Core Level Research Articles

Spectroscopic investigations on trivalent ruthenium ions in ruthenium perovskite oxide thin films

The d5 electron configurations under the crystal field, spin–orbit coupling, and Coulomb interaction give rise to a plethora of profound ground states. Ruthenium perovskite oxides exhibit a number of unconventional properties yet the Ru4+ state (4d4) is usually stable in these materials. In this regard, Ru3+ ions in perovskite materials are expected to be a mesmerizing playground of 4d5 electron configurations. Here, we report measurements of x-ray photoemission spectroscopy on recently synthesized perovskite ruthenium oxide thin films, LaRuO3 and NdRuO3, whose valence state of the ruthenium ions is trivalent. We discuss correlation and spin–orbit effects from the valence band spectra, in particular an additional peak structure around 3–5 eV, reminiscent of the so-called 3 eV peak observed in Sr2RuO4. Moreover, we find that the core-level spectra of these materials are quantitatively different from those in other ruthenates, which possess Ru4+ ions, e.g., SrRuO3. We therefore argue that the core level spectra of LaRuO3 and NdRuO3 are peculiar to the Ru3+ states.

Core electron temperature turbulence and transport during sawtooth oscillations in the DIII-D tokamak

Sawteeth are one of the concerning instabilities in ITER and future burning plasma experiments. Sawtooth dynamics and its interaction with broadband plasma turbulence has been a challenge for predictive simulations of core transport in future fusion devices. This study provides new observations of core turbulence behavior during sawtooth oscillations in DIII-D hydrogen L-mode neutral beam injection heated plasmas in an inner wall limited configuration. A strong correlation of electron temperature and density turbulence levels with the sawtooth oscillation phase has been observed at locations inside the T e inversion radius and/or safety factor q = 1 magnetic surface. The T e turbulence amplitude in the core during the sawtooth ramp exhibits a critical T e gradient behavior inside but not near the T e inversion radius/q = 1 magnetic surface. The most unstable mode calculated from the trapped gyro-landau fluid turbulence simulations reveal a change from low-k ion-type to low-k electron-type modes from pre- to post- sawtooth crash time periods.

Hepatitis B virus particles in serum contain minus strand DNA and degraded pregenomic RNA of variable and inverse lengths.

This study utilized digital PCR to quantify HBV RNA and HBV DNA within three regions of the HBV genome. Analysis of 75 serum samples from patients with chronic infection showed that HBV RNA levels were higher in core than in S and X regions (median 7.20 vs. 6.80 and 6.58 log copies/mL; p < .0001), whereas HBV DNA levels showed an inverse gradient (7.71 vs. 7.73 and 7.77 log copies/mL, p < .001). On average 80% of the nucleic acid was DNA by quantification in core. The core DNA/RNA ratio was associated with viral load and genotype. In individual patients, the relations between RNA levels in core, S and X were stable over time (n = 29; p = .006). The results suggest that pregenomic RNA is completely reverse transcribed to minus DNA in ≈75% of the virus particles, whereas the remaining 25% contain both RNA and DNA of lengths that reflect variable progress of the polymerase.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, structural, and radiation shielding properties for transparent borosilicate glasses

The current work investigates the impact of SrO content on the structural, physical, and shielding properties of xSrO-10TiO2–10SiO2-(65-x) B2O3, where (15 ≤ x ≤ 30) glasses. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and radiation shielding features were utilized to investigate the samples’ features. XRD results affirmed the amorphous behavior. The FTIR values presented many peaks attributed to SiO2 and B2O3. The Sr30B50 sample (3.048 g/cm3) showed the highest density, followed by Sr25B55 (2.936 g/cm3), Sr20B60 (2.720 g/cm3) and Sr15B65 (2.679 g/cm3). The XPS analysis of Ti 2p core level spectra reveals that Ti ions exist in both Ti4+ and Ti3+ oxidation states, with the content of Ti4+ increasing with the SrO ratio in the glass sample. The XPS analysis of O 1s core level spectra revealed that the number of non-bridging oxygen atoms is enhanced with an increase in SrO content, indicating the weakening of the glass structure. Furthermore, neutron and photon shielding properties were calculated theoretically using Phy-X software. The gamma shielding properties were enhanced with increasing SrO, while the neutron attenuation was equivalent to water. For example, the fast neutron removal cross-section (FNRCS) values are 0.101, 0.098, 0.102, and 0.101 cm−1 for Sr15B65, Sr20B60, Sr25B55, and Sr30B50, respectively. The findings suggest that the SrO improved radiation shielding properties while decreasing glass stability.

Peculiarities in XPS spectra of Sn/SiO2 layers as an effect of surface charge

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy based on synchrotron radiation was used to investigate the composition of the observed SnO2-x/Sn:SiO2-x thin layer grown by organometallic chemical vapour deposition on single-crystalline silicon wafer with additional argon ions etching treatment. Due to the formation of a thermodynamic anomaly during in situ layer growth, an efficient oxygen exchange between silicon and tin oxide phases occurs. The present study addresses the effect of localized surface charging and its influence on the obtained XPS core level spectra. We found that due to the high electrical conductivity of metallic tin and the direct coupling of tin particles to the silicon wafer, the XPS Sn 3d5/2 core level spectrum is not affected by the surface charge compared to the highly charged dielectric silicon oxide matrix, as observed for the XPS O 1 s and Si 2p core level spectra. Our results show that the core level spectra of Si 2p and O 1 s are shifted up to 3 eV due to the presence of uncompensated positive charge on the surface of the silica matrix. These results provide insight into the influence of surface charge effects on the analysis of conductor/insulator composite materials and contribute to the application of Sn-based materials in various application concepts related to energy and surface functionalization.

Estimation of the band alignment of metal/AlScN interfaces by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

This paper describes the band alignment of metal/AlSc(O)N measured using hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The band offset was determined by using the difference in binding energy from the core level to the upper edge of the VB, and the bandgap was determined from the energy loss spectrum of photoelectrons. The introduction of oxygen into AlScN to make AlScON decreases both the conduction band and VB offsets. The change in barrier height of the metal/AlScN structure is very small relative to the difference in the work function of the metal. This suggests that Fermi-level pinning occurs at the metal/AlScN interface.

Tuning the d-Band Center in Prussian Blue Analogues via Modulated Carbon and Nitrogen Coordinated Metals for Boosted Bi-Functional Oxygen Electrocatalytic Activity.

The d-band center is a promising descriptor to understand trends in electrocatalysis extensively studied in transition metal oxides but largely unexplored in metal organic frameworks (MOFs). Herein, we present our systematic study aimed at developing a mini-volcano plot demonstrating dependence of bifunctional oxygen electrocatalytic activity of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) on their d-band center. Our results from ex-situ core level and valence band XPS, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy suggest that the tuning of the d-band center via modulated N and C-coordinated metal centers dictates their electrocatalytic OER and ORR activities. Among PBAs, the CoCo PBA exhibits highest activity due to its optimal position of d-band center and abundant Co3+ active sites. Moreover, M-Co PBAs showcased superior performance compared to M-Fe PBAs, attributed to facile formation of surface-active sites, i.e., metal oxy(hydroxide). The study advances the understanding of the influence of metal center tuning in PBAs on the intermediate energies and catalytic activity.

Stress-Alteration Enhancement of the Reactivity of Aluminum Nanoparticles in the Catalytic Decomposition of exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10).

High-energy-density aluminum nanoparticles (AlNPs) upon thermal annealing followed by superquenching result in elevated stress levels in the metallic core and reduced surface energy at the core-shell interface. Isomer-selective vacuum ultraviolet-based photoionization mass spectrometry coupled to a high-temperature chemical microreactor reveals that these stress-altered AlNPs (SA-AlNPs) exhibit distinctive temperature-dependent reactivities toward catalytic decomposition of the hydrocarbon jet fuel exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10, C10H16) compared to untreated AlNPs (UN-AlNPs). SA-AlNPs show a delayed initiation of the decomposition for JP-10 by 200 K relative to the UN-AlNPs; however, the full decomposition is achieved at a 100 K lower temperature. Furthermore, there are fewer oxygenated products that are generated from the alumina surface-induced heterogeneous oxidation process and a larger fraction of closed- and open-shell hydrocarbons. Chemical insight bridging the reactivity order of SA-AlNPs at low and high temperatures, simultaneously, is obtained via a detailed examination of the product branching ratios obtained in this study.

Analysis of power transients in the CABRI experimental reactor with a multi-physics APOLLO3®/THEDI coupling

The CABRI research reactor located at CEA Cadarache is dedicated to the analysis of nuclear fuel behavior during Reactivity-Injection Accident (RIA) in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs). The reactor experimentally simulates power pulse transients in the driver zone, which induce a RIA-representative energy deposition in a fuel sample contained in a water-loop that reproduces PWR thermal-hydraulics conditions. Power pulses are initiated by the 3He depressurization of four transient rods, which introduces reactivity into the core. The injection of reactivity causes the reactor power to increase rapidly, resulting in a rise in fuel temperature. This temperature rise mitigates the power excursion by the Doppler effect. Subsequently, heat transfer occurs between the fuel, the cladding and the moderator. The evolution of the core power is measured during power transients, and these measurements can be valorized for the experimental validation of multi-physics simulation tools. Indeed, the experimental validation of these coupling mainly relies on measurement data coming from the current industrial reactor fleet. The measurement data coming from experimental facilities for the validation of multi-physics coupling at the reactor scale are very rare.A multi-physics core modelling based on the APOLLO3® and THEDI tools within the coupling platform C3PO was developed to simulate power transients in the CABRI reactor. A step-wise validation process has been defined and applied to this multi-physics coupling, from the numerical validation against Monte Carlo calculations at the neutron lattice level, to the integral experimental validation at the core level. Two types of transients were simulated: firstly, three neutron-driven supercritical transients (in which reactivity feedbacks are negligible), and secondly, a prompt supercritical transient, which is a high-energy transient with a five-decade power increase. The Calculation/Measurement (C/M) discrepancies on core power during supercritical transients can be explained with the support of the numerical validation results. However, the C/M discrepancies on the high-energy transient will require further investigation. A methodology to propagate nuclear data covariances in the multi-physics coupled simulation has been defined and implemented for CABRI transients. The first results of the covariance propagation on the high-energy transient showed that they cannot explain the C/M discrepancies. The impact of technological and experimental uncertainties on the transient simulation have to be analyzed. Finally, only the global core power is measured by ex-core instrumentation during the transient; it would be useful to carry out new local measurements at the pin-scale in the near future.

Unveiling the cation ratio mediated structural modifications in TiO2:GeO2 mixtures for gravitational-wave detectors

Amorphous thin films of Ti doped GeO2 are of interest for coatings of the mirrors in gravitational wave detectors (GWDs) due to their low internal friction (Vajente et al 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 071101). The addition of Ti to amorphous GeO2 (a-GeO2) enables tailoring of the optical and structural properties of the mixtures. However, the specific modifications that occur in the amorphous network with the addition of Ti are not known. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to identify modifications to the bonding of Ge and Ti atoms in mixtures of Ti doped a-GeO2 with different Ti cation content. The formation of (Ti–O–Ge) bonds is evidenced from: (1) the presence of a peak which intensity increases with Ti content and causes a shift to lower binding energy (BE) of the core level O 1s peak; (2) the shift to higher BE of the Ti 2p 3/2 peak and a decrease in the energy split; and (3) the shift to lower BE of the Ge 3d 5/2 peak and increase in the energy split. These changes reflect modifications to the bonding when Ge replaces Ti in Ti–O–Ti bonds and Ti replaces Ge in Ge–O–Ge bonds due to their difference in electronegativity. A decrease in the O–O nearest-neighbour distance due to the incorporation of Ti atom is also observed from the broadening of the valence band spectra. The results show the 0.44 Ti doped a-GeO2 mixture has a balance between the (Ti–O–Ge) and the (Ge–O–Ge) networks, not observed in Ti poor and Ti rich mixtures. This finding could have important consequences in the optimisation of amorphous Ti doped a-GeO2 mixtures for low internal friction coatings of GWDs.

Resonant photoemission studies on Fe-Ni alloys

This paper investigates the electronic structure of Fe1−xNix (x = 0.32, 0.36, 0.4, 0.5) alloys employing high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. The valence bands and the core levels have been recorded at various on-resonance and off-resonance photon energies of Fe and Ni. An anti-resonance dip observed in the valence bands taken at Fe 3p → 3d resonance lies closer to the Fermi level compared to that observed at Ni 3p → 3d resonance, indicating larger density of itinerant Fe 3d electrons. Whereas, Ni 3d states are comparatively less itinerant in these alloys. The hybridization effects increase with increase of Fe content in the alloy system. The intensity of Ni L3M4,5M4,5 Coster-Cronig Auger transition observed with 853 eV (Ni 2p → 3d resonance) photon energy, drops down drastically for the Invar alloy (Fe0.64Ni0.36) as compared to other Fe-Ni alloys due to the existence of Ni in more than one local chemical surroundings as expected for Invar alloy. The electron-electron interaction energy (Udd) of Ni 3d shell is found to decrease with the decrease of Ni concentration. The 3p and 3s core levels of Fe and Ni recorded at 707 eV (Fe 2p → 3d resonance) are overwhelmed by various intense resonant Auger features such as Fe L3M2,3M2,3, Fe L3M2,3M4,5 and Fe L3M1M4,5. The 1S state of Fe L3M2,3M2,3 is greatly enhanced in the Invar alloy as compared to other alloys. The microscopic compositional in-homogeneity present in Invar alloy plays a crucial role in the screening of holes in Ni sites but does not contribute in screening the holes in Fe sites.

Critical Thinking Skills Development among Secondary School Students: An Analysis of Chemistry Textbook Grade X (2020)

The current study used qualitative analysis of the Chemistry textbook grade X through the facilitation of NVivo 12 software to analyze the textbook about critical thinking skills development. The textbook was selected through purposive sampling. The findings revealed that the textbook fostered critical thinking skills through several approaches relevant to chemistry concepts in to real-world, and their applications, asking open-ended questions, presenting merits and demerits of chemical processes, offering flow diagrams of industrial systems, comparing related concepts, and illustrating underlying chemical principles behind the phenomenon. The book urged students to apply chemistry principles critically in practical settings, evaluate them from different perspectives, rationalize complex processes thoroughly, and analyze their strengths and weaknesses in various approaches. Additionally, it invited them to discover the logic behind complex chemical systems and question what drives chemical behaviors at core levels. Moreover, explicit instruction on developing critical thinking skills should be better integrated into the curriculum with inquiry-based activities.

An interpretation for the components of 2p 3/2 core level x-ray photoelectron spectra of the cations in some inverse spinel oxides

In an effort to reconcile the various interpretations for the cation components of the 2p 3/2 observed in x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of several spinel oxide materials, the XPS spectra of both spinel alloy nanoparticles and crystalline thin films are compared. We observed that different components of the 2p 3/2 core level XPS spectra, of these inverse spinel thin films, are distinctly surface and bulk weighted, indicating surface-to-bulk core level shifts in the binding energies. Surface-to-bulk core level shifts in binding energies of Ni and Fe 2p 3/2 core levels of NiFe2O4 thin film are observed in angle-resolved XPS. The ratio between surface-weighted components and bulk-weighted components of the Ni and Fe core levels shows appreciable dependency on photoemission angle, with respect to surface normal. XPS showed that the ferrite nanoparticles Ni x Co1−x Fe2O4 (x = 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1) resemble the surface of the NiFe2O4 thin film. Surface-to-bulk core level shifts are also observed in CoFe2O4 and NiCo2O4 thin films but not as significantly as in NiFe2O4 thin film. Estimates of surface stoichiometry of some spinel oxide nanoparticles and thin films suggested that the apportionment between cationic species present could be farther from expectations for thin films as compared to what is seen with nanoparticles.

Development of real-time density feedback control on MAST-U in L-mode

In this paper we report on the development and demonstration of density feedback control for MAST-U. Sinusoidal perturbations are used to measure the frequency response from a deuterium gas valve (actuator) to line-integrated core electron density measured by the interferometer (sensor). In the frequency range relevant for control design, only two system-identification experiments were needed to regress a first-order dynamic model. This control-oriented model informs the offline design of a proportional integral controller with the established loop-shaping controller design method. After offline verification of the controller implementation, control is demonstrated by experimentally tracking a staircase reference for the line-integrated electron density. This paper demonstrates the efficiency of controller design using system-identification and loop-shaping, providing reliable density control for MAST-U.

Impact of T i/T e ratio on ion transport based on EAST H-mode plasmas

At the EAST tokamak, the ion temperature (T i) is observed to be clamped around 1.25 keV in electron cyclotron resonance (ECR)-heated plasmas, even at core electron temperatures up to 10 keV (depending on the ECR heating power and the plasma density). This clamping results from the lack of direct ion heating and high levels of turbulence-driven transport. Turbulent transport analysis shows that trapped electron mode and electron temperature gradient-driven modes are the most unstable modes in the core of ECR-heated H-mode plasmas. Nevertheless, recently it was found that the T i/T e ratio can increase further with the fraction of the neutral beam injection (NBI) power, which leads to a higher core ion temperature (T i0). In NBI heating-dominant H-mode plasmas, the ion temperature gradient-driven modes become the most unstable modes. Furthermore, a strong and broad internal transport barrier (ITB) can form at the plasma core in high-power NBI-heated H-mode plasmas when the T i/T e ratio approaches ~1, which results in steep core T e and T i profiles, as well as a peaked n e profile. Power balance analysis shows a weaker T e profile stiffness after the formation of ITBs in the core plasma region, where T i clamping is broken, and the core T i can increase further above 2 keV, which is 80% higher than the value of T i clamping in ECR-heated plasmas. This finding proposes a possible solution to the problem of T i clamping on EAST and demonstrates an advanced operational regime with the formation of a strong and broad ITB for future fusion plasmas dominated by electron heating.

Utilizing Constant Energy Difference between sp-Peak and C 1s Core Level in Photoelectron Spectra for Unambiguous Identification and Quantification of Diamond Phase in Nanodiamonds.

The modification of nanodiamond (ND) surfaces has significant applications in sensing devices, drug delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Precise control of the diamond phase composition and bond configurations during ND processing and surface finalization is crucial. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the graphitization process in various types of hydrogenated NDs, considering differences in ND size and quality. We prepared three types of hydrogenated NDs: high-pressure high-temperature NDs (HPHT ND-H; 0-30 nm), conventional detonation nanodiamonds (DND-H; ~5 nm), and size- and nitrogen-reduced hydrogenated nanodiamonds (snr-DND-H; 2-3 nm). The samples underwent annealing in an ultra-high vacuum and sputtering by Ar cluster ion beam (ArCIB). Samples were investigated by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Our investigation revealed that the graphitization temperature of NDs ranges from 600 °C to 700 °C and depends on the size and crystallinity of the NDs. Smaller DND particles with a high density of defects exhibit a lower graphitization temperature. We revealed a constant energy difference of 271.3 eV between the sp-peak in the valence band spectra (at around 13.7 eV) and the sp3 component in the C 1s core level spectra (at 285.0 eV). The identification of this energy difference helps in calibrating charge shifts and serves the unambiguous identification of the sp3 bond contribution in the C 1s spectra obtained from ND samples. Results were validated through reference measurements on hydrogenated single crystal C(111)-H and highly-ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG).

From energy to environmental solutions: Harnessing ZrS:BaS:Ni9S8 thin film for supercapacitor and water purification

The present study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis on thin film, ZrS:BaS:Ni9S8. ZrS:BaS:Ni9S8 thin film was fabricated in a resistive heating unit from a single source precursor. With 21 nm crystallite size for ternary metal sulfide through XRD, a 2.5 eV optical band gap was elucidated. The chemical composition was assessed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which revealed core level peaks associated with Zr3d, S2p, Ba3d and Ni2p. A remarkable specific capacitance value of 540.7 F g−1 was assessed through cyclic voltammetry. This notable performance, coupled with the thin film's excellent cycling stability, established the thin film as a capable contender for diverse applications of energy retention. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation on the removal through photocatalysis of environmental pollutants; zoxamide, methylene blue, and phenol was done. The pesticide zoxamide depicted the degradation rate constant 3.9 × 10−2 min−1. The results present persuasive proof of the multifaceted opportunities presented by the ZrS:BaS:Ni9S8 thin film, outspreading its application outside energy retention to incorporate innovative functionalities.

Probing Antioxidant-Related Properties for Phenolic Compounds.

In this work, properties related to antioxidant-potential mechanisms (such as the bond dissociation enthalpy, BDE, for the homolytic cleavage of the O-H bond and ionization energies, IEs) were determined for phenol, pyrocatechol, and gallic acid (GA). Both the protonated and deprotonated forms of GA were investigated. The Feller-Peterson-Dixon (FPD) composite method was employed with a variety of computational approaches, i.e., density functional theory, Möller-Plesset perturbation theory, and coupled-cluster-based methods, in combination with large correlation consistent basis sets with extrapolation to the complete basis set limit and consideration of core electron correlation effects. FPD results were compared to experimental and computational data available in the literature, presenting good agreement. For example, the FPD BDE (298 K) obtained for phenol, which was based on valence-correlated MP2/CBS calculations with contributions from correlating all electrons, was determined to be 87.56 kcal/mol, a value that is 0.42 kcal/mol lower than the result obtained in the most recent experiments, 87.98 ± 0.62. Calibration against coupled-cluster calculations was also carried out for phenol. We expect that the outcomes gathered here may help in establishing a general protocol for computational chemists that are interested in determining antioxidant-related properties for phenolic compounds with considerable accuracy as well as to motivate future IE measurements (particularly for GA) to be accomplished in the near future.

Potential of Y2Sn2O7:Eu3+, Dy3+ Inorganic Nanophosphors in Latent Fingermark Detection

In this work, we investigated the potential of Eu3+/Dy3+-codoped Y2Sn2O7 fluorescent nanophosphors to visualize latent fingermarks. We prepared these nanophosphors with various doping concentrations by the conventional coprecipitation reaction. The crystal structure, morphology, luminescence properties, and energy transfer mechanisms were studied. The crystalline phase was characterized by X-ray diffraction and crystal structure refinement using the Rietveld method. XRD measurements showed that the samples crystallized in the pure single pyrochlore phase with few more peaks originated from secondary phases and impurities generated during phosphor production, and that Eu3+ ions occupied D3d symmetry sites. The average crystallite size after mechanical grinding was less than 100 nm for all compositions. The optical characterization showed that, when excited under 532 nm, the Eu3+/Dy3+-codoped Y2Sn2O7 samples’ main intense emission peaks were located at 580–707 nm, corresponding to the 5D0→7Fj (j = l, 2, 3, and 4) transitions of europium. In fact, the 5D0→7F2 hypersensitive transition is strongly dependent on the local environment and was quite weak in Eu3+:Y2Sn2O7 at low Eu3+ doping levels. We found that the presence of Dy3+ as a codopant permitted enhancing the emission from this transition. The calculated PL CIE coordinates for the synthesized nanophosphors were very close to those of the reddish-orange region and only slightly dependent on the doping level. Various surfaces, including difficult ones (wood and ceramic), were successfully tested for latent fingerprint development with the prepared Eu3+/Dy3+-codoped Y2Sn2O7 fluorescent nanophosphor powder. Thanks to the high contrast obtained, fingerprint ridge patterns at all three levels were highlighted: core (level 1) islands, bifurcation, and enclosure (level 2), and even sweat pores (level 3).

Industrial Internet of Things Gateway with OPC UA Based on Sitara AM335X with ModbusE Acquisition Cycle Performance Analysis.

This article presents the hardware and software architectures used to implement the Modbus Extension (ModbusE) IIoT gateway, the performance of the acquisition cycle at the PRU real-time programmable core level, the acquisition cycle communication flow-dispatcher-OPC UA server (Linux)-OPC UA client (Windows) as well as the performance analysis of data communications between the IIoT ModbusE gateway and the OPC UA client (Windows). In order to be able to implement both the ModbusE acquisition cycle and the OPC UA server, the BeagleBone Black Board was chosen as the hardware platform. This board uses the Sitara AM335x processor (Texas Instruments (TI), Dallas, TX, USA) from Texas Instruments. Thus, the acquisition cycle was implemented on the PRU0 real-time core, and the OPC UA server, running under the Linux operating system, was implemented on the ARM Cortex A8 processor. From the analysis of the communication speed of the messages between the OPC UA client and the ModbusE servers, it was found that the ModbusE acquisition cycle speed was higher than the acquisition speed of the OPC UA client.