Coordinate Measurement Research Articles

Development of a deviation package method for low-cost robust optimization in compressor blade design

Manufacture variations can greatly increase the performance variability of compressor blades. Current robust design optimization methods have a critical role in reducing the adverse impact of the variations, but can be affected by errors if the assumptions of the deviation models and distribution parameters are inaccurate. A new approach for robust design optimization without the employment of the deviation models is proposed. The deviation package method and the interval estimation method are exploited in this new approach. Simultaneously, a stratified strategy is used to reduce the computational cost and assure the optimization accuracy. The test case employed for this study is a typical transonic compressor blade profile, which resembles most of the manufacture features of modern compressor blades. A set of 96 newly manufactured blades was measured using a coordinate measurement machine to obtain the manufacture variations and produce a deviation package. The optimization results show that the scatter of the aerodynamic performance for the optimal robust design is 20% less than the baseline value. By comparing the optimization results obtained from the deviation package method with those obtained from widely-used methods employing the deviation model, the efficiency and accuracy of the deviation package method are demonstrated. Finally, the physical mechanisms that control the robustness of different designs were further investigated, and some statistical laws of robust design were extracted.

Comparison of Tactile and Optical Measurement Methods Using Precise Geometrical Shape

The presented article deals with the comparison of accuracy different measuring methods, in order to determine the achievable level of measurement accuracy as well as to evaluate deviations that may occur when measuring the identical component on different machine. The measured component was cemented carbide rod of 10 mm diameter manufactured by the company Ceratizit. Two measurement systems with various degrees of reported accuracy were utilized—coordinate measurement machine Zeiss Prismo Ultra and optical microscope Zoller Genius 3 s. Data obtained by the measurement were evaluated and compared. The experiment was carried out so that appropriate measuring system can be chosen when measuring cutting tools based on the various specific requirements depending on the currently conducted experiments, reducing the time it takes to have the tools measured as well as the load on measuring machines operators. Another reason for the experiment was to determine whether used measurement systems are capable of measuring micro-geometry of the cutting tools, which turned out to be not possible due to the technical limitations of both methods. Comparing the values of deviations between the measuring devices used in the experiment it can be concluded that the accuracy of optical measurement method is sufficient for use in other ongoing experiments when measuring basic tool geometry.

Afferents to Action: Cortical Proprioceptive Processing Assessed with Corticokinematic Coherence Specifically Relates to Gross Motor Skills.

Voluntary motor control is thought to be predicated on the ability to efficiently integrate and process somatosensory afferent information. However, current approaches in the field of motor control have not factored in objective markers of how the brain tracks incoming somatosensory information. Here, we asked whether motor performance relates to such markers obtained with an analysis of the coupling between peripheral kinematics and cortical oscillations during continuous movements, best known as corticokinematic coherence (CKC). Motor performance was evaluated by measuring both gross and fine motor skills using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) and the Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT), respectively, and with a biomechanics measure of coordination. A total of 61 participants completed the BBT, while equipped with electroencephalography and electromyography, and the PPT. We evaluated CKC, from the signals collected during the BBT, as the coherence between movement rhythmicity and brain activity, and coordination as the cross-correlation between muscle activity. CKC at movements' first harmonic was positively associated with BBT scores (r = 0.41, p = 0.001), and alone showed no relationship with PPT scores (r = 0.07, p = 0.60), but in synergy with BBT scores, participants with lower PPT scores had higher CKC than expected based on their BBT score. Coordination was not associated with motor performance or CKC (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that cortical somatosensory processing in the form of strengthened brain-peripheral coupling is specifically associated with better gross motor skills and thus may be considered as a valuable addition to classical tests of proprioception acuity.

Analysis of the Teaching Path of Animation Film Majors Integrating Digital Visual Space in the Context of Digital Media Art

Abstract In this study, we first adopt the dynamic stereo vision spatial coordinate measurement method of non-zoom cameras, establish a coordinate measurement model based on differential GPS, and study the application of the spatial coordinates of dynamic stereo digital vision systems in animation design. Secondly, the internal and external parameters of the camera are defined as the static error of the dynamic stereo vision system so as to provide an easy and quick-to-use design tool for the teaching of animation film majors. Finally, a test sequence animation sample set is used to verify the teaching effect of digital visual space based on animation design. The results show that in the multi-comparison test of animation quality against pixel bit rate, the animation design samples were found to have frame rates in the range of 5-30 Fps. And under the condition of having extra bandwidth, the animation feature learning evaluation dimension is 2589, and increasing the animation visual frame rate can improve the output picture quality of animation more effectively. It shows that the integration of digital visual space in the context of digital media art can allow students to have enough project sources for learning and practicing so as to improve their professional ability.

Do Bernstein's Stages of Learning Apply after Stroke? A Scoping Review on the Development of Whole-Body Coordination after Cerebrovascular Accidents.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability around the world, presenting unique challenges in motor development during the rehabilitation process. Based on studies in movement and sports science, thorough knowledge has accumulated on the development of movement skills. Through the works of Nikolai Bernstein, it has been established that when learning new skills, people tend to first simplify coordination by 'freezing' their degrees of freedom, after which they start building efficiency by 'releasing' specific degrees of freedom. If a similar pattern of development can be established post-stroke, it would imply that lessons learned in sports skill acquisition can also be implemented to optimize stroke rehabilitation. The current scoping review aims to assess whether the Bernsteinian freezing-to-releasing stages of learning also apply to developing whole-body movement skills after stroke. To this end, we systematically screened the existing literature for studies involving a longitudinal measure of whole-body coordination after a stroke. Only five articles met the criteria for inclusion, indicating a gap in research on this topic. Based on the observations within these articles, we could neither confirm nor reject whether the freezing-to-releasing process can apply after a stroke. We could, however, hypothesize a detailed description of the freezing-to-releasing process, which can be assessed in future works.

Coordination of hip and spine in individuals with acute low back pain during unstable sitting

BACKGROUND CONTEXTTrunk postural control differs between individuals with and without chronic low back pain. Whether this corresponds to differences in hip/spine coordination during the early acute phase of LBP (ALBP) is unclear. PURPOSETo compare hip/spine coordination in relation to seat movements between individuals with and without ALBP when balancing on an unstable seat and to identify coordination strategies to maintain balance using cluster analysis. STUDY DESIGN/SETTINGCross-sectional observational study. PATIENT SAMPLEALBP (n=130) and pain-free (n=72) individuals. OUTCOME MEASURESFrequency domain measures to evaluate hip/spine coordination (amplitude spectrum, phase angle, coherence) and time-series measures to assess overall balance performance (centre of pressure [CoP] reflecting the amount of seat movements, upper thorax motion as a surrogate for head motion). METHODSParticipants maintained balance while sitting on a seat fixed to a hemisphere. Seat, hip and spine (lower lumbar, lumbar, upper lumbar, thoracic) angular motion and force plate data were recorded. RESULTSOverall, seat/CoP movements (amplitude spectrum and RMSdisplacement) were greater (in both planes) and sagittal coordination (coherence) between the hip or lower spine and seat movements was lower in ALBP than controls. Cluster analysis using coherence data revealed different coordination strategies to maintain balance. Separate clusters used a “lower lumbar strategy” and “hip strategy” in the sagittal plane, and a “lower and upper lumbar strategy” and “lower lumbar strategy” in the frontal plane. A cluster using a “low coherence strategy” in both planes was also identified. CONCLUSIONSHip and lower spine coordination was less in individuals with ALBP in conjunction with a lower quality of overall balance performance. However, interpretation of the relationship between coherence and overall balance performance was not straightforward. Clusters in both the ALBP group and the control group adopted a low coherence strategy, and this was not consistently related to poor overall balance performance. This suggests overall balance performance cannot be inferred from coherence alone and requires consideration of interaction of other different features.

Issue of VHF Continuous Emission Radars Coordinate Measurement Discrepancy

The research delves into the significance of continuous emission radars of very high frequency (VHF) range in detecting small unmanned aircraft and marine targets for navigation safety. Recognising the need for improved radars and reduced coordinate measurement errors, the study aims to analyse discrepancies in azimuth and range determination in radars with fixed-phased antenna arrays. By developing effective tools with low computational complexity for target azimuth determination, the research seeks to enhance radar performance. Employing analytical, classification, functional, and statistical methods, the study comprehensively examines the peculiarities and differences of radars. It meticulously analyses coordinate measurement errors and investigates their causes. The impact of these discrepancies on radar performance and their relevance in various applications, particularly maritime navigation, is carefully evaluated. The findings emphasise the critical role of continuous emission radars in ensuring shipping safety and economic efficiency. The recommendations derived from the study offer valuable insights for improving radar effectiveness, addressing operational limitations, and enhancing overall functionality. By tackling coordinate measurement errors and providing accurate azimuth determination tools, this research contributes to advancing continuous emission radar technology and its practical applications. Through its findings and recommendations, the study aims to optimise radar performance, enhance navigation safety, and improve economic efficiency in diverse sectors.

Multi-target automatic positioning based on angle and distance parallel measurement

Precisely and efficiently measuring three-dimensional coordinates of key points on large-scale components in the manufacturing process of aircraft and ships is critically essential. This study presents a multi-target automatic positioning method based on rapid angle and distance measurement in parallel. The measurement processes for angles and distances are decoupled and, when executed simultaneously, aims to enhance the measurement efficiency and automation compared with conventional metrology systems. A cooperative target is devised to realize the rotary-laser scanning angle measurement and absolute distance measurement in parallel. The method of multi-target rough positioning based on rotary-laser scanning and then the precise coordinate measurement method introducing absolute distance constraint are detailed. Especially for the distance measurement, we propose a method to determine the internal zero length and compensate for the distance error caused by mirror offset. A real-site experiment is implemented to verify the method's feasibility and demonstrate that the 3D coordinate measurement accuracy is better than 0.17 mm compared with laser tracker.

3D Modelling of Sanggrahan Temple Using UAV Imagery and Terrestrial Photogrammetry Method

As evidence of ancient Majapahit civilization existence, Sanggrahan Temple has been officially recognized as a cultural heritage building by Indonesian government in 2019. Sanggrahan temple is located in Boyolangu District, Tulungagung Regency, East Java. Conservation efforts in Sanggrahan temple have been done by BPK Wilayah XI Jawa Timur. Many parts of the temple have been damaged and are believed in different condition from its past original design. Therefore, a 3D documentation of Sanggrahan Temple needs to be carried out to provide sufficient data for future conservation efforts. The photogrammetry method which utilizes UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) and terrestrial imagery offers great efficiency in terms of fieldwork and cost. The technique applied close range photogrammetry for image-acquisition and Structure from Motion (SfM) processing. There are roughly 500 images captured for 3D modelling purposes. For georeferencing and geometric accuracy assessment, the Ground Control Point measurement was also carried out using GPS receiver and total station. The result show that the combination of aerial (UAV) and terrestrial images provide complete 3D model. The generated 3D model can provide architectural views of the temple from all sides which help architects and archaeologists to interpret architectural design and detail of the building. Accuracy assessment based on the coordinate measurement shows that the 3D model results meet the specified accuracy standard of 10 cm which is suitable for many architectural drawing applications.

Technological Aspects of Manufacturing and Control of Gears—Review

Gear drives are widely used in various fields and applications due to their properties and capacity. Their versatility, durability, and ability to transmit high torques as well as precision and reliability make them extremely useful in many fields of technology. They are widely used in industrial and energy machinery, vehicle drive systems, aerospace, medical devices, and many other areas. Gears can be manufactured using many technologies. This work focuses mainly on machining with particular emphasis on high-performance new technologies. The process of mathematical modeling of the gear and the machined profile is strongly related to CNC machining technologies. A robust correlation of systems supporting the design and modeling of sliding gears needed for the manufacturing process is presented in the article. It is very important to properly assess gears with correct manufacturing in accordance with a specific standard. The article presents an analysis of available methods for controlling gears using coordinate measurement techniques. Gear machining methods were assessed in terms of the technologies used as well as their productivity and manufacturing tolerance.

Exploration on sustainable new infrastructure green development pattern: coupling coordination measurement and evaluation of China'snNew infrastructure investment intensity and green technology innovation

Exploration on sustainable new infrastructure green development pattern: coupling coordination measurement and evaluation of China'snNew infrastructure investment intensity and green technology innovation

Patients' Experience of Specialty Care Coordination: Survey Development and Validation.

Specialty care coordination relies on information flowing bidirectionally between all three participants in the "specialty care triad" - patients, primary care providers (PCPs), and specialists. Measures of coordination should strive to account for the perspectives of each. As we previously developed two surveys to measure coordination of specialty care as experienced by PCPs and specialists, this study aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a related survey of specialty care coordination as experienced by the patient, thereby completing the suite of surveys among the triad. We developed a draft survey based on literature review, patient interviews, adaptation of existing measures, and development of new items. Survey responses were collected via mail and online in two waves, August 2019-November 2019 and September 2020-May 2021, among patients (N=939) receiving medical specialty care and primary care in the Veterans Affairs health system. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess scale structure. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the relationship of the final coordination scales to patients' overall experience of specialty care coordination. A 38-item measure representing 10 factors that assess the patient's experience of coordination in specialty care among the patient, PCP, and specialist was finalized. Scales demonstrated good internal consistency reliability and, together, explained 59% of the variance in overall coordination. Analyses revealed an unexpected construct describing organization of care between patient and specialist that accounted for patient goals and preferences; this 10-item scale was named Patient-Centered Care Coordination. The final survey, Coordination of Specialty Care - Patient, or CSC-Patient for short, is a reliable instrument that can be used alone or with its companions (CSC-PCP, CSC-Specialist) to provide a detailed assessment of specialty care coordination and identify targets for coordination improvement.

Contribution of speech rhythm to understanding speech in noisy conditions: Further test of a selective entrainment hypothesis.

Previous work by McAuley et al. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 3222-3233, (2020), Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 83, 2229-2240, (2021) showed that disruption of the natural rhythm of target (attended) speech worsens speech recognition in the presence of competing background speech or noise (a target-rhythm effect), while disruption of background speech rhythm improves target recognition (a background-rhythm effect). While these results were interpreted as support for the role of rhythmic regularities in facilitating target-speech recognition amidst competing backgrounds (in line with a selective entrainment hypothesis), questions remain about the factors that contribute to the target-rhythm effect. Experiment 1 ruled out the possibility that the target-rhythm effect relies on a decrease in intelligibility of the rhythm-altered keywords. Sentences from the Coordinate Response Measure (CRM) paradigm were presented with a background of speech-shaped noise, and the rhythm of the initial portion of these target sentences (the target rhythmic context) was altered while critically leaving the target Color and Number keywords intact. Results showed a target-rhythm effect, evidenced by poorer keyword recognition when the target rhythmic context was altered, despite the absence of rhythmic manipulation of the keywords. Experiment 2 examined the influence of the relative onset asynchrony between target and background keywords. Results showed a significant target-rhythm effect that was independent of the effect of target-background keyword onset asynchrony. Experiment 3 provided additional support for the selective entrainment hypothesis by replicating the target-rhythm effect with a set of speech materials that were less rhythmically constrained than the CRM sentences.

FROM THE TRADITIONAL MULTILATERATION TO THE INTEGRATED MULTILATERATION APPROACH: A ROADMAP TOWARDS THE AUTOMATIZATION OF VOLUMETRIC ERROR MAPPING PROCESS FOR LARGE MACHINE TOOLS

Multilateration-based volumetric error mapping is gaining widespread adoption in the coordinate measurement machine and machine tool industry as the most effective approach for geometric characterization of large-size machines. In the traditional method, tracking interferometers are placed on the machine table while the measurement retro-reflector moves with the spindle. However, this approach has several limitations, including manual instrument manipulation and a sequential measurement scheme that hinders unattended execution. To overcome these limitations, the integrated multilateration method has been introduced, which addresses these challenges and reduces measurement uncertainty. This method offers the potential for fully autonomous volumetric error mapping of large-size machines and enables the development of new functionalities such as traceable coordinate measurement with large machine tools. This research presents the roadmap followed by the authors to automate the volumetric error mapping process for large machine tools. It outlines the current status of the technology, starting from the conceptual development and culminating in the experimental results obtained from real industrial machine tools.

Analysis of modern fan manufacturing variations and their links to Jet-engine performance

AbstractEvery manufacturing procedure is subject to tolerance variations. Over the years, a set of key characteristic features (KCF) that can explain the effect of manufacturing variations on the aero-mechanical performance of a fan blade has been devised and monitored to ensure conformality and good performance. The KCFs are derived from a cloud of coordinate measurement machine (CMM) points and are defined on approved engineering drawings for the manufactured part. In this paper, it is demonstrated that some of the traditional, common wisdom KCFs are not adequate to explain the engine performance deviation behaviour on a test bed at the sea-level condition. On the other hand, good correlation is found by analysing a set of engineering parameters drawn from a new inverse-mapping procedure of the CMM data. It is further demonstrated that a deviation measured via CMM or 3D structured light (GOM) data in cold conditions can be translated to a variation in the hot running shape of the blade. Having identified the key blade features, a cheap alternative to modifying the manufacturing procedure is devised to recover the fan performance by optimising its leading-edge shape.

Follow the Leader: Parent- and Child-led Synchrony in Competitive and Cooperative play

Social interactions involve both cooperation to achieve a shared goal and competition over shared resources and rewards. The ability to engage in inter-personal coordination is an important measure of socio-emotional and cognitive well-being. Both cooperation and competition require interpersonal coordination, however with different motivational backgrounds. Competition is defined by a higher level of extrinsic motivation, while cooperation is related to more intrinsic motivation. In the context of the parent-child dyad, each individual has different motivations and contributions to the dyad. The parent’s and child’s sense of competitiveness and contribution to inter-personal synchrony will presumably differ from each other and adapt to one another. The current research employed Motion Energy Analysis, an objective measure of coordination of movements between individuals, to measure motor in-phase and anti-phase synchrony during parent-child cooperative and competitive play, with a focus on parent and child-led synchrony. Findings highlight that parents rate themselves as less competitive than their children rate themselves; with no such difference noted in cooperation. Further, parent-led motor synchrony is defined more by in-phase coordination in competition, especially when the interaction is novel. Alternatively, child-led motor synchrony is more anti-phase during competition. In cooperation parents and children lead synchrony to the same extent and in the same phase. Current findings highlight that parent’s and children uniquely adjust their leading behaviors in synchrony in competition, presumably adjusting their behavior to accommodate a complex situation. Given the importance of cooperative and competitive interactions to overall social well-being, and the parent’s role of modeling behaviors for their child, findings may direct future guidance and treatment plans that will promote social development.

Measure what matters: considerations for outcome measurement of care coordination for children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and medical complexity.

Care Coordination (CC) is a significant intervention to enhance family's capacity in caring for children with neurodevelopmental disability and medical complexity (NDD-MC). CC assists with integration of medical and behavioral care and services, partnerships with medical and community-based supports, and access to medical, behavioral, and educational supports and services. Although there is some consensus on the principles that characterize optimal CC for children with NDD-MC, challenges remain in measuring and quantifying the impacts of CC related to these principles. Two key challenges include: (1) identification of measures that capture CC impacts from the medical system, care provider, and family perspectives; and (2) recognition of the important community context outside of a hospital or clinical setting. This study used a multilevel model variant of the triangulation mixed methods design to assess the impact of a CC project implemented in Alberta, Canada, on family quality of life, resource use, and care integration at the broader environmental and household levels. At the broader environmental level, we used linked administrative data. At the household level we used quantitative pre-post survey datasets, and aggregate findings from qualitative interviews to measure group-level impacts and an embedded multiple-case design to draw comparisons, capture the nuances of children with NDD-MC and their families, and expand on factors driving the high variability in outcome measures. Three theoretical propositions formed the basis of the analytical strategy for our case study evidence to explore factors affecting the high variability in outcome measures. This study expanded on the factors used to measure the outcomes of CC and adds to our understanding of how CC as an intervention impacts resource use, quality of life, and care integration of children with NDD-MC and their families. Given the heterogeneous nature of this population, evaluation studies that account for the variable and multi-level impacts of CC interventions are critical to inform practice, implementation, and policy of CC for children with NDD-MC.

A Process Analysis of Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test Performance Using the Boston Qualitative Scoring System in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders.

Deficits in episodic verbal memory are commonly observed in persons with HIV (PWH) disease, in whom they are characterized by dysregulation of the executive aspects of encoding and retrieval and adversely impact everyday functioning. Deficits in episodic visual memory are also apparent in PWH, but we know less about their cognitive architecture. This study used the Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) to examine visual learning and recall in 43 individuals without HIV and 141 PWH who completed a full research neuropsychological, psychiatric, and medical assessment. A mixed model covarying for education and estimated verbal IQ showed that participants with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) performed worse than PWH without neurocognitive disorders and HIV- participants at comparable medium-to-large effect sizes across the Copy, Immediate, and Delayed trials of the BQSS-ROCF, suggesting a primary encoding deficit. A component process analysis of the BQSS-ROCF Copy Trial revealed that participants with HAND had specific difficulties with configural accuracy, cluster accuracy, and cluster placement. Within the PWH sample, measures of motor coordination and executive functions emerged as independent predictors of BQSS-ROCF Copy Trial performance. Findings extend prior research by showing that HAND may be associated with a primary encoding deficit for complex visuomotor learning and memory tasks that is driven by a combination of visuospatial, motor, and executive difficulties.

An Angle Precision Evaluation Method of Rotary Laser Scanning Measurement Systems with a High-Precision Turntable

Rotary laser scanning measurement systems, such as the workshop measurement positioning system (wMPS), play critical roles in manufacturing industries. The wMPS realizes coordinate measurement through the intersection of multiple rotating fanned lasers. The measurement model of multi-laser plane intersection poses challenges in terms of accurately evaluating the system, making it difficult to establish a standardized evaluation method. The traditional evaluation method is based on horizontal and vertical angles derived from scanning angles, which are the direct observation of wMPS. However, the horizontal- and vertical-angle-based methods ignore the assembly errors of fanned laser devices and mechanical shafts. These errors introduce calculation errors and affect the accuracy of angle measurement evaluation. This work proposes a performance evaluation method for the scanning angle independent of the assembly errors above. The transmitter of the wMPS is installed on a high-precision turntable that provides the angle reference. The coordinates of enhanced reference points (ERP) distributed in the calibration space are measured by the laser tracker multilateration method. Then, the spatial relationship between the transmitter and the turntable is reconstructed based on the high-precision turntable and the good rotational repeatability of the transmitter. The simulation was carried out to validate the proposed method. We also studied the effect of fanned laser devices and shaft assembly errors on horizontal and vertical angles. Subsequently, the calibration results were validated by comparing the residuals with those derived from the space-resection method. Furthermore, the method was also validated by comparing the reference and scanning angles. The results show that the maximum angle measurement error was approximately 2.79″, while the average angle measurement error was approximately 1.26″. The uncertainty (k = 1) of the scanning angle was approximately 1.7″. Finally, the coordinate measurement test was carried out to verify the proposed method by laser tracker. The results show that the average re-scanning error was 2.17″.

Misapplication of the parametric statistics to calculate the uncertainties when calibrating commercial spectrocolorimeters

Nowadays, when calibrating spectrocolorimeters, the uncertainties are calculated based on the premise that the obtained measurements have a Gaussian distribution, but there is no certainty that the latter is completely true. The aim of this work is to show that, when measuring reference materials with different spectrocolorimeters, most of the results do not have, for all the points in the visible spectrum of the spectral curve, a Gaussian distribution. Also, this distribution is not present in measurements of the chromatic coordinates of these materials. These measurements were performed with two integrating sphere spectrocolorimeters; a Minolta 2600d r (portable) and a Gretag Macbeth 7000 r (bench) equipment, under the same measurement parameters and conditions of repeatability, as well as controlled environmental conditions, i.e., 20 ± 1 ◦C. Since a Gaussian distribution is needed to use parametric statistics to calculate the combined uncertainties and consequently, the expanded ones, the statistical method currently used is erroneous. Thus, parametric statistics should not be used to calculate the spectrocolorimeters’ uncertainties.