Corchorus Capsularis Research Articles

Comparative Efficacy of Tobacco, Jute and Levavet<sup>®</sup> Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Cattle

The effect of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Linn., @100mg/kg bwt.), jute (Corchorus capsularis, Linn., @100 mg/kg bwt.) and Levavet® (levamisole, @ 7.5 mg/kg bwt.) against natural gastrointestinal nematodes were studied in cattle. Their effect on hematological parameters (TEC, Hb, PCV and TLC), biochemical parameters (ALT and AST) and clinical parameter (body weight) were also observed. Twenty four (24) naturally parasitized cattle of BAU Dairy Farm, Mymensingh were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of six (6) cattle. Water extract of leaves of tobacco and jute were administered orally to the cattle of group A and B, respectively. Cattle of group C were treated with Levavet® orally. Cattle of group D was kept as infected control group. Fecal samples, body weight, hematological and biochemical parameters were examined before treatment and on 3rd, 10th, 17th and 28th day. A significant (p<0.01) reduction of EPG count was found following administration of tobacco (34.32-51.26%), jute (8.80-27.76%) and Levavet®(89.31-100%) in cattle. The EPG count of the control group (D) were significantly (p<0.01) increased up to the last day of experimental period. After treatment with tobacco, jute and Levavet®, total erythrocyte count (TEC), hemoglobin (Hb) content and packed cell volume (PCV) were gradually increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in cattle. Conversely, the total leukocyte count (TLC) were decreased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in treated cattle. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level were not significantly changed in the cattle. The body weight was increased significantly (p<0.01 and p<0.05) in tobacco, jute and Levavet® treated cattle whereas decreased in control group. It is found that water extracts of tobacco leaves were moderately effective and jute leaves were relatively less effective against mixed gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.17108 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 61 - 68, 2008

First report of bacterial leaf blight of jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. capsularii in India

Xanthomonas campestris pv. capsularii causing blight on jute (Corchorus capsularis) leaves was reported for the first time in India. The symptom of the disease initially observed was appearance of small angular brown leaf spots and later as blighted areas on leaf lamina. The disease-causing pathogen was isolated and identified on the basis of its colony morphology, PCR, sequencing and subsequent BLASTn analysis.

Assessment of stability and viability of a jute hybrid (Corchorus capsularis L. × C. trilocularis L.) and its trueness based on RAPD markers

A hybrid line (Corchorus capsularis L. – pollen parent × C. trilocularis L. – stigma parent) of jute (family: Tiliaceae) has been assessed for its stability (using cytomorphological parameters) and viability (using different stain tests including DAPI - 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) in advance generations (F4 to F6). The trueness of the hybrid is studied following the use of RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) markers. Results indicate that the hybrid line is stable, viable and true. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) analysis suggests a close relationship as well as distinctiveness between parents and the raised hybrid. Upon considering different genetic efficiency parameters, taken together, it seems that OPA 02, OPA 03, OPB 01, OPB 02, OPB 06, OPC 01 and OPC 06 are effective and efficient RAPD markers for molecular screening of jute germplasms including hybrid(s). OPB 06 is found to be female specific RAPD marker.

Effects of waterlogging on ion accumulation and sugar, protein and proline contents in Corchorus capsularis L.

Waterlogging decreased accumulation of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3 - and PO4 3- but increased that of Na+ and Fe2+in the root, stem and leaves of jute (Corchorus capsularis L.). It increased the accumulation of sugar and proline contents but decreased that of protein as well as dry weight. The effect of waterlogging on ion transport, accumulation of metabolites and dry weight was discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v42i1.15864 Bangladesh J. Bot. 42(1): 55-63, 2013 (June)

Impact of yellow mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus[Banks]) density on host's (Corchorus capsularis L.) phenology and assessment of yield loss under field conditions

Yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus [Banks] (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is one of the major pests of jute crops (Corchorus capsularis L.) in Bangladesh. In this study, indigenous varieties of jute were used for treatments, namely, CVL-1, CVE-3, BJC-7370 and BJC-83. The paired plot treatments (treated and untreated controls) were laid out under field conditions. The effects of yellow mite were studied at three stages of the jute plants: 60 days after sowing (DAS), 90 DAS and 120 DAS. A higher number of mite stages was observed up to 90 DAS and then declined up to 120 DAS in var. BJC-7370 among two other varieties, Deshi and Tossa. The percentage of infestation and damage indexes (scale 0–5) were measured to relate yellow mite injuries to the number of leaves, leaf area, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, soluble solids, plant height, base diameter, fiber weight, stick weight, number of flowers per plant, number of pods, pod weight per plant, seeds per pod, seed weight and 1000 seeds' weight of plants infested at three different phenological stages. The highest fiber yield loss was found in the variety BJC-7370 (59.75%), followed by BJC-83 (55.56%), CVE-3 (54.30%) and CVL-1 (50.05). The highest stick yield losses were found in the following order: BJC-7370 (54.54%) > BJC-83 (51.17%) > CVL-1 (43.68%) > CVE-3 (37.80%) and BJC-7370 (30.33%) > CVL-1 (27.83%) > BJC-83 (24.16%) > CVE-3 (22.11%) for the highest seed yield under field conditions for Corchorus capsularis. High yellow mite population in untreated checks decreased plant growth and showed significant losses in yield production for the variety BJC-7370.

Comparative molecular cytogenetic analyses of a major tandemly repeated DNA family and retrotransposon sequences in cultivated jute Corchorus species (Malvaceae)

The cultivated jute species Corchorus olitorius and Corchorus capsularis are important fibre crops. The analysis of repetitive DNA sequences, comprising a major part of plant genomes, has not been carried out in jute but is useful to investigate the long-range organization of chromosomes. The aim of this study was the identification of repetitive DNA sequences to facilitate comparative molecular and cytogenetic studies of two jute cultivars and to develop a fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotype for chromosome identification. A plasmid library was generated from C. olitorius and C. capsularis with genomic restriction fragments of 100-500 bp, which was complemented by targeted cloning of satellite DNA by PCR. The diversity of the repetitive DNA families was analysed comparatively. The genomic abundance and chromosomal localization of different repeat classes were investigated by Southern analysis and FISH, respectively. The cytosine methylation of satellite arrays was studied by immunolabelling. Major satellite repeats and retrotransposons have been identified from C. olitorius and C. capsularis. The satellite family CoSat I forms two undermethylated species-specific subfamilies, while the long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons CoRetro I and CoRetro II show similarity to the Metaviridea of plant retroelements. FISH karyotypes were developed by multicolour FISH using these repetitive DNA sequences in combination with 5S and 18S-5·8S-25S rRNA genes which enable the unequivocal chromosome discrimination in both jute species. The analysis of the structure and diversity of the repeated DNA is crucial for genome sequence annotation. The reference karyotypes will be useful for breeding of jute and provide the basis for karyotyping homeologous chromosomes of wild jute species to reveal the genetic and evolutionary relationship between cultivated and wild Corchorus species.

CAAT box- derived polymorphism (CBDP): a novel promoter -targeted molecular marker for plants

The availability of a simple, reproducible and cost-effective molecular marker is a prerequisite for plant genetic analysis. We have developed a novel promoter-targeted marker, CAAT box- derived polymorphism (CBDP) using the nucleotide sequence of CAAT box of plant promoters. CBDP, like random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), uses single primer in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for generating markers. However unlike RAPD, the CBDP primers are 18 nucleotides long and consist of a central CCAAT nucleotides core flanked by the filler sequence towards the 5′ end and di- or trinucleotides towards the 3′ end. In this study, a small set of 25 CBDP primer was designed and initially tested in a representative set of eight cultivars of jute for generation of polymorphic markers. Further, to achieve high reproducibility, a touchdown PCR was employed with an annealing temperature of 50oC. All the CBDP primers generated polymorphic markers in jute cultivars, and an UPGMA dendrogram based on Jaccard’s similarity grouped them into two clusters represented by Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius, respectively. Interestingly, such grouping of jute cultivars was consistent with genetic relationships established earlier for these cultivars using other DNA markers. Moreover, these CBDP primers also generated polymorphic markers in representative sets of cotton (Gossypium species) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum ) cultivars. Given the high success rate of CBDP primers in generating markers in the tested species and advantages like ease in marker development and assay with reproducible profiles, they could potentially be exploited in other species as well for assessing genetic diversity, cultivar identification, construction of linkage map and marker- assisted selection.

A multiplex nested PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Corchorus golden mosaic virus and a phytoplasma in white jute (Corchorus capsularis L.)

A multiplex nested PCR assay was developed by optimizing reaction components and reaction cycling parameters for simultaneous detection of Corchorus golden mosaic virus (CoGMV) and a phytoplasma (Group 16Sr V-C) causing little leaf and bunchy top in white jute (Corchorus capsularis). Three sets of specific primers viz. a CoGMV specific (DNA-A region) primer, a 16S rDNA universal primer pair P1/P7 and nested primer pair R16F2n/R2 for phytoplasmas were used. The concentrations of the PCR components such as primers, MgCl2 , Taq DNA polymerase, dNTPs and PCR conditions including annealing temperature and amplification cycles were examined and optimized. Expected fragments of 1kb (CoGMV), 674bp (phytoplasma) and 370bp (nested R16F2n/R2) were successfully amplified by this multiplex nested PCR system ensuring simultaneous, sensitive and specific detection of the phytoplasma and the virus. The multiplex nested PCR provides a sensitive, rapid and low-cost method for simultaneous detection of jute little leaf phytoplasma and CoGMV. Based on BLASTn analyses, the phytoplasma was found to belong to the Group 16Sr V-C.

English

  The yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Banks (Acari: Tarsonemidae) is one of the most serious pests of jute crop (Corchorus olitorius L.) in Bangladesh. Jute plants of tossa (C. olitorius) varieties were considered as treatments including, O-9897,O-72,OM-1 and O-795. The paired plot treatments (miticide treated and miticide untreated control) were laid out under net house condition. The impact of yellow mite, were studied on three stages of jute plants: 60, 90 and 120 DAS. The higher number of mite stages observed up to 90 DAS then declined afterward up to 120 DAS in var. OM-1 among four C. olitorius varieties. A damage index scale (0-5) was to assess yellow mite injury to jute plants. The percent infestation and damage index was also used to relate yellow mite injury to different yield contributing characters of plants infested at three different phenological stages. The yield contributing characters of untreated plots showed significant damage at 60, 90 and 120 DAS in C. olitorius varieties compared to treatment plots. The highest fibre yield losses due to mite infestation was found in the variety OM-1 (74.71%) followed by O-795 (72.98%), O-72 (68.14%) and the lowest was in O-9897 (50.11%); the highest stick yield losses in OM-1(57.18%) followed by O-795 (49.43%), O-9897 (49.35%), the lowest was in O-72(48.92%)and the highest seed yield losses in O-795(64.34%)followed by O-72(48.21%),OM-1(44.55%), he lowest was in O-9897(42.69%) under net house condition. High yellow mite population in the untreated check decreased plant growth and showed significant fibre and stick weight loss in the variety OM-1 and seed weight loss in the variety O-795.   Key words: Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Corchorus capsularis, abundance, yield.

Identification and molecular characterization of a receptor-like protein kinase gene from Corchorus capsularis

A leucine-rich repeat-containing protein kinase (LRR-PK) gene has been identified in Corchorus capsularis. This gene, named CcLRR-RLK1, is 3032 bp long and encodes a protein composed of 958 amino acid residues. The deduced peptide contains 3 distinctive domains: a transmembrane domain, 5 leucine-rich repeat-containing motifs, and a serine/threonine protein kinase domain. Expression analysis indicated that the gene is reduced by several environmental stresses including high salt, fungus, and abscisic acid, suggesting its possible involvement in multiple stress response pathways.

Dry matter production at different growth phases and its variability inCorchorus capsularisL.

Pattern of dry matter distribution within different plant parts in 15 genotypes of Corchorus capsularis jute was estimated. Significant differences for distribution of dry matter were observed. Linear increase in dry weight of root, leaf and stem was recorded following the progress of growth period in most of the genotypes. Consistent superiority with respect to dry matter production in root, leaf, stem and bark with high bark to stick ratio was shown by CEX 040. On the other hand, CEX 048 had highest dry seed and pod weight. CEX 040 and CEX 048 can be recommended for commercial production of fibre and seed respectively. Least environmental influence was observed in partitioning of dry matter. Various components for fibre yield was predominantly controlled by additive gene action and that for seed by both additive and non additive gene actions. Dry matter in bark showed significant positive correlations with that of root at 120 days, leaf at 60 days, stem at 90 and 120 days whereas seed weight showed similar relationship with pod weight, leaf dry weight at 90 days and stem dry weight at 60 and 90 days.

Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase genes from a susceptible and resistant jute species show opposite expression pattern following Macrophomina phaseolina infection

Two of the most widely and intensively cultivated jute species, Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius, suffer severely from a stem rot disease caused by the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Wild jute species, C. trilocularis, shows resistance to this pathogenic fungus. In this study, the technique of differential display was applied to identify genes which are differentially expressed, under both infected and un-infected conditions, between C. trilocularis and C. olitorius var O-72. Two xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes designated CoXTH1 (from Corchorus olitorius) and CtXTH1 (from C.trilocularis) were identified from each of the two species which show different expression patterns upon fungal infection. A steady rise in the expression of CtXTH1 in response to infection was observed by quantitative real time PCR whereas the expression of CoXTH1 was found to be downregulated. Full length sequences of these two genes were determined using primer based gene walking and RACE PCR. This study confirms the involvement of XTH in molecular interactions between M. phaseolina and jute. However, it remains to be explored whether XTH is an essential component of the signaling pathway involved in plant-fungal interaction.

Origins of white (Corchorus capsularis L.) and dark (C. olitorius L.) jute: a reevaluation based on nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites

Using a suite of morphological traits and neutral molecular markers, we have reevaluated the origins of the two cultivated jute species. The nine Corchorus species, which are restricted to both Africa and Asia, were phenotyped for bast fibre yield- and quality-linked traits, morpho-phenetically classified based on those traits’ similarities, genotyped by nuclear microsatellites and haplotyped by chloroplast microsatellites. The two cultivated jute species contain ~70% of the neutral genetic diversity present in their wild relatives. Phylogenetic analyses using 38 highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellites identified C. aestuans as the common ancestor to both the cultivated jute species. C. urticifolius is the nuclear progenitor of C. olitorius (dark jute), but no close nuclear progenitor of C. capsularis (white jute) could be identified. Although either C. aestuans or C. pseudo-olitorius or both appear to be the possible cytoplasmic progenitors of white jute, the matrilineal ancestry of dark jute remains obscure. However, the presence of a single, unique chloroplast haplotype in each of the two cultivated species indicates the involvement of other unknown wild relatives. Taken together with archaeobotanical evidence, our results suggest that dark jute had its origin in equatorial region of east Africa, but was domesticated in India. We could not support an Indo-Myanmar origin of white jute, and possibly it also originated in Africa, but was domesticated in Asia.

Effects of N, P, K and S application on yield and quality of white jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) var. BJC-2197

A field experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) to observe the response of N, P, K and S on a pre?released white jute (Corchorus capsularis) var. BJC?2197. The experiment was carried out by applying N, P, K, S fertilizers in ten combinations including control. From the experiment it was observed that all the treatments had significant positive effect over control on growth, yield and quality parameters. The highest fiber yield (3.21 t/ha) and stick yield (6.58 t/ha) were recorded with N90P5K30S10 kg/ha treatment. However, the best quality fiber was found with combination of N90P15K30S10 kg/ha treatment. From the economic analysis point of view, it was found that combination of N90P5K30S10 kg/ha was higher (2.30) than N90P15K30S10 kg/ha (2.04). So the former can be considered as the best combination for var. BJC?2197 in terms of BCR, yield and quality. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 21(2): 109?116, 2012 (July) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v21i2.11508

Endophytic colonization of white jute (Corchorus capsularis) plants by different Beauveria bassiana strains for managing stem weevil (Apion corchori)

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), an entomopathogenic fungus, was introduced through seed inoculation with spore suspension as an endophyte in white jute (Corchorus capsularis L.), a bast fiber crop. Out of nine B. bassiana strains, seven, viz., ITCC 6063, ITCC 4512, ITCC 4563, ITCC 5562, ITCC 4796, ITCC 5408 and ITCC 4705, became established as endophytes. The endophytic colonization was initially detected by cultivation on selective medium. Colonization was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. Endophytic B. bassiana strains colonized in leaves of all the plants grown from treated seeds. However, the colonization frequency varied among the strains. The highest colonization frequency (70.09%) was recorded in ITCC 6063 followed by ITCC 5562 (67.67%) and ITCC 5408 (64.17%); ITCC 4512 exhibited the lowest (42.54%) colonization. ITCC 4925 and ITCC 4644 did not show any colonization. Endophytic colonization of B. bassiana reduced stem weevil infestation under pot culture. ITCC 5408 and ITCC 6063 were found most efficient, with only 10.44% and 14.06% infested plants, respectively.

Effect of Inherent Anatomy of Plant Fibers on the Morphology of Carbon Synthesized from Them and Their Hydrogen Absorption Capacity

Carbon materials were synthesized by pyrolysis from fibers of Corn-straw (Zea mays), Ricestraw (Oryza sativa), Jute-straw (Corchorus capsularis) Bamboo (Bombax bambusa), Bagass (Saccharum officinarum), Cotton (Bombax malabaricum), and Coconut (Cocos nucifera); these materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectra. All carbon materials are micro sized with large pores or channel like morphology. The unique complex spongy, porous and channel like structure of Carbon shows a lot of similarity with the original anatomy of the plant fibers used as precursor. Waxy contents like tyloses and pits present on fiber tracheids that were seen in the inherent anatomy disappear after pyrolysis and only the carbon skeleton remained; XRD analysis shows that carbon shows the development of a (002) plane, with the exception of carbon obtained from bamboo, which shows a very crystalline character. Raman studies of all carbon materials showed the presence of G- and D-bands of almost equal intensities, suggesting the presence of graphitic carbon as well as a disordered graphitic structure. Carbon materials possessing lesser density, larger surface area, more graphitic with less of an sp3 carbon contribution, and having pore sizes around 10 μm favor hydrogen adsorption. Carbon materials synthesized from bagass meet these requirements most effectively, followed by cotton fiber, which was more effective than the carbon synthesized from the other plant fibers.

Genetic Transformation in White Jute Through Agrobacterium and Salinity Screening of Transgenic Plant

The experiment was conducted to establish an efficient and reproducible protocol for the plant regeneration and genetic transformation in white Jute (Corchorus capsularis L.). The regeneration and transformation processes depend on optimum growth conditions, suitable explants and varieties. An attempt was made for Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation in white jute varieties using gene construct conferring both salt and drought tolerance (CIPK and Gly-1) along with the marker genes. Interestingly the two varieties (CVL-1 and Tricap-1) showed the response of both callus induction and plant regeneration on a single formulation i.e. MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA. Explants were dipped to liquid culture of bacteria for one minute and then transferred to co-cultivation media for 24 hours. Shoot regeneration from Agrobacterium infected cotyledon was found highest in variety CVL-1 (43%) than Tri cap (38%). After co-cultivation and selection histochemical GUS assay was performed in different varieties (vars. Tricap-1, CVE-3 & CVL-1). In the transformed explants, GUS reporter gene was expressed showing blue colour in the explants tissues. Among the varieties CVE-3 showed the highest expression blue colour in the explants tissues. Those transgenic plants are transferred to salt medium and soil for evaluation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i1.11180 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(1): 97-107, March 2012

Detection of Corchorus golden mosaic virus Associated with Yellow Mosaic Disease of Jute (Corchorus capsularis).

Yellow mosaic disease, caused by a whitefly transmitted New World Begomovirus, named Corchorus golden mosaic virus (CoGMV), is emerging as a serious biotic constraint for jute fibre production in Asia. For rapid and sensitive diagnosis of the Begomovirus associated with this disease, a non-radiolabelled diagnostic probe, developed against the DNA A component of the east Indian isolate of CoGMV, detected the presence of the virus in infected plants and viruliferous whiteflies following Southern hybridization and nucleic acid spot hybridization tests. Presence of the virus was also confirmed when polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed using virus-specific primers on DNA templates isolated from infected plants and viruliferous whiteflies.

Erratum to: Isolation of RNA from Field-Grown Jute (Corchorus capsularis) Plant in Different Developmental Stages for Effective Downstream Molecular Analysis

Erratum to: Isolation of RNA from Field-Grown Jute (Corchorus capsularis) Plant in Different Developmental Stages for Effective Downstream Molecular Analysis

Genome size variation inCorchorus olitorius(Malvaceae s.l.) and its correlation with elevation and phenotypic traits

In this study, we report genome size variations in Corchorus olitorius L. (Malvaceae s.l.), a crop species known for its morphological plasticity and broad geographical distribution, and Corchorus capsularis L., the second widely cultivated species in the genus. Flow cytometric analyses were conducted with several tissues and nuclei isolation buffers using 69 accessions of C. olitorius and 4 accessions of C. capsularis, representing different habitats and geographical origins. The mean 2C nuclear DNA content (± SD) of C. olitorius was estimated to be 0.918 ± 0.011 pg, with a minimum of 0.882 ± 0.004 pg, and a maximum of 0.942 ± 0.004 pg. All studied plant materials were found to be diploid with 2n = 14. The genome size is negatively correlated with days to flowering (r = -0.29, p < 0.05) and positively with seed surface area (r = 0.38, p < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant positive correlation was detected between genome size and growing elevation (r = 0.59, p < 0.001) in wild populations. The mean 2C nuclear DNA content of C. capsularis was estimated to be 0.802 ± 0.008 pg. In comparison to other economically important crop species, the genome sizes of C. olitorius and C. capsularis are much smaller, and therewith closer to that of rice. The relatively small genome sizes will be of general advantage for any efforts into genomics or sequencing approaches of these species.