Coordinate Measurement Research Articles

Characterizing psychosocial services in a pediatric urology practice

Psychosocial needs, which encompass behavioral health and social determinants of health (SDOH), are important mediators of the patient experience and health outcomes. However, many practices have limited experience with systematically assessing the non-billable psychosocial services provided to patients and families. To characterize the non-billable activities of three psychosocial providers in a pediatric urology practice at a freestanding children's hospital. Following Institutional Review Board approval, an adapted version of the Care Coordination Measurement Tool (CCMT) was used to collect data prospectively on non-billable activities performed by a psychologist, social worker (SW), and certified child life specialist (CCLS) in a pediatric urology department. Variables included activity type, time spent per activity, and outcomes affected. Demographic data included age, sex, race, state, zip code, insurance type, and language. From April to October 2022, 3096 activities were performed in support of psychosocial needs over 947 encounters for 527 patients. The median patient age was 9.2 years (IQR 4.8-12.4); 48.4% were male. The psychosocial providers most commonly identified care coordination needs related to delivery of urologic care (73.4%), mental/behavioral/developmental health (29.1%), and referral and appointment management (19.9%). The largest proportion of time was spent on providing direct psychosocial support (45.9%), consisting of psychosocial assessments, education, and other behavioral health interventions. A large proportion of time was also spent on care coordination activities, namely logistics and navigation support (35.9%). Relative time allocation across activities varied by provider type (p<0.001); care coordination constituted 64.2% of non-billable activities for the psychologist, 57.8% for the SW, and 12.3% for the CCLS. Activities were associated with treatment plan modification in 37.7% (n=357), outpatient coordination in 22.5% (n=213), and treatment plan adherence in 19.0% (n=180) of encounters. This study enhances our understanding of psychosocial needs of patients in a pediatric urology practice by assessing non-billable psychosocial services not otherwise captured in the clinical workflow. In addition to direct psychosocial support, care coordination activities constitute a large proportion of such services. These data provide valuable insight into the range of activities necessary for the provision of specialty pediatric medical care. Psychosocial providers in a pediatric urology practice perform many non-billable care coordination and psychosocial support activities. Characterizing these activities is important for beginning to understand patients' psychosocial needs and informing resource deployment.

Investigation of torsion angle measurement method in spatial cables of suspension bridges

Spatial cables in suspension bridges may twist between two adjacent suspension points due to transverse tension. To determine the spatial torsion angle of the cables, a scale-reduced suspender bridge model was fabricated and tested in this study. The cable torsion angles of the bridge model under different loading cases were obtained and presented. Theoretical methods (e.g., the coordinate method and the angle method) to calculate the spatial cable torsion angle in the suspender bridge were developed by analyzing the deforming characteristics of the suspender cables. The feasibility and predictive accuracy of the proposed methods were assessed using the experimental results. Results show that the proposed coordinate and angle methods produced similar torsion angles for the main cables, showing a maximum relative error of 10.4 %. Compared to the coordinate method's complex data transformation and measurement procedures, the angle method is more convenient, efficient, and easier to calculate the torsion angle of the main cable. Despite the capability of calculating the spatial cable torsion angles, the coordinate method also exhibits advanced capability in determining the geometric curves of the main cable under different spatial angles.

The regulatory role of central neuropeptide-S in locomotion

Central exogenous Neuropeptide-S (NPS) was demonstrated to increase locomotor activity (LMA) in rodent studies. NPS receptor (NPSR) is produced in locomotion-related brain regions including basal ganglia while NPS mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission suggesting that endogenous brain NPS is involved in the regulation of locomotion. Aim of the study was to elucidate whether antagonism of NPSR impairs locomotion and to determine the neurochemical profile of NPSR-expressing cells in basal ganglia network. In the rats received intracerebroventricular injection of selective non-peptide NPSR antagonist ML154 (20 nmol/5 µL) or vehicle, in addition to measurement of catalepsy, motor performance, and motor coordination were evaluated by assessment of LMA and RR test, respectively. The immunoreactivities for NPSR, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were detected by immunofluorescence in frozen sections. Compared to the control rats, total LMA was significantly declined following ML154 administration. The ML154-injected rats were more prone to fall in rotarod (RR) test, while they exhibited remarkably high catalepsy time. The most robust immunoreactivity for NPSR was detected in globus pallidus externa (GPe), while moderate levels of NPSR expression were observed in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), but not in striatum. The NPSR-ir cell bodies were found to express GAD67 in GPe and TH in SNpc and VTA, respectively. NPSR expression was detected in SNpc-projecting pallidal cells. The present findings indicate the regulatory role of central endogenous NPS in the control of locomotion. NPSR may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of movement disorders.

Vision-based detection and coordinate metrology of a spatially encoded multi-sphere artefact

New developments in vision algorithms prioritise identification and perception over accurate coordinate measurement due to the complex problem of resolving object form and pose from images. Consequently, many vision algorithms for coordinate measurements rely on known targets of primitive forms that are typically planar targets with coded patterns placed in the field of view of vision systems. Although planar targets are commonly used, they have some drawbacks, including calibration difficulties, limited viewing angles, and increased localisation uncertainties. While traditional tactile coordinate measurement systems (CMSs) adopt spherical targets as the de facto artefacts for calibration and 3D registration, the use of spheres in vision systems is limited to occasional performance verification tasks. Despite being simple to calibrate and not having orientation-dependant limitations, sphere targets are infrequently used for vision-based in-situ coordinate metrology due to the lack of efficient multi-view vision algorithms for accurate sphere measurements. Here, we propose an edge-based vision measurement system that uses a multi-sphere artefact and new measurement models to extract sphere information and derive 3D coordinate measurements. Using a spatially encoded sphere identities embedded in the artefact, a sphere matching algorithm is developed to support pose determination and tracking. The proposed algorithms are evaluated for robustness, measurement quality and computational speed to assess their performance. At the range of 500 mm to 750 mm, sphere size errors of less than 25 μm and sphere-to-sphere length errors of less than 100 μm are achievable. In addition, the proposed algorithms are shown to improve robustness by up to a factor of four and boost computational speed.

Humanitarian response by grassroots associations during a military conflict

Purpose Conflict and violence are the main drivers of globally escalating humanitarian needs. Local grassroots initiatives are pivotal in distributing humanitarian supplies in the acute response phase until more established humanitarian aid organizations can enter. Nevertheless, scant research exists regarding the role of grassroots associations in providing humanitarian assistance during a military conflict. The purpose of this paper is to understand the role of grassroots associations and identify important themes for effective operations. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a case-study approach of three Ukrainian grassroots associations that began operating in the immediate days of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The findings are based on analyzing primary sources, including interviews with Ukrainian volunteers, and are supported by secondary sources. Findings Grassroots associations have local contacts and a contextual understanding of population needs and can respond more rapidly and effectively than large intergovernmental agencies. Four critical themes regarding the operations of grassroots associations emerged: information management, inventory management, coordination and performance measurement. Grassroots humanitarian response operations during conflict are challenged by personal security risks, the unpredictability of unsolicited supplies, emerging volunteer roles, dynamic transportation routes and shifting demands. Originality/value Grassroots responses are central to humanitarian responses during the acute phase of a military conflict. By examining the operations of grassroots associations in the early months of the 2022 war in Ukraine, the authors provide a unique perspective on humanitarian logistics. Nonetheless, more inclusive models of humanitarian responses are needed to harness the capacities and resilience of grassroots operations in practice.

Part Deflection Measurements of AM-Bench IN718 3D Build Artifacts.

One of the primary barriers for adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) had been the uncertainty in the performance of AM parts due to residual stresses/strains. The rapid melting and solidification which occurs during AM processes result in high residual stresses/strains that produce significant part distortion. While efforts to mitigate residual stresses, such as post-process heat treatment, can reduce these effects, they nullify the benefits of the as-built component microstructure. Therefore, the ability to predict as-built component residual stresses and component deflection is crucial. AM-Bench seeks to provide modelers with high-fidelity data in well-characterized AM components to aid in model development and calibration. The measurements reported here are part of the 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN718 test objects for the CHAL-AMB2022-01-PD modeling challenges. The part deflection measurements were performed using a coordinate measurement machine after the part was partially separated from the build plate.

INVESTIGATION OF THE TEMPERATURE ERROR OF COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINES

Coordinate measuring machines are widely used for technological control of geometric parameters of the surface of various parts in many branches of industrial production. For coordinate measurements of high-precision surfaces, instrumental sources of error can be minimized if the axes of the controlled object are located on the same axis of the reference scale of the comparator or parallel to it. However, in all schemes of construction of coordinate measuring machines, the Abbe principle is violated, which leads to the appearance of a measurement error, which, moreover, increases with the increase in the overall dimensions of the coordinate machine. It is determined that the total error can be determined taking into account two factors: the maximum allowable error calculated without taking into account the temperature variations of the measured object itself; the temperature change of the measured object. It is shown that the resulting error of coordinate measuring machines can be investigated on the basis of the optimization problem of calculating the optimal form of the function of the temperature dependence of the object on time. It is shown that the resulting error integrated in time will reach a minimum value if the temperature dependence functions of the measured object T(t) and the coefficient of thermal expansion α(t) change synchronously in time. Therefore, in order to minimize the error of coordinate measuring machines from changes in time of such indicators as T and α must occur synchronously, i.e. their change in time must satisfy the corresponding certain condition. To quantify the gain in optimizing measurements, we will conduct a model study. To estimate the gain in reducing the error, two model functions have been compiled, the integrals of which, according to a certain condition, must be equal to the integral of the calculated coupling function. It is shown that according to the calculation, the lowest estimate of the reduction of the measurement error with the proposed optimization will be 4.5 %.

Perceptual and neural measures of spectral and temporal cue strength in speech perception

Many listeners experience difficulty understanding speech in noise that may result from limited ability to use important acoustic cues, such as spectral and temporal features. One way of assessing deficits related to perceptual or neural processing is to enhance or degrade specific cues and measure the impact on behavior or neural coding. To do so, we combined a target-word identification task with simultaneous EEG measurement in 20 young and 20 older normal-hearing listeners. Coordinate Response Measure sentences were manipulated in the spectral modulation (SM) and temporal modulation (TM) domains (neutral, degraded, enhanced) and presented in four-talker babble in both passive and attention conditions. Multivariate temporal response function (mTRF) analyses were used to evaluate cortical tracking of the speech envelope. Speech perception in younger listeners improved for both SM and TM enhancement, but older listeners only benefited from TM enhancement. Both groups showed stronger cortical tracking for attention versus passive listening, but only older listeners showed tracking changes across SM and TM conditions. Cortical tracking and perceptual results in older listeners are consistent with cognitive aging theories suggesting that cortical processing changes with age involve both compensation and dedifferentiation to help maintain auditory perceptual performance.

Listening to the room: Disrupting activity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs learning of room acoustics

Navigating complex sensory environments is critical to survival, and brain mechanisms have evolved to cope with the wide range of surroundings. In noisy spaces listeners place more emphasis on early-arriving sound energy, nevertheless, reverberant energy is highly informative about those spaces per se, and human listeners show improved speech understanding when re-encountering known reverberant environments. We assessed the ability of listeners to perceive speech (Coordinate Response Measure corpus) in noisy and reverberant rooms. We mimicked the acoustic characteristics of real rooms using loudspeakers positioned within an anechoic chamber. Listeners were also exposed to repetitive transcranial stimulation (rTMS) to disrupt the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity (DLFPC), a region believed to play a role in statistical learning. Our data suggest listeners rapidly adapt to statistical characteristics of an acoustic environment to improve speech understanding. This ability is impaired when rTMS is applied bilaterally to the DLPFC. The data demonstrate that speech understanding in noise is best when exposed to a room with reverberant characteristics common to human-built environments. Our findings provide evidence for a reverberation “sweet spot” and the presence of brain mechanisms that might have evolved to cope with the acoustic characteristics of listening environments encountered every day.

Determination of uncertainty of coordinate measurements on the basis of the formula for EL,MPE

A technique of estimating the uncertainty of coordinate measurements, called the sensitivity analysis method according to ISO/TS 15530-1, developed at University of Bielsko-Biała, is presented. Measurement uncertainty is estimated on the basis of information contained in the formula for the maximum permissible error (EL,MPE) of the applied coordinate measuring system (CMS) and on the basis of its acceptance or reverification test results. Measurement models are of the nature of close mathematical dependencies expressing the measured characteristic in the form of a distance which is a function of coordinates differences of a low number of essential points, properly selected on the workpiece. Measurement models for dimensions and various geometrical deviations were developed. Thanks to the applied vector notation the models are in the form of cross and dot products and they are easily programmable in software such as Matlab, Maple or Python. Detailed examples of the uncertainty analysis for two characteristics (position deviations of the axes of the holes in relation to the datum system) of a car steering knuckle are provided.

Error Modeling and Parameter Calibration Method for Industrial Robots Based on 6-DOF Position and Orientation

The positional accuracy and orientation accuracy of industrial robots are crucial technical indicators for determining their applicability in industrial scenarios. However, the majority of current calibration methods for industrial robots only consider positional errors, neglecting the significance of orientation accuracy. This paper presents a more accurate error model and parameter calibration method for industrial robots based on six degrees-of-freedom position and orientation to identify the actual structural parameters. Firstly, based on the modified Denavit–Hartenberg parameters, the transformation errors of the tool coordinate system and measurement coordinate frame were introduced to establish a geometric parameter error model with positional and orientation accuracy as the optimization objectives. Secondly, to address the drawback of falling into local optima when identifying geometric parameters simultaneously, a geometric parameter cross-identification method based on the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is proposed. Lastly, the linear relationship between the parameters was analyzed, and a scheme for not calibrating some geometric parameters under specific conditions was given. Simulation results demonstrated that, under the premise of existing transformation errors, the proposed geometric parameter error model can accurately identify the actual structural parameters of industrial robots. After calibration, the positional error at the robot’s flange end decreased from 1.9536 mm to 0.0122 mm, and the orientation error decreased from 1.46 × 10−2 rad to 1.31 × 10−4 rad. Furthermore, compared to identifying the geometric parameters simultaneously, the proposed cross-identification method has a wider convergence range.

Research on absolute ranging technology of resampling phase comparison method based on FMCW

Abstract As an advanced optical precision ranging method, FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous-wave) laser interferometric ranging technology can achieve a large-scale and high-precision absolute distance measurement, so it has high research and application value in the field of coordinate measurement in large space. How to improve the resolution and stability of laser interferometry is a research difficulty in this technology. Based on FMCW laser interferometry relative distance technology, a method for achieving absolute distance measurement through phase comparison after repeated sampling is proposed. Using the FMCW laser distance measuring system, two interference optical paths of measuring interferometer and auxiliary interferometer are constructed, respectively. Synchronous sampling is performed on two interference signals, and the phase ratio of the two interference signals is obtained through the extracted frequency information. The optical path difference of the unknown measurement interferometer is derived from the known auxiliary interferometer information. This method uses a triangular wave modulation laser to reduce the influence of Doppler frequency shift and eliminate quantization errors. By using the fixed-point repeated sampling, the optical path difference information is quickly extracted, and the nonlinear error of laser interference frequency modulation is effectively reduced.

Relative importance of speech and voice features in the classification of schizophrenia and depression

Speech is a promising biomarker for schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This proof of principle study investigates previously studied speech acoustics in combination with a novel application of voice pathology features as objective and reproducible classifiers for depression, schizophrenia, and healthy controls (HC). Speech and voice features for classification were calculated from recordings of picture descriptions from 240 speech samples (20 participants with SSD, 20 with MDD, and 20 HC each with 4 samples). Binary classification support vector machine (SVM) models classified the disorder groups and HC. For each feature, the permutation feature importance was calculated, and the top 25% most important features were used to compare differences between the disorder groups and HC including correlations between the important features and symptom severity scores. Multiple kernels for SVM were tested and the pairwise models with the best performing kernel (3-degree polynomial) were highly accurate for each classification: 0.947 for HC vs. SSD, 0.920 for HC vs. MDD, and 0.932 for SSD vs. MDD. The relatively most important features were measures of articulation coordination, number of pauses per minute, and speech variability. There were moderate correlations between important features and positive symptoms for SSD. The important features suggest that speech characteristics relating to psychomotor slowing, alogia, and flat affect differ between HC, SSD, and MDD.

Speech-in-Noise Testing: An Introduction for Audiologists.

Speech-in-noise testing has been proposed as a useful part of the audiometric test battery dating back to the earliest years of the field of audiology. Many speech-in-noise tests have been developed and used to varying degrees. However, multiple barriers have prevented speech-in-noise testing from being used widely in the clinic. The purpose of this article is to provide a resource to audiologists and other hearing health professionals who want to know (1) what tests are available for use, (2) the rationale behind specific tests, and (3) important considerations when selecting one or more tests to use clinically. In addition, data are presented for four speech-in-noise tests with the purpose of comparing outcomes as a function of age and hearing status. The four tests (QuickSIN, Words in Noise [WIN], Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences [LiSN-S], and Coordinate Response Measure [CRM]) were completed by 30 individuals from three groups: 10 young adults with normal hearing, 10 older adults with normal hearing, and 10 older adults with hearing loss. The results suggest that, despite significant differences in performance between groups, group overlap was present such that some individuals from one group performed similar to some individuals of other groups; therefore, individual performance was more important than associated group. When selecting an appropriate speech-in-noise test to use clinically, audiologists should carefully consider the purpose of their testing and the type of information they desire as an outcome. A quick-resource table and appendix is provided to aid audiologists and other health professionals in their selection of an appropriate speech-in-noise test.

Comparison of child and ATD belt fit and posture on belt-positioning boosters during self-selected, holding device, and nominal conditions

ObjectivePediatric anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) are important tools for the assessment of child occupant protection and should represent realistic child belt fit and posture on belt-positioning boosters. Previous comparisons have been made to children in either self-selected or nominal postural conditions. This study compares belt fit and postural measurements between pediatric ATDs and a single cohort of children assuming different postures on boosters: self-selected, holding a portable electronic device, and nominal. MethodsA cohort of children (n = 25) were evaluated in a stationary vehicle on five boosters and in three postural conditions: nominal, self-selected, and a representative holding electronic device position. The Hybrid III 6- and 10-year-old and Q-Series 6- and 10-year-old ATDs were evaluated in the same five boosters and in two postural conditions: nominal and a representative holding electronic device position. A 3D coordinate measurement device was used to quantify belt fit (shoulder belt score, lap belt score, maximum gap size, and gap length) and anatomic landmark positions (head, suprasternale, ASIS, and patella). Landmark positions and belt fit were compared between ATDs and children for each booster and postural condition, and Pearson correlations (r) were assessed across boosters. ResultsATDs generally represented Nominal child postures across boosters. In the Device condition, ATDs were seldom able to be positioned to represent both the torso and head position of children, due to limited ATD spinal flexibility. When the torso position was matched, the ATD head was more rear by 63 mm. Correlations between Nominal child and ATD belt fit and belt gap metrics were generally weak and not significant, with the exception of lap belt score (all ATDs p < 0.07, r = 0.8549–0.9857). DiscussionATDs were generally able to represent realistic child postures and lap belt fit in Nominal and short duration Self-selected postures in a laboratory setting. However, these results display the potential difficulty of utilizing ATDs to represent more naturalistic child postures, especially the more forward head positions and flexed spinal posture associated with utilizing a portable electronic device.

Customizable Open-Source Rotating Rod (Rotarod) Enables Robust Low-Cost Assessment of Motor Performance in Mice.

Reliable measurements of motor learning and coordination in mice are fundamental aspects of neuroscience research. Despite the advent of deep-learning approaches for motor assessment, performance testing on a rotating rod (rotarod) has remained a staple in the neuroscientist's toolbox. Surprisingly, commercially available rotarod instruments offer limited experimental flexibility at a relatively high cost. In order to address these concerns, we engineered a highly-customizable, low-budget rotarod device with increased functionality. Here, we present a detailed guide to assemble this rotarod using simple materials. Our apparatus incorporates a variation of interchangeable rod sizes and designs which provides for adjustable testing sensitivity. Moreover, our rotarod is driven by open-source software enabling bespoke acceleration ramps and sequences. Finally, we report the strengths and weaknesses of each rod design following multiday testing on cohorts of C57BL/6 mice. We expect explorations in deviant rod types to provide a foundation for the development of increasingly sensitive models for motor performance testing along with low-budget alternatives for the research community.

Digital Twin Construction and Application in Blade Measurement Process

In order to solve the problems of visualization and condition monitoring of the blade measurement process, a digital twin construction method of the blade measurement process was proposed. By studying the digital twin construction method based on multi-dimensional data, a digital twin system of blade measuring equipment was established. Through the study of complex system condition monitoring technology, the connection between physical system and virtual system is realized. This method can achieve digital twin matching and synchronous calibration in the coordinate measurement process, solve the problem of difficult integration between information space and physical space, achieve digitalization of the measurement process and state monitoring, and provide a research foundation for subsequent data analysis.

Level of global preparedness to pandemics and responsiveness of health systems to pandemics: Lessons learned from Covid-19 and Monkeypox Outbreak

The monkeypox disease has been declared a global health emergency in the recent past by WHO since cases have been observed to be increasing in many countries where it is not common. Thus, epidemics and pandemics such as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have had adverse effects on populations, and healthcare systems, especially in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) because of borrowing or inadequate resources when compared to high-income countries. The Ebola and Covid-19 for instance have also revealed the existing deficiencies and vulnerabilities in the global structure of the pandemics’ prevention and control all in one. New epidemics are constantly emerging such as the current monkeypox outbreak that is ravaging the global population; hence it has dawned on the world that there is need for combined efforts at a global level and probably investing more in the health systems to be able to prevent and deal with other similar epidemics. Further, there is required more equal distribution of the resources and health intervention in all countries to build strong containment responses. Based on prior episodic outbreaks, there is the need for immediate coordinated response to the ongoing monkeypox outbreak. The purpose of this research article is to review and discuss the main underlying autopsies from past outbreaks, including Ebola and Covid-19 with emphasis on readiness, answering to the outbreak, coordination measures, health system robustness, risk communication and the international community. It also evaluates the readiness globally and by country to the present monkeypox outbreak based on other recent large viral epidemics. It also prevents social stigmatization, which is the negation of outbreaks, and rightful inequities that may arise from the same. As such, and with health system reforms launched now, countries can prepare themselves against present and future known and unknown urgencies and leave no one behind. As such the general research question of this study is to obtain strategies for enhancing pandemic preparedness taken from successes and failure noticed earlier and the focus placed on LMIC capacity strengthening.

An efficient and accurate measurement method of tooth flank variations for face gears

Traditional measurement method for face gear variations is time-consuming, for it is based on a complex procedure to establish the measurement coordinate system (MCS). Moreover, errors induced by misalignment between the design coordinate system (DCS) and the MCS are not properly processed in measurement. Therefore, this work proposes an efficient and accurate method to measure face gear flank variations using the coordinate measurement machine (CMM). Firstly, the MCS establishment without the need for an iterative process, which saves measurement time. Secondly, the measurement error compensation model (MECM) relies on the MCS and utilizes the four-parameter representation, which reduces variables in the nonlinear equation system. Finally, experiments demonstrated the effectiveness and repeatability of this method, successfully reducing misalignment errors. The tooth flank normal variation improved by 3.33%, the pitch variation improved by 26.28%, and the total cumulative pitch variation improved by 19%.

Normal vector centering method for probe correction in cylindrical worm tooth profile measurement

Abstract The measurement results of cylindrical worms vary greatly under different probe tip diameters on the Gear Measuring Centre (GMC). Considering toroidal enveloping cylindrical worm (ZC1 worm) as an instance, after analysing the worm grinding coordinate system, the probe correction method based on normal vector centreing (NVC) is established. The theoretical coordinate values of the points on the normal equidistant line which is rotated into the axial section are used as the probe tip centre trajectory. Experiments were carried out with probe tip diameters of 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm for the worm tooth profile measurement on a GMC. Compared with the traditional method, the variation between the profile deviations results using the proposed method become smaller and the variation of ‘profile deviation, total’ is reduced from 8.3 μm to 0.5 μm, the profile slope deviation variation is reduced from 8.6 μm to 0.5 μm. The proposed method in ZC1 worm tooth profile measurement can effectively reduce the variation between the measurement results under different GMC probe tip diameters, and also the methodology can be applied to other kinds of cylindrical worms. The method has significance for other curved profiles measurement on coordinate measurements.