Biosorption Of Copper Research Articles

Studies on the equilibrium, thermodynamics, and kinetics of the biosorption of copper (II) and lead (II) onto Indian willow (Salix tetrasperma) leaves

ABSTRACT Potentially toxic metals in water threaten humans, animals, and the environment. The potential of Indian willow (Salix tetrasperma) leaves to biosorb copper and lead from water was examined. Utilising scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum analysis, the properties of Salix tetrasperma biomass (STB) was investigated. The maximum removal percentage (92.8% for copper and 89.9% for lead) was achieved at pH 5.0, a biosorbent dosage of 3.0 g/L at 25°C, and a 10 mg/L initial concentration of copper and lead. The determination of the point zero charge (pHzpc = 5.0) indicated the prevalence of a negative charge on the surface of the biosorbents. The kinetic equation utilised in the pseudo-second-order model effectively. Langmuir isotherm better described experimented data than the Freundlich model. The Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm provided a good fit for the study's equilibrium data. STB recorded an adsorption capacity, Qmax, of 43.99 mg/g for copper (II) and 39.66 mg/g for lead (II) ions at an optimum pH of 5. Thermodynamically, the biosorption of both ions on STB was spontaneous, endothermic, and feasible. The selected modified STB was found to be suitable for adsorbing copper (II) and lead (II) metal ions.

Indigenous copper and dye resistant bacteria: Enterobacter cloacae Suk1 and Serratia nematodiphila Suk13 isolated from Sukolilo River, Surabaya Province, Indonesia

Bioremediation using indigenous copper-resistant bacteria has been successfully used in reducing copper concentrations. However, little information is available concerning the resistance of bacteria to copper and dyes. This study, therefore, was aimed at 1) isolating and characterizing multi-resistant bacteria, 2) measuring the copper biosorption and accumulation ability, and 3) measuring the growth and decolorization ability of various dyes. Dye-multi-resistant bacteria were isolated from Sukolilo River, Indonesia. Copper resistance was determined by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The biosorption and accumulation abilities were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The twelve dyes used in the test were methylene blue, malachite green, congo red, mordant orange, reactive black, direct yellow, basic fuchsine, reactive orange, dispersion orange, remazol red, wantex yellow, and wantex red. The decolorization activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 300-900 nm. The results showed that nine isolates of copper-resistant bacteria demonstrated MIC of 3-9 mM CuSO4. Enterobacter cloacae Suk1 and Serratia nematodiphila Suk13 have been demonstrated to possess multi-resistance to CuSO4, and the twelve dyes, except Enterobacter cloacae Suk1 which did not grow on malachite green and basic fuchsine. Enterobacter cloacae Suk1 was able to decolorize 89.42% of methylene blue and 83.61% of congo red in a medium supplemented with 500 ppm of each dye. Enterobacter cloacae Suk1 and Serratia nematodiphila Suk13 also accumulated copper of up to 2.61 mg and 2.48 mg/g dry weight of cell, respectively, and removed copper of up to 94.64% and 90.52% in a medium containing 5 mM CuSO4, respectively.

Biosorption of copper, nickel, and manganese as well as the production of metal nanoparticles by Bacillus species isolated from soils contaminated with electronic wastes.

Improper electronic waste management in the world especially in developing countries such as Iran has resulted in environmental pollution. Copper, nickel, and manganese are from the most concerned soil contaminating heavy metals which found in many electronic devices that are not properly processed. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological removal of copper, nickel, and manganese by Bacillus species isolated from a landfill of electronic waste (Zainal Pass hills located in Isfahan, Iran) which is the and to produce nanoparticles from the studied metals by the isolated bacteria. The amounts of copper, nickel, and manganese in the soil was measured as 1.9 × 104 mg/kg, 0.011 × 104 mg/kg and 0.013 × 104 mg/kg, respectively based on ICP-OES analysis, which was significantly higher than normal (0.02 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of metals on the bacterial isolates was determined. The biosorption of metals by the bacteria was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The metal nanoparticles were synthetized utilizing the isolates in culture media containing the heavy metals with the concentrations to which the isolates had shown resistance. X ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used for the evaluation of the fabrication of the produced metal nanoparticles. Based on the findings of this study, a total of 15 bacterial isolates were obtained from the soil samples. The obtained MICs of copper, nickel, and manganese on the isolates were 40-300 mM, 4-10 mM, and 60-120 mM, respectively. The most resistant isolates to copper were FM1 and FM2 which were able to bio-remove 79.81% and 68.69% of the metal, respectively. FM4 and FM5 were respectively the most resistant isolate to nickel and manganese and were able to bio-remove 86.74% and 91.96% of the metals, respectively. FM1, FM2, FM4, and FM5 was molecularly identified as Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus paramycoides, and Bacillus wiedmannii, respectively. The results of XRD, SEM and EDS showed conversion of the copper and manganese into spherical and oval nanoparticles with the approximate sizes of 20-40 nm. Due to the fact that the novel strains in this study showed high resistance to copper, nickel, and manganese and high adsorption of the metals, they can be used in the future, as suitable strains for the bio-removal of these metals from electronic and other industrial wastes.

Bioremediation potential of microalgae for copper ion from wastewater and its impact on growth and biochemical contents: equilibrium isotherm studies

The use of microalgae to remediate heavy metal-contaminated wastewater has attracted more and more interest. In this investigation, the green microalgae Chloroidium ellipsoideum and Desmodesmus subspicatus were used to study copper uptake from nutrient media and its effect on algal growth and metabolism. The growth of C. ellipsoideum and D. subspicatus generally decreased with increasing copper concentrations. There was a decrease in the carbohydrate content of C. ellipsoideum, but an increase was observed in D. subspicatus by treatment with various copper concentrations. Low concentrations of copper helped to increase the protein content of C. ellipsoideum, but a decline in protein content was reported for D. subspicatus. By increasing the copper concentrations, an increase in the free amino acids and a decrease in the total lipid content of C. ellipsoideum and D. subspicatus were recorded. At 0.1 mgl–1 copper concentration, pH of 6.8, and algal dose of 1 g L−1, the maximum biosorption capacity of C. ellipsoideum was 0.398 mg g−1, corresponding to the maximum reduction of 68.66% of Cu2+, and 0.396 mg/g for D. subspicatus, corresponding to the maximum reduction of 59.52%. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models were applied to describe the isothermal biosorption of Cu2+ ions in studied algae. The Dubinin–Radushkevich model indicated that the copper biosorption mechanism was physical in nature. Cu2+ has a greater affinity for D. subspicatus than C. ellipsoideum, suggesting that C. ellipsoideum was relatively more resistant to Cu2+ toxicity than D. subspicatus. Moreover, FT-IR analysis revealed that carboxyl, amide, amino, carbonyl, hydroxyl, methyl and alkyl groups were the key groups responsible for the biosorption process. Therefore, D. subspicatus and C. ellipsoideum are efficient biosorbents for Cu2+ and can be used as biosorbents for heavy metals removal from wastewater.

Kinetic and thermodynamic investigations of copper (II) biosorption by green algae Chara vulgaris obtained from the waters of Dal Lake in Srinagar (India)

Intake of copper (II) heavy metal ions beyond certain permissible limit raises the risk of cancer, liver damage, stomach discomfort and kidney failure. In present study dead green algae Chara vulgaris was used as a sorbent for the elimination of copper (II) from eutrophicated water of Dal Lake in Srinagar India. The roles of pH, equilibrium time and initial copper (II) concentration were evaluated in the said biosorption process. Various analyses, including FTIR, FE-SEM/EDX, HR TEM, XRD, and BET tests, were conducted to understand the copper (II) biosorption mechanism. In present investigation the adsorption of copper (II) ions (from 100 ppm concentration of copper (II) solution) was maximum (about 70 %± 1.5) under conditions; pH 5, equilibrium time 60 min, adsorbent dosage 0.5 g in 50 mL of copper (II) solution, and temperature of 20 °C. The adsorption was better fitted by the pseudo-second-order rate model. The experimental findings indicated the Langmuir model was better suited to the given adsorption processes. The said model demonstrated the involvement of both physical and chemical factors underlying the mechanism of process. The values of thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0, and ΔS0under given experimental conditions indicated the process to be spontaneous. Moreover, this work presents a fresh approach for environmentally friendly and affordable extraction of copper (II) from wastewater, utilizing algae Chara vulgaris as a biosorbent. The unique biochemical composition of Chara vulgaris demonstrates a remarkable affinity for copper (II) ions, offering a sustainable approach to mitigate copper pollution.

Exploring the efficacy of Cystoseira sedoide alga for cadmium and copper biosorption: an integrated experimental and computational study.

Pollution by heavy metals is a major global issue. The biosorptive removal of Cd2+ and Cu2+ by Cystoseira sedoide (C. sedoide) was evaluated in this work. FTIR and XRD analysis were performed to determine the characteristics of the biosorbent. In batch biosorption studies, several operating parameters such as solution pH and concentration, contact time, biosorbent dose and temperature were tested and optimized for the effective elimination of cadmium and copper ions. Results were further compared to industrial activated carbon (Ac.C). The biosorption capacities for Cd2+ and Cu2+ were 23.78 and 14.66 mg g-1, respectively. Excellent removal rates were achieved for both Cd2+ and Cu2+ by C. sedoide. In experiments with varying temperature, biosorbent dose, and heavy metal ions concentration, almost steady states were observed whatever the operating conditions and no notable differences were observed within the studied range of conditions. However, Ac.C performance was dependent on the operating conditions. Moreover, cadmium ion removal by C. sedoide was efficient even in the presence of copper ions. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) computations, it can be stated that the attraction forces between the heavy metal ion and the biosorbent depend on the considered structure and arrangement of the proposed complex models. Besides the revealed benefits of using C. sedoide for the removal of heavy metals, the biomass can be reused as a feedstock for the production of biochar or bioethanol, leading to economic and environmental sustainability when implemented on a large scale.

Characterization and Investigation of Biosorption of Copper (II) from Simulated Wastewater Using Chemically Modified Cassava Leaves (Manihot esculenta)

Characterization and Investigation of Biosorption of Copper (II) from Simulated Wastewater Using Chemically Modified Cassava Leaves (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>)

The potential biosorption of copper and manganese by bacterial cellulose in the environment

The potential biosorption of copper and manganese by bacterial cellulose in the environment

Copper biosorption by Bacillus pumilus OQ931870 and Bacillus subtilis OQ931871 isolated from Wadi Nakheil, Red Sea, Egypt

BackgroundDespite being necessary, copper is a toxic heavy metal that, at high concentrations, harms the life system. The parameters that affect the bioreduction and biosorption of copper are highly copper-resistant bacteria.ResultsIn this work, the ability of the bacterial biomass, isolated from black shale, Wadi Nakheil, Red Sea, Egypt, for Cu2+ attachment, was investigated. Two Cu2+ resistance Bacillus species were isolated; Bacillus pumilus OQ931870 and Bacillus subtilis OQ931871. The most tolerant bacterial isolate to Cu2+ was B. pumilus. Different factors on Cu2+ biosorption were analyzed to estimate the maximum conditions for Cu biosorption. The qmax for Cu2+ by B. pumilus and B. subtilis determined from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was 11.876 and 19.88 mg. g−1, respectively. According to r2, the biosorption equilibrium isotherms close-fitting with Langmuir and Freundlich model isotherm. Temkin isotherm fitted better to the equilibrium data of B. pumilus and B. subtilis adsorption. Additionally, the Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm suggested that adsorption mechanism of Cu2+ is predominately physisorption.ConclusionTherefore, the present work indicated that the biomass of two bacterial strains is an effective adsorbent for Cu2+ removal from aqueous solutions.

Systematic investigation of simultaneous copper biosorption and nitrogen removal from wastewater by an aerobic denitrifying bacterium of auto-aggregation

Finding effective methods for simultaneous removal of eutrophic nutrients and heavy metals has attracted increasing concerns for the environmental remediation. Herein, a novel auto-aggregating aerobic denitrifying strain (Aeromonas veronii YL-41) was isolated with capacities for copper tolerance and biosorption. The denitrification efficiency and nitrogen removal pathway of the strain were investigated by nitrogen balance analysis and amplification of key denitrification functional genes. Moreover, the changes in the auto-aggregation properties of the strain caused by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production were focused on. The biosorption capacity and mechanisms of copper tolerance during denitrification were further explored by measuring changes in copper tolerance and adsorption indices, as well as by variations in extracellular functional groups. The strain showed extremely strong total nitrogen removal ability, with 67.5%, 82.08% and 78.48% of total nitrogen removal when NH4+-N, NO2−-N, and NO3−-N were used as the only initial nitrogen source, respectively. The successful amplification of napA, nirK, norR, and nosZ genes further demonstrated that the strain accomplished nitrate removal through a complete aerobic denitrification pathway. The production of protein-rich EPS of up to 23.31 mg/g and an auto-aggregation index of up to 76.42% may confer a strong biofilm-forming potential to the strain. Under the stress of 20 mg/L copper ions, the removal of nitrate-nitrogen was still as high as 71.4%. In addition, the strain could achieve an efficient removal of 96.9% of copper ions at an initial concentration of 80 mg/L. Scanning electron microscopy and deconvolution analysis of characteristic peaks confirmed that the strains encapsulate heavy metals by secreting EPS and, meanwhile, form strong hydrogen bonding structures to enhance intermolecular forces to resist copper ion stress. This study provides an innovative and effective biological approach for the synergistic bioaugmentation removal of eutrophic substances and heavy metals from aquatic environments.

Kinetic and mechanistic study of the biosorption of Copper(II) Ion from wastewater using porous Chitosan-Walnut shell composite

Kinetic and mechanistic study of the biosorption of Copper(II) Ion from wastewater using porous Chitosan-Walnut shell composite

Optimized removal of cadmium, copper and lead from wastewater by biosorption using cabbage waste and Box-Behnken design (BBD)

In this study a Box-Behnken (BBD) design was applied to optimize biosorption of copper, cadmium, and lead using cabbage waste. The effects of operating parameters including initial pH, biosorbent dosage, contact time, and heavy metal concentration were determined by BBD. The maximum biosorption removal efficiency was achieved at pH 4, 300 min operation time, 1.5 g/250 mL biosorbent dosage, and an initial heavy metal concentration of 25 mg/L. The maximum removal efficiencies were 77.23% for Cu, 93.10% for Pb, and 67.19% for Cd at optimal conditions. The cabbage waste was found to be an effective, sustainable, locally available, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for removing heavy metals from aqueous solution.

Biodegradation of copper (II) ions by Klebsiella sp. 3S1 isolated from the eutrophicated water of Dal lake in Srinagar Kashmir (India)

ABSTRACT Water contamination by heavy metals now adversely affects almost every country. The use of microbes to clean up polluted water bodies has recently sparked a lot of debate. The copper (II)-resistant bacterium, identified as Klebsiella species 3S1, was discovered in the waters of Dal Lake Srinagar (India). The roles of pH, contact time, and initial copper (II) concentration were evaluated in the biosorption of copper (II) by Klebsiella 3S1 species. The Langmuir isotherm fitted showed the maximum biosorption capacities mg Cu ion g biomass . to be of the order of 61.73 ± 1.13, 70.13 ± 0.16, and 102.57 ± 1.13 at the respective temperatures of 293 K, 300 K, and 312 K. For the biosorption kinetics, pseudo-second-order model was found to be best fitted. SEM-EDX evidenced the copper (II) biosorption, was discovered to be linked to the cell wall structures of Klebsiella 3S1 bacteria. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the OH, NH, COOH, amino, and hydroxyl groups were the sites of stretching and copper (II) binding. The thermodynamic study revealed that the biosorption of copper (II) by Klebsiella 3S1 is endothermic and spontaneous. This present study indicated the biosorption potential of Klebsiella species 3S1 biomaterial towards the bioremediation of copper (II)-contaminated waste water.

Pantoea agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Shigella flexneri isolated from the Cisadane River as multiresistant bacteria to copper and dyes

Copper pollution in Cisadane is a serious environmental issue that needs to be resolved immediately due to its negative impacts on river ecosystems. Bioremediation utilising indigenous bacteria offers excellent potential to restore copper‐contaminated river water. This study aimed to obtain indigenous copper‐resistant bacteria isolated from the Cisadane River as copper bioremediation agents. Bacteria from Cisadane River water samples were isolated by the spread plate method on Luria Bertani medium containing 3 mM CuSO4. Resistance was determined based on the minimum inhibitory concentration value, while copper concentration was measured using an atomic absorption spec‐ trophotometer. The results presented a total of 13 bacterial isolates with a minimum inhibitory concentration of up to 8 mM CuSO4. Sequence alignment analysis was performed on three selected copper‐resistant bacteria, i.e. isolate IrCis1, IrCis4 and IrCis13, which were identified as Pantoea agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella flexneri based on 16S rRNA, respectively. Each isolate accumulated copper at 1.19 mg, 1.34 mg and 0.92 mg/g DW of cells, with copper biosorption potentials of 73.74%, 70.17% and 67.73%, respectively. In conclusion, P. agglomerans strain IrCis1, K. pneu‐ moniae strain IrCis4 and S. flexneri strain IrCis5 isolated from the Cisadane River can be used as copper bioremediation agents.

Biosorption of copper and lead ions onto treated biomass Myrica esculenta: Isotherms and kinetics studies

Copper and lead ions in polluted water sources pose grave ecological and health concerns to all living things. The processed biomass of Myrica esculenta was utilised as a biosorbent to remove copper and lead ions from wastewater. Biosorption evaluation was impacted by operating variables such as pH (1.0 to 7.0), metal ion concentration (10 to 50 mg/L), biomass concentration (1 to 5 g), contact time (15 to 75 min), and temperature (25 to 65 °C). The copper and lead ion sorption study was carried out using a batch sorption system. At pH 4.0, the highest biosorption efficiencies of Myrica esculenta for CuII and PbII were found to be 94.9 % and 90.2 %, respectively. Studies on biosorption indicated that pseudo-second-order models more accurately described kinetic data. Regarding the biosorption isotherm, the Langmuir model was the best applicable model for experimental data. On Myrica esculenta the maximum observed adsorption capacity Qmax for PbII ions is 43.86 mg/g, while the maximum observed adsorption capacity Qmax for CuII ions is 39.37 mg/g. The FTIR findings of Myrica esculenta biomass indicated that there were hydroxyl (OH), amine (NH), carbonyl (CO) and carboxylic (COOH) functional groups on biomass. These functional groups interact with the metal ions in synthetic wastewater. Under examined conditions, the biosorption of CuII and PbII ions on Myrica esculenta biomass was found spontaneous (ΔG0 < 0), endothermic (ΔH0 > 0), and feasible (ΔS0 > 0) according to the computed thermodynamic parameters ΔG0, ΔH0 and ΔS0.

Efficiency of Pre-Treated Immobilized Chara Algae (C. vulgaris) for Biosorption of Copper and Lead from Aqueous Solutions

The present study evaluates the potential of chemically modified, immobilized Chara algae (C. vulgaris) to remove copper and lead from aqueous solutions. Chara algae were prepared and studied for their ability to remove heavy metal ions prepared solutions. In a batch mode, several factors affecting the adsorption process such pH, temperature, contacting period and algal dose on adsorption efficiency were studied. Results showed that the metal adsorption process takes place quickly at pH values (5.0-6.0), temperature level (25-30) oC and the order of the accumulated metal ions is Cu&gt;pb.The results showed that the handling with low concentration of nitric acid at 0.05 normality was effective in the process of desorbing metal ions. So as for regeneration of algae, 0.2 M sodium hydroxide is very effective. The regenerative algae were used for five cycles of biosorption, without losing its demineralization efficacy. FTIR absorption spectroscopic analyzes showed that all groups that present in the algae are responsible for the main biological absorption of metal ions.Adsorption process specifications are more effective when using modification processes, as the maximum adsorption of algae for both lead and copper was within a range of 6.5-10.3 mg per gram of algae when using the alkaline treatment. While the acid treatment reduced the amount of adsorbent by 4.2-5.8 mg per gram algae; The adsorption process is fast and occurs by 90% within the first 15 min. Heavy metal adsorption was observed at very low levels at pH values as low as 2.0. Algae are effective in removing lead, copper and other light metal ions from wastewater.

The Biosorption of Copper(II) Using a Natural Biofilm Formed on the Stones from the Metro River, Malang City, Indonesia.

Biofilm is the predominant habitat of microbes in aquatic ecosystems. Microhabitat inside the biofilm matrix is a nutrient-rich environment promoted by the adsorption of nutrient ions from the surrounding water. Biofilms can not only adsorb ions that are nutrients but also other ions, such as heavy metals. The ability of biofilm to attract and retain heavy metals, such as copper(II), makes biofilms a promising biosorbent for water pollution treatment. The present study analyzes the characteristics of copper(II) adsorption by biofilms naturally formed in the river. The biofilms used in this study grow naturally on the stones in the Metro River in Malang City, Indonesia. Methods to analyze the adsorption characteristics of copper(II) by biofilms were kinetics of the adsorption and adsorption isotherm. The maximum adsorption amount and the adsorption equilibrium constant were calculated using a variant of the Langmuir isotherm model. In addition, the presence of the functional groups as suggested binding sites in biofilm polymers was investigated using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results indicate that copper(II)'s adsorption to the biofilm is a physicochemical process. The adsorption of copper(II) is fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting that the adsorption of copper(II) to a biofilm is due to the interaction between the adsorption sites on the biofilm and the ions. The biofilm's maximum absorption capacity for copper(II) is calculated to be 2.14 mg/wet-g of biofilm, with the equilibrium rate constant at 0.05 L/mg. Therefore, the biofilms on the stones from river can be a promising biosorbent of copper(II) pollution in aquatic ecosystems.

Copper biosorption over green silver nanocomposite using artificial intelligence and statistical physics formalism

The metal uptake capacity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and activated carbon (AC) are widespread. The AgNPs loaded AC for the copper ions (Cu2+) biosorption via an artificial neural network (ANN) and statistical physics formalism (SPF) applied at a pressure range of 0.03–0.3 bar and temperatures of 310, 340, and 370 K were studied. For ANN modeling, a multi-layer perceptron was used with five input nodes to obtain biosorption data. The percentage of Cu2+ uptake efficiency was used as an output variable. The transfer function was applied using the Tanh transference function. SPF through grand canonical ensemble provides models for monolayer and multilayer layers of biosorption. These models explain the sorption by calculating the layers involved, adsorbed species, and energy levels. The results demonstrated that the ANN modeling could be quite helpful in predicting biosorption parameters. The effective covariables were dose, pH, and concentration. The ANN models were consistent with experimental values albeit with minor differences. The error values were between −6.5 + 2.0%. Results showed that adsorbate species remain perpendicular to the adsorbent surfaces while macro- and micropore volumes seem critical. These adsorbents carry single or multiple layers of biosorption and tend to fluctuate with variations in temperature. Exothermic and endothermic processes are represented by negative and positive biosorption energies. Energy distributions in sophisticated SPF models confirm surface characteristics and interactions with adsorbates.

Treatment of heavy metals contaminated water: use of B. mojavensis BI2 derived lipopeptide and palm waste flour.

In the present work, we demonstrated the potential use of newly identified lipopeptides produced by B. mojavensis BI2 along with palm waste flour for the bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated water. The enhancement of radish seeds germination was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency. Firstly, better enhancement in the order of 3.8, 2.52, 1.5 and 5 were recorded respectively for 200 mg/L copper, lead, cobalt and mercury with respective lipopeptide quantities of the order of 200, 300, 200 and 400 mg/L. When studying the sequestration of increasing heavy metals concentration, BI2 lipopeptide was effective. Secondly, a mixed bioprocess was evaluated using palm waste flour as heavy metals sequester and BI2 lipopeptides as improver. Optimal biosorption of lead, copper, cobalt and mercury were obtained with 10 g/l waste, 1,000 mg/l metal and 200 mg/l BI2 lipopeptide for 1 hour. The addition of 200 mg/l BI2 lipopeptide improves the efficiency of the treatment significantly.

Comparative Copper Resistance Strategies of Rhodonia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a Copper/Azole-Treated Wood Microcosm.

Copper-based formulations of wood preservatives are widely used in industry to protect wood materials from degradation caused by fungi. Wood treated with preservatives generate toxic waste that currently cannot be properly recycled. Despite copper being very efficient as an antifungal agent against most fungi, some species are able to cope with these high metal concentrations. This is the case for the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta and the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, which are able to grow efficiently in pine wood treated with Tanalith E3474. Here, we aimed to test the abilities of the two fungi to cope with copper in this toxic environment and to decontaminate Tanalith E-treated wood. A microcosm allowing the growth of the fungi on industrially treated pine wood was designed, and the distribution of copper between mycelium and wood was analysed within the embedded hyphae and wood particles using coupled X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results demonstrate the copper biosorption capacities of P. chrysosporium and the production of copper-oxalate crystals by R. placenta. These data coupled to genomic analysis suggest the involvement of additional mechanisms for copper tolerance in these rot fungi that are likely related to copper transport (import, export, or vacuolar sequestration).