Copper Oxide Research Articles

Size Effects of Copper(I) Oxide Nanospheres on Their Morphology on Copper Thin Films under Near-Infrared Femtosecond Laser Irradiation.

The femtosecond laser direct writing of metals has gained significant attention for micro/nanostructuring. Copper (I) oxide nanospheres (NSs), a promising material for multi-photon metallization, can be reduced to copper (Cu) and sintered through near-infrared femtosecond laser pulse irradiation. In this study, we investigated the size effect of copper (I) oxide nanospheres on their morphology when coated on Cu thin films and irradiated by near-infrared femtosecond laser pulses. Three Cu2O NS inks were prepared, consisting of small (φ100 nm), large (φ200 nm), and a mixture of φ100 nm and φ200 nm NSs. A unique phenomenon was observed at low laser pulse energy: both sizes of NSs bonded as single layers when the mixed NSs were used. At higher pulse energies, the small NSs melted readily compared to the large NSs. In comparisons between the large and mixed NSs, some large NSs remained intact, suggesting that the morphology of the NSs can be controlled by varying the concentration of different-sized NSs. Considering the simulation results indicating that the electromagnetic fields between large and small NSs are nearly identical, this differential morphology is likely attributed to the differences in the heat capacity of the NSs.

Green synthesis and antibacterial potency of Ag/CuO/ZnO nanoparticles derived from Psidium guajava L. extracts

Nanoparticles, characterized by their unique physicochemical properties, represent a significant frontier in interdisciplinary research, particularly within the realms of biomedicine and environmental science. This investigation delves into the eco-friendly synthesis of silver (Ag), copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles utilizing extracts derived from Psidium guajava L. The utilization of these botanical extracts presents a sustainable alternative to traditional nanoparticle fabrication methodologies, aligning with global sustainability imperatives and fostering environmentally conscious practices. The escalating global nanoparticle market, valued at over $30 billion in 2020 and projected to surpass $90 billion by 2027, underscores the economic significance and industrial relevance of nanoparticle research. This research trajectory fuels innovation across a spectrum of sectors, including healthcare, cosmetics and environmental remediation. The commercialization of nanoparticle-based products not only drives substantial revenue streams but also catalyzes advancements in research, development and manufacturing endeavors. Drawing upon aqueous extracts sourced from P. guajava., leaves and fruits, this study capitalizes on their inherent phytochemical composition to serve as stabilizing, reducing and capping agents during nanoparticle synthesis. Employing state-of-the-art characterization techniques such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, FE-SEM and EDS facilitates a comprehensive analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles' physicochemical attributes. Assessment of the nanoparticles' antibacterial efficacy against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris) bacterial strains reveals compelling results. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) elucidate notable efficacy, notably against P. vulgaris (3.75 mg/mL), S. aureus (7.5 mg/mL) and B. subtilis (10 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL), indicative of their potential biomedical applications in combating microbial infections.

Reduction of Emission and Fuel Consumptions based on Mingled Nano Additives in Biodiesel

Using the lipids identified as well as extra residual cooking oil, vegetable, and animal fats, bio-diesel a substitute for fuels derived from petroleum can be produced. Since the 1970s oil crisis, there has been a resurgence of interest in using biodiesel as a fossil fuel substitute due to the fuel's rapidly rising prices, availability uncertainties, and growing environmental and greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns.To produce biodiesel, glycerin and fat or vegetable oil are separated chemically through a process termed transesterification. Glycerin, a valuable byproduct that is typically sold to be used in soaps and other products, and methyl esters, the chemical term for biodiesel, are the two products left over from the process. The industrial term for diesel derived from petroleum, petro diesel, and biodiesel have similar viscosities. Due to the nearly zero sulfur content,it is recommended to be used as an additive in diesel oil formulations to improve the lubricity of pure ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD).The current work focuses heavily on reducing emissions and fuel consumption in automobiles. In addition to lowering pollutants and fuel consumption, the transition metal oxide (Copper oxide) additions in nanocrystalline particle form aid in molecular combustion. To create a stable Nano fluid, soap nut biodiesel is combined with metal oxide additive and ultrasonicated. For our experimental investigation, single cylinder, air cooled, constant speed Kirloskar engine is used. The reduction of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is investigated. The highest break power of the biodiesel employed in the study is 3.82 KW, greater than the typical diesel's 3.23 KW. The result shows improved engine efficiency, reduced emissions, and better brake thermal efficiency.

Investigation of the Annealing and Cu Doping Effect on Structural and Optical Properties of CdZnS Nanomaterial Deposited by Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis

This study investigates doped CdZnS thin films synthesized through the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique, followed by annealing at temperatures of 400 and 500 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that both undoped CdZnS and Cu-doped CdZnS thin films exhibit cubic crystal structures, with a preferred orientation along the (111) plane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements indicated that the CdZnS thin film has a smooth surface, whereas the Cu-doped CdZnS film shows clustered particles, attributed to the effect of copper doping acting as an activator metal ion. Electron dispersive scanning (EDS) analysis confirmed that the Cd, Zn, and S elements are present in acceptable chemical stoichiometry (Cd + Zn/S = 1:1), with a ratio of 3:1, consistent with the molar amounts used in the precursor solutions. The band gap of the CdZnS thin film decreased from 3.12 to 2.56 eV after annealing at 500 °C, attributed to an increase in crystal size. In contrast, the band gap of the Cu-doped CdZnS thin film decreased from 2.51 to 2.22 eV, lower than that of pure CdZnS, due to the formation of additional phases such as zinc oxide and copper oxide within the CdZnS host structure during annealing.

Study of the structural and optical properties of pure copper oxide and doped with zinc at fixed weight percentages

Through this research, the effect of doping with zinc ions on the structural and optical properties of copper oxide particles doped with zinc at certain weight percentages was study using Radiofrequency plasma deposition technology. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to ascertain the materials' characteristics. Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy of pure and doped thin films was also perform to calculate the band gap and electrical conductivity It was discovered using the XRD readings that the pure copper particles saturated with zinc had a crystalline size. It changes as Zn concentration rises and is influenced by the CuO lattice's strain and dislocation density. The thin film samples have structures resembling irregular and cubic grains, as demonstrated by the FE-SEM pictures. After doping with Zn, their homogeneity increases and adopts a regular granular nature. The band gap was also calculated for pure CuO particles as well as those doped with certain percentages of Zn. It was note that the addition of Zn worked to reduce Band gap for CuO

Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

A broad range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria have been demonstrated to be effectively suppressed in growth by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MONPs), suggesting that these particles may be useful in the fight against antibiotic resistance. The antibacterial characteristics of MONPs, including those of silver, zinc, titanium, zirconia, iron, copper, magnesium, and cobalt oxide are widely recognized. The use of these nanoparticles made of synthetic and natural materials in dentistry is developing quickly, has been included in a variety of dental materials and has assisted in the treatment of oral disorders as well as the removal of biofilms and smear layers. The reader will gain up-to-date knowledge on MONPs, their modes of action, and their significance in endodontics in this review.

Investigation of Copper Anodization Products with Temperature and Chemical Solution Changes

The rapid breakdown anodization (RBA) process was used to modify the copper surface and produce copper oxide powder. The effects of the temperature and inhibitors like glycerol and ethylene glycol were studied. The rate of corrosion increased dramatically at low temperatures, whereas it decreased at high temperatures. Cubic Cu2O particles were formed on the anode. Their volumes increased with increasing temperatures. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the production of semispherical particles in the powder formed at low temperatures, but these particles congregate and combine at high temperatures. After using the glycerol, octahedron and semispherical Cu2O particles were formed on the anode and cathode, respectively. The findings confirm the concept that the anodizing process's temperature may be utilized for controlling the oxide to metal ratio. Significant slowing of the anodic process occurs at high ratios for both inhibitors.

Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles from Kappaphycus alvarezii Derived Carrageenan for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue Dye

The present study investigates the synthesis and characterization of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles embedded in carrageenan matrices derived from green and brown strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii. The CuO-carrageenan nanoparticles (CuO-CRGg and CuO-CRGb) exhibit distinct absorption peaks at 295 nm and 301 nm, respectively suggesting variations in particle size distribution and crystallinity. Morphological analysis through SEM reveals the agglomerated structures with average particle sizes of 93 nm for CuO-CRGg and 106 nm for CuO-CRGb. FTIR analysis indicates the presence of functional groups including 3,6-anhydrogalactose from carrageenan, whereas the XRD analysis shows the average crystalline sizes of 26 nm and 27 nm for CuO-CRGg and CuO-CRGb, respectively. The energy levels associated with CuO-CRGg and CuO-CRGb nanoparticles are confirmed with a characteric peak at 4.20 and 4.12 eV, respectively suggesting wide bandgap semiconductor properties. The CuO-CRGb nanoparticles demonstrate higher photocatalytic efficiency under UV light (89.76%) compared to visible light (55.21%), with rate constants of 0.035 min–1 and a half-life of 4.04 min. Whereas CuO-CRGg nanoparticles exhibit efficiencies of 86.87% under UV light and 64.38% under visible light, with a rate constant of 0.033 min–1 and a half-life of 4.12 min under UV light and 0.011 min–1 and a half-life of 5.15 min under visible light.

Synergistic Activity of Antibiotics and Bio Active Plant Extract: Astudy Against Mdr Gram Negative Bacteria in Kirkuk City

Increasing multidrug resistance (MDR) is becoming a problematic issue worldwide. Finding alternatives to cope with this rising problem is becoming crucial for community healthcare. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activityCopper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) synthesised using hawthorn fruit extract against different MDR gram-negative bacteria isolates. CuoNPs were synthesized from Fresh hawthorn fruits (Crataegus). The biosynthesized copper oxide nanoparticles were Characterization of the synthesised nanoparticles was performed using UV-visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm CuONP production and assess their properties. Antibacterial activity was determined by disc diffusion and the healthy diffusion method. The considerable inhibitory action of hawthorn fruit extract was observed in gram-negative bacteria isolates. Also, the green synthesised CuoNPs demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity against two human pathogenic bacteria when combined with commercially available antibiotics. The current study suggested that CuoNPs have become an essential approach for nanobiotechnology applications in the development of antibacterial treatments for different bacterial infections, particularly for non-treatable antibiotic resistance pathogen.

Controlling the Energy Release Behavior of Aluminum Nanoparticles as Metal Fuels by Atomic Layer Deposited Copper Oxide Nanocoatings

Controlling the Energy Release Behavior of Aluminum Nanoparticles as Metal Fuels by Atomic Layer Deposited Copper Oxide Nanocoatings

Fabrication of Chitosan-Cu2O Nanocomposite through Ethanol Assisted Reduction

The semiconducting characteristics of copper oxides have intrigued researchers like photocatalysis and sensors. Coating these nanoparticles with biocompatible polymers like chitosan enhances their properties, such as biocompatibility and non-toxicity, while reducing production costs. This work details the successful in situ production of a biocompatibile nanocomposite, with Cu2O nanoparticles dispersed in a chitosan matrix using ethanol as a reducing agent. Advanced techniques including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging combined with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis, have been employed to characterize the nanocomposite material with additional relevant properties analyzed.

Investigation of Copper Anodization Products with Temperature and Chemical Solution Changes

The rapid breakdown anodization (RBA) process was used to modify the copper surface and produce copper oxide powder. The effects of the temperature and inhibitors like glycerol and ethylene glycol were studied. The rate of corrosion increased dramatically at low temperatures, whereas it decreased at high temperatures. Cubic Cu2O particles were formed on the anode. Their volumes increased with increasing temperatures. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the production of semispherical particles in the powder formed at low temperatures, but these particles congregate and combine at high temperatures. After using the glycerol, octahedron and semispherical Cu2O particles were formed on the anode and cathode, respectively. The findings confirm the concept that the anodizing process's temperature may be utilized for controlling the oxide to metal ratio. Significant slowing of the anodic process occurs at high ratios for both inhibitors.

Leaching Thermodynamics of Low-Grade Copper Oxide Ore from [(NH4)2SO4]-NH3-H2O Solution.

This paper describes a highly alkaline low-grade copper oxide ore. Copper can be selectively leached out while other metals are retained. A thermodynamic model of the CuO-(NH4)2SO4-NH3-H2O system was established for the leaching of tenorite (CuO) under conditions of mass and charge conservation. MATLAB's fitting functions, along with the diff and solve functions, were used to calculate the optimal ammonia concentration and total copper ion concentration of tenorite under different ammonium sulfate concentrations. The effects of various ammonia-ammonium salt solutions (ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate, ammonium chloride) on the copper leaching rate were investigated. Results show that under the conditions of an ammonia concentration of 1.2 mol/L, an ammonia-ammonium ratio of 2:1, a liquid-solid ratio of 3:1, a temperature of 25 °C, and a leaching time of 4 h, the copper leaching rate from the ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride solutions reaches 70%, which is slightly higher than that of ammonium carbonate. Therefore, an ammonia-ammonium sulfate system is selected for leaching low-grade copper oxide due to its lower corrosion to equipment compared to the chlorination system. The impact of this study on industrial applications includes the potential to find more sustainable and cost-effective methods for resource recovery. The industry can reduce its dependence on resources and mitigate its environmental impact. Readers engaged in low-grade oxidized copper research will benefit from this study.

GREEN ROUTE SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE (CuO) NANOPARTICLES FOR THE DEGRADATION OF COMMERCIAL DYES USING VICIA FABA LEAF EXTRACT

The release of toxic dyes into water effluents by various industries has become a global concern. Therefore, developing novel, straightforward, and economically viable methods or materials for purifying these hazardous pigments is imperative. This study aims to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) through a green route using Vicia faba leaf extract. UV-Vis spectroscopy reveals an absorption band ranging from 200 nm to 300 nm, with a major absorption peak at 212 nm and an energy band gap of 5.29 eV. FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD techniques characterise the synthesised CuO nanoparticles. FTIR analysis identifies functional groups including hydroxyl (OH), aromatic C-H, C=C stretching, carbonyl (C=O), and Cu-O stretching vibrations. Scanning electron microscopy reveals flower-like particles, while EDX analysis confirms the formation of CuO nanoparticles. The XRD pattern indicates a crystalline structure with an average particle size of 27.44 nm. A plot of (αhν)² versus photon energy (hν) was generated to determine the energy band gap, yielding a value of 5.29 eV. Rhodamine-B and methylene blue (MB) dyes were employed to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation of the synthesized CuO-NPs, resulting in correlation coefficients of 0.7154and 0.9702, respectively. Furthermore, the rate constants of these dye reactions were found to be 0.0406min-¹ and0.0343 min-¹.

The neural networking strategy results in the tri‐hybrid nanofluid flowing over a slippery flat plate to act as an antimicrobial agent through solar radiation

AbstractHybrid nanofluids are employed to enhance the antibacterial effect produced by solar radiation. Antimicrobial properties are present in metal nanoparticles (such as silver, copper, or zinc) or metal oxides (such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide) when exposed to solar radiation. Nanomaterials that have antimicrobial properties are selected from the available literature. A solar sheet with an inclined plane has been chosen and filled with tri‐hybrid nanofluids (THNFs). Hybrid nanofluids including (CuO), Copper oxide, TiO2 (Titanium oxide), and SiO2 (Silicon dioxide), are selected from metal and metal oxide classes including water as a base fluid. The antimicrobial action caused by solar radiation is enhanced by the slip boundaries and variable porous space. The influence of flow and thermal fields on isotherms, velocities, flow lines, and Nusselt numbers are considered. The transformed system of differential equations is solved by the Control Volume Finite Element Method (CVFEM) and RK‐4 technique. The nanoparticulate volume fraction of CuO, TiO2, and SiO2 is largely responsible for the enhancement in the heat transfer rate (HT), as observed. Improved thermal performance is achieved through the flow of THNFs, which in turn acts as an antimicrobial agent. Increasing values of parameters lead to an improvement in the heat transfer rate, which in turn decreases microbial activity.

Hydrogen activation by rhodium under the cover of a copper oxide thin film

The activation of reactants by catalytically active metal sites at metal-oxide interfaces is important for understanding the effect of metal-support interactions on nanoparticle catalysts and for tuning activity and selectivity. Using a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we studied the activation of H2 and the effect of CO poisoning on isolated Rh atoms completely or partially covered by a copper oxide (Cu2O) thin film. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments conducted in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) show that neither a partially nor a fully oxidized Cu2O layer grown on a Rh/Cu(111) single-atom alloy can activate hydrogen in UHV. However, in situ ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) experiments performed at elevated H2 pressures reveal that Rh significantly accelerates the reduction of these Cu2O thin films by hydrogen. Remarkably, the fastest reduction rate is observed for the fully oxidized sample with all Rh sites covered by Cu2O. Both TPD and AP-XPS data demonstrate that these covered Rh sites are inaccessible to CO, indicating that Rh under Cu2O is active for H2 dissociation but cannot be poisoned by CO. In contrast, an incomplete oxide film leaves some of the Rh sites exposed and accessible to CO, and hence prone to CO poisoning. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that unlike many reactions in which hydrogen activation is rate limiting, the rate-determining step in the dissociation of H2 on thin-film Cu2O with Rh underneath is the adsorption of H2 on the buried Rh site, and once adsorbed, the dissociation of H2 is barrierless. These calculations also explain why H2 can only be activated at higher pressures. Together, these results highlight how different the reactivity of atomically dispersed Rh in Cu can be depending on its accessibility through the oxide layer, providing a way to engineer Rh sites that are active for hydrogen activation but resilient to CO poisoning.

Flat plate solar collector activated with alumina-silicon dioxide-copper oxide hybrid nanofluid: Thermal performance study

Flat plate collectors (FPC) play a crucial role in solar-powered desalination by harnessing sunlight to purify water. They are acclaimed for their simple yet efficient design, as their dark, flat surfaces effectively transfer heat to the desalination system, making them a preferred choice for sustainable water treatment. Nevertheless, the performance of FPC systems is hindered by the working fluid, which reduces the productivity of distilled water, particularly without the use of nanotechnology to enhance the fluid’s thermal properties. This study aims to enhance the performance of FPCs in desalination processes by integrating them with conventional still systems and employing hybrid nanofluids. These nanofluids, composed of alumina (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.3 % in 50:50 combinations, namely Al2O3/SiO2, SiO2/CuO, and Al2O3/CuO, are introduced into the working fluid (water). The integration of these hybrid nanofluids is evaluated in terms of thermal behaviour, including thermal conductivity, outlet temperature, energy gain, water productivity, and thermal and exergy efficiency of FPC. Among the different combinations, the Al2O3/CuO hybrid nanofluid demonstrates the highest thermal conductivity, outlet temperature, energy gain, water productivity, as well as thermal and exergy efficiencies, reaching approximately 0.631 W/mK, 87.5 °C, 568.7 W, 124.3 ml/m2, 61.4 %, and 6.7 %, respectively. The Al2O3/CuO featured flat plate solar collector system has the potential for an optimum system of addressing the pressing global issue of water scarcity.

Poly(methyl methacrylate) functionalized graphene oxide/CuO as nanocomposite for efficient removal of dye pollutants

In this research, the use of a three-component nanocomposite of graphene oxide-methyl methacrylate and copper(II) oxide (PMMA-GO-CuO) was investigated. The aim of synthesizing this nanocomposite is to removal dye pollutants, specifically methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO), which are commonly used in dyeing industries, through adsorption. The study focuses on creating GO-CuO and PMMA-GO-CuO nanocomposites as effective adsorbents. A simple and quick method led to the development of the PMMA-GO-CuO nanocomposite, which shows enhanced physical and chemical properties. Key materials include graphene oxide, methyl methacrylate, and copper(II) oxide nanoparticles. Characterization techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TGA were used to analyze the nanocomposite. Results indicate that dye adsorption is more effective at lower pH levels, suggesting that the PMMA-GO-CuO nanocomposite can efficiently remove dyes from industrial wastewater. The experimental data showed that the Langmuir isotherm model accurately represented the equilibrium adsorption, with maximum capacities of 285.71 mg g−1 for methylene blue and 256.41 mg g−1 for methyl orange, indicating a single layer of adsorption. The kinetics followed a pseudo-second order model, suggesting that the adsorption process involves chemical bonding. Additionally, thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°) indicated that the adsorption is spontaneous. The adsorption mechanism involves hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and electrostatic interactions. This study investigates how factors like pH, temperature, contact time, and dye concentration affect the adsorption of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes. A PMMA-GO-CuO nanocomposite was used, achieving 84% removal of MB and 35% removal of MO from industrial wastewater. This study highlights the promising potential of PMMA-GO-CuO nanocomposite as an effective material for the removal of dye pollutants from industrial wastewater. The results showed that the graphene oxide in the composite is effective for removing cationic dyes due to its negative charge. Further research will focus on the optimization of the synthesis process with the aim of achieving competitive performance of this nanocomposite on a large scale. These findings not only advance the field of nanocomposite materials but also provide a practical solution to an important environmental issue, demonstrating the innovation of the present study in the literature.

Hierarchical CuO nanosheets encasing nanorods via a singular potential-cycling activation: Innovations in supercapacitor energy density and longevity

Copper oxides (CuO), by virtue of their exceptional electrical conductivity, benign environmental profile, and economic viability, have emerged as indispensable constituents in the design and development of binder-free electrodes for advanced supercapacitor systems. The ongoing quest for the synthesis of CuO nanomaterials through gentle yet economically feasible methodologies held considerable promise for broadening their applicability within the domain of energy storage devices. In this investigation, a novel architectural innovation was achieved through the integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within the framework of an in-situ electrooxidation process, culminating in the formation of a distinctive CuO-CNT nanorod configuration. Subsequent to this fabrication, the electrode material was subjected to an extensive cyclic voltammetry (CV) activation for 2000 cycles, which precipitated a profound morphological evolution. This process resulted in the emergence of 2D hierarchical nanosheet arrays enveloping 1D nanorods, a configuration herein designated as CuO-CNT-2000. This meticulously engineered lamellar structure conferred upon the material an extraordinary specific surface area, quantified at 219.6 m2 g⁻1, and an impressive specific capacitance of 709.1 F g⁻1. Moreover, the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) assembled utilizing this advanced material exhibited a remarkable energy density, measured at 38.09 Wh kg⁻1. Notably, even after enduring 60,000 charge-discharge cycles, the device demonstrated a retention of 82.36 % of its initial energy density, coupled with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.43 %, thus attesting to its superior electrochemical stability and longevity. The efficacy of the CV activation technique in facilitating significant morphological refinement, augmenting the specific surface area, and enhancing the electrochemical performance of the material suggests a broad applicability of this method to a diverse array of other electrode materials, potentially revolutionizing the design and fabrication of next-generation energy storage systems.

Comparative study of influence of Cu, CuO nanoparticles and Cu2+ on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W.) spermatozoa.

The same elements can yield disparate nanoproducts that may elicit different harmful effects in cells and organisms. This study aimed to compare the effects of copper (Cu NPs) and copper oxide (CuO NPs) nanoparticles and Cu2+ (from CuSO4) on the physico-biochemical variables of rainbow trout spermatozoa. The cell death assay, along with the activation of caspases 8 and 9, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the percentage of cells exhibiting a high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were quantified over 24-hour incubation. Interestingly, during exposure, all copper products induced cell apoptosis. However, Cu NPs had a stronger effect than CuO NPs, while the impact of the Cu in ionic form was found to be between the other two compounds. The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways were activated, as evidenced by the activation of caspases 8 and 9. Initially, caspase activation increased without a corresponding decrease in MMPs but prolonged exposure resulted in a significant decrease in MMP levels. In all treated cells, the ROS levels increased over time. Further studies are needed to confirm the lower CuO NPs' toxicity compared to Cu NPs because their effect on cells also depends on many other parameters such as size or shape.