Core Category Research Articles

Development of a market-driven training model for rural women in Iran by using a qualitative paradigm.

Training programs aimed at empowering rural women in Kurdistan, Iran, have fallen short of their goals. This study offers a unique understanding of how contextual factors and cultural nuances impact the effectiveness of market-driven training programs for rural women in Kurdistan. This study explored factors affecting the effectiveness of market-driven training programs for rural women in Kurdistan. A qualitative approach using grounded theory methodology was employed. Interviews were conducted with 23 key informants, including rural women and experts. Data analysis with MAXQDA software identified seven categories and a core category related to market-driven training. The study revealed that successful implementation of market-driven training hinges on various external and internal factors. These include access to markets, facilities, and funding, along with effective monitoring of business activities. Additionally, rural community culture and the purchasing power of women were identified as key intervening conditions impacting program success. When implemented effectively, market-driven training programs have the potential to empower women, reduce rural migration, and improve product quality. The research suggests that future training programs should adopt a multi-dimensional approach that addresses the identified factors to achieve sustainable positive outcomes for rural women in Kurdistan.

Analysis of the causes and safety countermeasures of coal mine accidents: A case study of coal mine accidents in China from 2018 to 2022

Statistical data on coal mine safety accidents in China from 2018 to 2022 were obtained. Mathematical statistical methods were used to analyze the accident level, accident type, death toll, time, space, and other factors. Grounded theory (GT), case-based reasoning (CBR), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), interpretative structural model (ISM) and other methods were used to analyze the causes of coal mine accidents in detail, and the characteristics, accident-causing attributes and importance of coal mine accidents in China were explored. The results indicate that (1) according to the level and type of accident, the incidence of general accidents in coal mines is the highest, with both the number of roof accidents and the death toll accounting for the highest values. From the time and location of the accidents, coal mine accident-prone areas are concentrated in northern and southern China. May and July are accident-prone periods every year. (2) Using GT-CBR to analyze the causes of coal mine accidents, 18 key statements were extracted, and 11 initialization concepts were summarized. Ultimately, the causes were categorized into 4 core categories: human factors (H), machine factors (M), environmental factors (E), and organizational management factors (O). (3) A hierarchical structure model of the causes of accidents according to ISM was built. The weight and proportion of accidents and deaths were combined to evaluate the importance of accident-causing attributes. Human factor-induced accidents accounted for 71.6 % of all accidents, and the number of accident death caused by organization management factors was the largest, accounting for 54.8 %. Comprehensive analysis revealed that human and organization management factors are the most important causes of coal mine accidents

A Study on Perceptions of Undetectable = Untransmittable Among Gay Men with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the HIV Community on Twitter in Japan: An Exploratory Qualitative Study Using a Modified Grounded Theory Approach.

This study explores the perceptions of the Undetectable = Untransmittable (U = U) campaign among gay men with HIV in Japan who are part of the HIV community on Twitter. We conducted detailed semistructured interviews with 12 participants using a modified grounded theory approach. The analysis resulted in 31 concepts, 5 subcategories, 9 categories, and 2 core categories. The relationship between categories and core categories was examined in conjunction with the transcriptions, yielding a comprehensive category map depicting the process of understanding U = U. The three main processes emerged: participants expressed "expectations for improvement," underwent stages of "understanding U = U," and encountered "dilemmas" in forming their opinions. There are two routes to "understanding U = U": Route 1 involved a frictionless understanding of U = U, and Route 2 involved difficulty in understanding the slogan. In both routes, participants experienced the dilemma of "but I still have HIV" and regarding its ease of use. These dilemmas and difficulties in understanding U = U affected their "expectations for improvement." Efforts to promote U = U in Japan must address challenges in public understanding and related dilemmas. This entails reformulating the U = U message in simpler terms, leveraging professional explanations, disseminating it to a broader audience, and incorporating ideas from individuals living with HIV to enhance the message.

Male nurses' adaptation experiences after turnover to community institutions in Korea: A grounded theory methodology.

We aimed to develop a substantive theory according to the associations between adaptation experience-related factors identified in male nurses after turnover to community institutions. From April through August 2019, data were collected through direct observations and in-depth interviews of 22 male nurse participants who were recruited purposively and analyzed simultaneously with the method proposed by Strauss and Corbin. Furthermore, 29 subcategories were derived from 11 categories, including: (1) leaving the clinical sector and changing jobs, (2) shaking while settling, (3) characteristics of the new job, (4) personal disposition, (5) support system, (6) finding my place, (7) solidifying my place, (8) demonstrating my professional competence, (9) stable settlement in my place, (10) preparing for a better future, and (11) still confused. The core category was identified as "putting down roots in another place for myself." The verification of this theory in this study's results indicates a need for research into the evaluation and development of professional development programs and related policies to provide support to male nurses who are pursuing opportunities in community institutions to maintain their nursing identity and further their efforts for developing a nursing specialty.

The moral identity profiles of inspiring social studies teachers

This study aims to explore the moral identity profiles of inspiring social studies teachers. In the research conducted with the systematic grounded theory method, data were collected from 14 teachers using in-depth interviews. These data were analyzed with the technique of continuous comparative analysis. The results show the theoretical items that explain the theory to be gathered around the core category of moral identity and to be constituted of self traits; referenced worldview and beliefs; personality characteristics; ideals, and goals; past experiences; social influences; and educational approach. This study contributes to the explanation of moral identity of inspiring teachers.

Being both a grandmother and a health worker: experiences of community-based health workers in addressing adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health needs in rural Zambia

IntroductionCommunity-based health workers (CBHWs) possess great potential to be the missing link between the community and the formal health system for improving adolescents’ access to sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) information and services. Yet, their role in addressing adolescents’ SRHR within the context of the community-based health system has received very little attention. This paper analyses how CBHWs experience and perceive their role in addressing adolescents’ SRHR needs in rural Zambia, including the possible barriers, dilemmas, and opportunities that emerge as CBHWs work with adolescents.MethodsBetween July and September 2019, we conducted 14 in-depth interviews with 14 community-based health workers recruited across 14 different communities in the central province of Zambia. The interviews were focused on eliciting their experiences and perceptions of providing sexual and reproductive health services to adolescents. Charmaz’s grounded theory approach was used for the analysis.ResultsWe present the core category “being both a grandmother and a CBHW”, which builds upon four categories: being educators about sexual and reproductive health; being service providers and a link to SRHR services; being advocates for adolescents’ SRHR; and reporting sexual violence. These categories show that CBHWs adopt a dual role of being part of the community (as a grandmother) and part of the health system (as a professional CBHW), in order to create/maximise opportunities and navigate challenges.ConclusionCommunity-based health workers could be key actors providing context-specific comprehensive SRHR information and services that could span all the boundaries in the community-based health system. When addressing adolescents SRHR, playing dual roles of being both a grandmother and a professional CBHW were sometimes complimentary and at other times conflicting. Additional research is required to understand how to improve the role of CBHWs in addressing adolescents and young people’s sexual and reproductive health.

Screened realities: a Grounded Theory exploration of gaming disorder dynamics among Iranian male adolescents.

The increasing prevalence of gaming Disorder (GD) among adolescents has become a global concern. Despite the rising number of studies investigating GD, the cultural and socio-economic factors influencing GD with a qualitative approach are scarce. This study aims to explore the underlying factors, processes, and consequences of GD among Iranian male adolescents and contextual factors related to GD within Iran's unique socio-cultural and psychological tapestry. The study used a qualitative design based on the Grounded Theory Method (GTM). The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 male adolescents aged 15-18 who Dignasoed according to DSM-5 and ICD-11 criteria. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the GTM approach, which involves open, axial, and selective coding. The study revealed nine main themes and a core category: (1) interaction seeking, (2) encounter and familiarize with games, (3) games attraction, (4) Socialization, (5) game careerism, (6) dexterity, (7) lack and compensation, (8) physical harm, territorial-cultural barrier, (9) second life, and ''life crafting'' as the core category. The study's findings provide valuable insights into the cultural and socio-economic factors influencing GD among Iranian male adolescents. For example, Iran's economic conditions make adolescents choose gaming as their job and try to earn money in this way, which makes them more dependent on gaming. On the other hand, communities related to games play an essential role in the identity development of adolescents with GD.

The Process of Professional Ethics Development in Midwifery Students: A Grounded Theory Study.

Midwives are faced with important ethical issues in their professional lives; therefore, becoming a midwife is not only the acquisition of knowledge and skills but also includes acquiring moral values that cause fundamental changes in their attitudes toward their professional responsibilities. The aim of this study was to explore the process of professional ethics development in midwifery students. This grounded theory study was conducted from 2020 to 2022 at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. The participants included 17 midwifery students and 14 key informants. They were selected through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews, field notes, and theoretical notes until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data collection and data analysis were performed simultaneously. Data were analyzed based on the grounded theory presented by Corbin and Strauss (2014) using MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020. The core category was "interactive-cognitive learning in a two-way reasoning path" which addressed the participants' main issue of moral numbness. Moral distress, interactive-cognitive learning, moral reasoning, and moral hopelessness were the midwifery students' strategies that led to a spectrum of moral internalization to moral burnout. The improper context of moral development was the context theme of this study. The theory of "interactive-cognitive learning in the two-way path of reasoning" creates a deep understanding of the process of formation of professional ethics in midwifery students and it can be used in the effective training of students with the aim of promoting professional ethics in midwifery.

Pangenome analyses of Clostridium butyricum provide insights into its genetic characteristics and industrial application

Clostridium butyricum is a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium known for its ability to produce butyate. In this study, we conducted whole-genome sequencing and assembly of 14C. butyricum industrial strains collected from various parts of China. We performed a pan-genome comparative analysis of the 14 assembled strains and 139 strains downloaded from NCBI. We found that the genes related to critical industrial production pathways were primarily present in the core and soft-core gene categories. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains from the same clade of the phylogenetic tree possessed similar antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, with most of these genes present in the shell and cloud gene categories. Finally, we predicted the genes producing bacteriocins and botulinum toxins as well as CRISPR systems responsible for host defense. In conclusion, our research provides a desirable pan-genome database for the industrial production, food application, and genetic research of C. butyricum.

다문화가정 해체와 다문화 조손가정 조모의 양육 경험 : 근거이론을 중심으로

The increase in multicultural families has simultaneously led to an increase in the number of multicultural families broken up due to divorce, bereavement, runaway, etc. The expansion of multicultural families in rural areas has led to the phenomenon of grandmothers taking full responsibility for raising their grandchildren. This study explored the parenting experiences of grandmothers in multicultural families using grounded theory. The core category was ‘Embracing the burden of raising children and finding the meaning of the experience of raising children in old age.’In axial coding, the central phenomenon was 'acquired burden of parenting', the causal condition was 'dissolution of multicultural family', the contextual condition was ‘entrenched maternal instinct', the mediating condition was 'cooperative parenting system', and the action/interaction were ‘the joys and sorrows of parenting’ and ‘grandmother-style parenting strategies’. The result was ‘a life of nurturing that has become a value of existence.’ Upon the understanding the grandmothers’childcare experience through their vivid voices, social welfare support measures were presented.

자녀의 자살로 사별한 부모의 경험 과정

The purpose of this study was to examine the experience process, meaning, and the essential structure of interactions in parents bereaved by their children’s suicide. To this end, 12 parents bereaved by child suicide were recruited by purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data collection period is a total of 6 months from August 2022, and 1-4 interviews were conducted per participant. Data analysis was analyzed by applying the grounded theory method. As a result of the study, 100 concepts, 44 subcategories, and 17 categories were derived. The central phenomenon was that ‘even the pain of longing buried in guilt and shame.’ The core category was derived as ‘expanding altruistic view for youth while burying the pain of longing in the heart.’ The process of experience in parents bereaved by child suicide was divided into six stages: ‘shock and collapse stage’, ‘avoidance stage’, ‘struggle stage’, ‘acceptance stage’, and ‘re-establishment stage’. This study is significant in that it provided basic data for counseling and therapeutic intervention for parents bereaved by child suicide.

대학 플립러닝 환경에서 학습몰입 요인의 질적 탐색

Although various studies on the effectiveness of class using flipped learning and instructional design have been attempted, there are few cases where learning engagement factors have been explored from the perspective of learners participating in classes. Therefore, in this study, we would like to explore the factors that affect learning commitment in flipped learning. Engagement varies depending on the degree of motivation experienced and felt by learners, so it was considered as a method of grounded theory to explore learning engagement factors in a situation learning-based university flipped learning environment. As a result of this study, the core categories and types of college students’ flipped learning stories include ‘learning context consistent with individual interests and goals’, ‘learning content that affects the entire learning process’, ‘learning environment to communicate online and share in classrooms’, and ‘learning strategies according to learners’ personal resources.’ It was found that basic psychological needs affect learning commitment through the process of hypothesizing formalization of key categories. It is meaningful that the model was presented based on the derived theory, and based on this, the instructor presented implications for instructional design in consideration of the learner’s basic psychological needs when planning the learning environment.

Navigating Experiential Learning: Insights From Vietnamese Architecture Students on an Educational Field Trip

Background: Experiential learning (EL) through educational field trips positively impacts students’ creativity, motivation, and subject knowledge. However, research on this in the context of architecture education in Vietnam is limited. Purpose: This study delves into the largely unexplored realm of EL in the context of architecture education in Vietnam, focusing on the Project subject. Methodology: A carefully organized field trip aligned with Kolb's EL cycle engaged 22 participants from different stages of their undergraduate education. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, with 10 participants assigned to two focus groups. The data analysis utilized an elaborative coding approach within grounded theory methodology. Findings: The study reveals three core categories: traditional pedagogy constraints, experiential learning transformation, and educational ecosystem enhancement. Implications: The study informs curriculum designers and architecture lecturers about the benefits of organized field trips for enhancing architectural students’ learning experiences. The emergent theoretical framework also sets the stage for an innovative and student-centered approach to architectural education in Vietnam. Future research avenues may explore the long-term professional impact of EL and assess the practical implementation of suggested curricular changes.

“Access to healthcare is a human right”: a constructivist study exploring the impact and potential of a hospital-community partnered COVID-19 community response team for Toronto homeless services and congregate living settings

BackgroundIndividuals experiencing homelessness face unique physical and mental health challenges, increased morbidity, and premature mortality. COVID -19 creates a significant heightened risk for those living in congregate sheltering spaces. In March 2020, the COVID-19 Community Response Team formed at Women’s College Hospital, to support Toronto shelters and congregate living sites to manage and prevent outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 using a collaborative model of onsite mobile testing and infection prevention. From this, the Women’s College COVID-19 vaccine program emerged, where 14 shelters were identified to co-design and support the administration of vaccine clinics within each shelter. This research seeks to evaluate the impact of this partnership model and its future potential in community-centered integrated care through three areas of inquiry: (1) vaccine program evaluation and lessons learned; (2) perceptions on hospital/community partnership; (3) opportunities to advance hospital-community partnerships.MethodsConstructivist grounded theory was used to explore perceptions and experiences of this partnership from the voices of shelter administrators. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with administrators from 10 shelters using maximum variation purposive sampling. A constructivist-interpretive paradigm was used to determine coding and formation of themes: initial, focused, and theoretical.ResultsData analysis revealed five main categories, 16 subcategories, and one core category. The core category “access to healthcare is a human right; understand our communities” emphasizes access to healthcare is a consistent barrier for the homeless population. The main categories revealed during a time of confusion, the hospital was seen as credible and trustworthy. However, the primary focus of many shelters lies in housing, and attention is often not placed on health resourcing, solidifying partnerships, accountability, and governance structures therein. Health advocacy, information sharing tables, formalized partnerships and educating health professionals were identified by shelter administrators as avenues to advance intersectoral relationship building.ConclusionHospital-community programs can alleviate some of the ongoing health concerns faced by shelters – during a time of COVID-19 or not. In preparation for future pandemics, access to care and cohesion within the health system requires the continuous engagement in relationship-building between hospitals and communities to support co-creation of innovative models of care, to promote health for all.

A study on satisfaction evaluation of Chinese mainstream short video platforms based on grounded theory and CRITIC-VIKOR

In recent years, Chinese short video platforms have experienced vigorous development, accompanied by increasing expectations and demands from users. This study aims to explore the factors influencing user satisfaction on mainstream Chinese short video platforms and provide a scientific and objective evaluation framework to support the enhancement of user satisfaction and the development of short video platforms. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, multiple mainstream Chinese short video platforms were evaluated and analyzed. Firstly, semi-structured interviews with users were conducted using Grounded Theory to delve into the key factors shaping users' expectations, needs, and satisfaction towards short video platforms. Secondly, the CRITIC-VIKOR method was employed to assign comprehensive weights to various factors and to evaluate the satisfaction levels of the mainstream platforms. The study revealed that the core categories affecting user satisfaction include content quality and interaction, trust and values, and user experience. The weighted values of the main categories are as follows: interface and interaction design 0.124, personalized experience 0.115, platform stability and performance 0.075, privacy and security 0.133, user service and communication 0.060, social impact and values 0.124, content quality and diversity 0.088, social interaction 0.094, and advertising experience 0.186. Furthermore, the satisfaction evaluation of mainstream short video platforms indicated that bilibili platform garnered the highest user satisfaction among surveyed users. This study provides specific directions for improving user experience and enhancing user satisfaction for short video platforms, while also offering a evaluation framework based on Grounded Theory and CRITIC-VIKOR method for similar studies, thus expanding the theoretical and practical fields of user satisfaction research.

Knowing me, knowing you: how school educators cope with the challenges of inclusion in deprived and non-deprived areas

ABSTRACT Inclusive classrooms have become a focus in mainstream education in recent years. However, challenges for educators are often overlooked. This study utilised an exploratory, qualitative research approach following Strauss and Corbin’s variant of Grounded Theory [Corbin, J., and A. Strauss. 2015. Basics of Qualitative Research. Sage] to investigate this; semi-structured interview data was collected from 19 educational professionals, utilising theoretical sampling techniques. Participants were working in deprived and non-deprived areas and were interviewed about their experiences of facilitating inclusion. Data was analysed using Grounded Theory; ‘Knowing’: yourself and your students emerged as the core category, with main categories of attitudes, sacrifices, student empowerment, meeting needs and barriers. Boundaries around time and emotional investment were paramount, as was available non-judgemental support. Student empowerment alleviated pressure on educators. Deprivation exacerbated challenges such as workload, student emotional and social needs, and emotional toll on educators.

Reclaiming Self-Balancing on a Tightrope Across Time a grounded theory of transition to survivorship in older adult blood cancer survivors.

To develop a theoretical understanding of the transition to survivorship in older adult blood cancer survivors. Qualitative research employing Classic Glaserian Grounded Theory methods. Purposive and theoretical sampling recruited 17 participants via Leukaemia & Lymphoma Society© Community webpages (65-83 years) from across the US and Canada. Data from individual semi-structured interviews using HIPPA-compliant Zoom© were analysed from September 2020 to March 2021. Participants' main concern was losing their sense of self and reclaiming self was the core category. The substantive theory of Reclaiming Self-Balancing on a Tightrope Across Time is a six-phase transition process to survivorship: receiving a blood cancer diagnosis, finding bearings, reclaiming self, persevering through, realizing a transition and living in a new reality. The transition to survivorship in older adult blood cancer survivors is a complex process because of age and disease type. Age-related aspects of one's sense of self and its relation to health, well-being and quality of life, as older adult blood cancer survivors advance into older age need further research. Ageism and its impact on cancer survivorship care in older adults should also be explored. What problem did the study address?: Existing theoretical frameworks do not explain the complex process of transition to survivorship for older adult blood cancer survivors. What were the main findings?: A substantive theory Reclaiming Self-Balancing on a Tightrope Across Time is a six-phase transition process from cancer diagnosis to survivorship characterized by an uncertain and liminal nature. Where and on whom will the research have an impact?: Understanding how older adults experience the transition to survivorship can inform age-appropriate person-centered nursing practices and healthcare policies specific to their needs. COREQ. No patient or public contribution.

Eco-efficient asphalt recycling for urban slow mobility

Cycling infrastructures contribute to advancing zero-impact transport systems, aligning with the European Commission’s proactive climate change mitigation policies. This paper explores the potential of innovative and sustainable pavements for cycling paths with mixtures composed of road-milling materials. This investigation involves low-environmental-impact bituminous-based mixtures differing from recipe, mixing method, and laying. Up to 100% secondary aggregates are used as alternative materials to design the Grande Raccordo Anulare delle Biciclette (GRAB), a 44-km cycling ring in Rome. According to the European standard EN 15804, their “from cradle to gate” life cycle analysis allows a comprehensive assessment and comparison of the environmental impact. Core and additional environmental impact categories and resource use indicators were quantified using primary data from asphalt producers and secondary data from the Ecoinvent database in the SimaPro software. Within the H2020 InfraROB project (grant agreement no. 955337), which aims at enhancing road infrastructure integrity, performance, and safety through autonomous robotic solutions and modularization, experimental sections have been constructed using a cold-mixed asphalt composed entirely of recycled asphalt and a rejuvenating additive. The results underscore the potential of the examined low-impact approach in conserving Earth’s resources, ensuring long-lasting infrastructure for vulnerable urban populations and fostering sustainable environmental management.

The Importance of Theory and Model Development for Building Physiotherapy as a Discipline in Germany

Abstract Background Since 2009, undergraduate and graduate courses in physiotherapy at German universities have been involved in the international discourse on the formation of physiotherapy as a discipline in order to establish it as a subject in theory and practice. It has already been stated that it is necessary to deal with theory and model development (the essential core elements of a discipline). Currently, reference science dominates the scientific basis of physiotherapy, as only a marginal amount of (physio)therapeutic theories and models exist to date. Aim The aim of this research is to capture the subjective views and interpretation patterns of experts regarding the importance of theory and model development for the discipline formation of physiotherapy in Germany at the current time, and to classify the results within the streams of discipline development and formation. Method A qualitative research approach was chosen, oriented by Grounded Theory Methodology, and four guideline-based, theory-generating expert interviews were conducted. After verbatim transcription, the resulting data material was analysed following the Grounded Theory methodological approach. Results “State of uncertainty” was identified as the core category – which emerged from the interview partners current subjective views and patterns of interpretation regarding the meaning of theory and model development. “State of uncertainty” can be understood as a process in the formation of a scientific discipline which is currently undecided and incomplete. This “state of uncertainty” is the outcome of the aggregation of the formulated categories of uncertainty, demarcation, avoidance and transformation. Gradual differences within how the interview partners interpret the “state of uncertainty” can be worked out from the results. In the progression curves following Schütze, it can be shown that the self-positioning of the interview partners regarding their own involvement with theory and model development refers to the ongoing process of the transformation of physiotherapy from a profession to a discipline. The interview partners associated ambivalences of interpretive patterns become clearly recognizable. Conclusion An internal discussion concerning the irresolutions of the “state of uncertainty” is necessary in order to support the relevance of theory and model development for physiotherapy as a scientific discipline.

The Jewish religious heritage continuum: Jewish religious communities’ interactions with synagogues and ceremonial objects in Amsterdam

ABSTRACT This article explores how rabbis, directors and members of Amsterdam’s Jewish religious communities view the heritagisation of Jewish religious life by analysing how they interact with Amsterdam’s main synagogues and their collections of ceremonial objects. It focuses on the synagogues of the Jewish Cultural Quarter – the Portuguese Synagogue with its accompanying Sephardi community, and the former Ashkenazi synagogue complex, now the Jewish Museum. From a dynamic heritage perspective, this heterogeneous constellation raises questions about how and why heritage making occurs here. Following a Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology, concurrent data collection and analysis let emerge interrelated conceptual categories that explain how communities interact with these functioning and musealised synagogues and objects: Embodying the transmission of tradition; Instrumentalising the heritage of Jewish religious life; Transforming the beauty of holiness; and Assembling in heritagised synagogues. These categories intersect in the core category of the Jewish religious heritage continuum, which this article presents as a dynamic embodiment of remembering, reconnection, and revival of Jewish tradition. For the interviewees, these performances, and the deployment of functioning and musealised synagogues and collections, form a cultural apparatus that marks their present, diverse and living material culture and grafts a Jewish future onto a Jewish past.