlighting their unique characteristics and advantages. Additionally, examine how AI methodologies such as machine learning and neural networks are applied in optimizing photonics systems, enhancing their sensitivity performance and enabling novel functionalities. Through this exploration, results obtained provide sensitivity analysis and refractive index calculation of twin core photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The synergistic relationship between photonics and AI and its potential implications for advancing information and optimization sciences is also presented.

Correction to: Study of the optical properties for low‑loss rectangular porous core photonic crystal fiber (R‑PCF) topology for biomedical sensing application

Correction to: Study of the optical properties for low‑loss rectangular porous core photonic crystal fiber (R‑PCF) topology for biomedical sensing application