Coopersmith Self-Esteem Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Empowerment Program on Increasing Self-Esteem, Learned Resourcefulness, and Coping Ways in Women Exposed to Domestic Violence

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of empowerment program on increasing self-esteem, learned resourcefulness, and coping ways in women exposed to domestic violence. This experimental study was conducted between October 2012 and June 2014 in the obstetrics and gynaecology departments of the Giresun Maternity Hospital, and at the Family Counseling Center (FCC) in Turkey. Sixty women who agreed to participate in the study were randomly assigned into two groups. Data were collected by the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), The Rosenbaum's Learned Resourcefulness Scale (RLRS), and the Ways of Coping Inventory (WCI). The assessment of the women before and after the empowerment program showed that women in the intervention group showed significant improvements in the SEI, RLRS, and WCI scores compared with controls. These results suggest that the empowerment program is an effective practice for increasing the levels of self-esteem, learned resourcefulness, and coping ways of women exposed to domestic violence.

Development of a Self Report Stress Scale Using Item Response Theory-I: Item Selection, Formation of Factor Structure and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties.

Due to the absence of Turkish psychometric devices assessing stress, in the present study it was aimed to develop a stress scale, and examine its basic psychometric properties. Current study included two processes, formation of item pool and examination of psychometric properties of the selected items through three studies. In the first study, 611 individuals aged between 18 and 77 responded to 130 selected items. In the second study, 2223 individuals aged between 18 and 68 responded to 80 items. In the third study, 1969 individuals aged between 18 and 79 responded to the final form of 36 items. Further, in study 3 for criterion related validity 163 individuals completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, 113 individuals completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory, 104 individuals completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 107 individuals completed the Beck Depression Inventory, and 265 individuals completed the Perceived Stress Scale. Moreover, in the investigation of test-retest reliability, 119 individuals took the final form of the test after 2 weeks, and 111 individuals took the final form of the test after 3 weeks. In the first study, out of 130 items, 54 that showed item-total score correlations below 0.30 were excluded from the scale. Fifty-seven items were preserved exactly, and 19 items' sentence structures were changed. Furthermore, by adding 4 new items, 80 were prepared for the second study. In the second study, two factors structure namely "Physiological Reactions/Strain" and "Psychological/Cognitive Appraisals" sub-dimensions were identified, and 36 items were selected via Item Response Theory representing these sub-dimensions. In study 3, exploratory factor analysis provided strong support for our hypothesized two factors structure. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated hypothesized model had a better fit to the data. Internal consistency coefficients were 0.94 for the entire scale, 0.90 for Physiological Reactions/Strain sub-dimension, and 0.91 for Psychological/Cognitive Appraisals sub-dimension. Correlation coefficients between the entire scale and other criterion scales ranged from 0.22 to 0.63. Test-retest correlation coefficients between the first administration of the scale, and the administrations at two and three week intervals were 0.88. Results showed that the scale has basic psychometric requirements provided that the scale will be supported by validity studies.

The relation between the self-esteem levels and decision-making styles of the students doing sports and the students not doing sports in high schools

The objective of this study to determine the self-esteem levels and decision-making styles of the students studying at high schools according to their state of doing and not doing sports and to reveal whether there is a relation between their self-esteem levels and decision-making styles. The research group has been constituted by total 403 students, 114 of whom were doing sports and 289 not doing sports, studying at the high schools acting under Konya Provincial Education Directorate in the first half of the 2014-2015 school year. The group doing sports consisted of the students representing their schools and having taken part in competitions in different branches and the group not doing sports was constituted by the students studying in different departments of the same school and not active in a branch. In the study, as the data collection tool, “Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory” developed by Coopersmith and adapted to Turkish by Turan & Tufan as well as “Decision-making Scale in Adolescents” developed by Mann et al. and adapted to Turkish by Çolakkadıoğlu were used. The fact that whether the data were distributed normally or not was scrutinized by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and following such scrutiny, as the data were distributed normally, Pearson moment correlation (r) coefficient technique was used to reveal the relation between the self-esteem levels and decision-making styles of students. α=0.05 was chosen as the significance level in the study. At the end of the study, it was determined that both the self-esteem levels and decision-making styles of the students doing sports were higher than those who do not do sports. It was ascertained in the students doing sports that there is a relation at moderate level and positive tendency between their self-esteem levels and self-respect in decision-making; at low level and negative tendency between their apathy and avoidance of responsibility decision-making styles, and at moderate level and negative tendency between their panic decision-making styles. In the students not doing sports, a relation at low level and positive tendency in their self-esteem levels and self-respect in decision-making and cautious-selectivity decision-making styles, and at low level and negative tendency between their panic and avoidance of responsibility decision-making styles, was determined.

Factors of Self-Esteem Contributing to Academic Performance in Adolescents

The focus of the study was to find out whether factors of self-esteem and certain socio-demographic factors contribute towards academic performance in adolescents. Sample: The sample consisted of students taken from classes (VII–XII) from one school and their age ranged between 12 and 17 years; thus the final sample taken was of 727 students. Methodology: The tools used in this research were Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), Sociodemographic Questionnaire and previous year final-term scores. Analysis of Data: Data was analyzed using Pearson’s correlation, t-test, F-test, ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey. Conclusion: Self-esteem as a whole and its four sub factors correlated significantly with academic performance. That is, higher the self-esteem, higher was the academic performance. Of the four sub factors, school self-esteem factor appeared to have the highest correlation and home self-esteem appeared to have lowest correlation with academic performance. Self-esteem differed significantly in terms of socio-demographic variables (i.e., age, gender and family type). Academic performance differed significantly in terms of socio-demographic variables (i.e., age, gender and birth order).

An Analysis of the Relationship Between High School Students' Tendency Toward Violence, Self-Esteem, and Competitive Attitude.

This study analyzes the relationship among high school students' tendencies toward violence, self-esteem, and competitive attitudes. It was conducted in Fethiye, Muğla, between September 2013 and January 2014. The population of the study consisted of 6,531 students from 11 high schools. The participants were determined using stratified random sampling, and the study data were collected from 1,600 students. A personal information form, the Violence Tendency Scale, the Competitive Attitude Scale, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale were used as data collection tools. In this study, the rate of the participants who were exposed to violence was 15.4%. Of them, 46.2% said that one of their family members was violent toward them, while 27.3% said that their teachers had been violent toward them. Of the participants that were exposed to violence, 55.8% reported psychological violence, 27.3% reported physical violence, and 10.8% reported sexual violence. In the study, tendency toward violence is a dependent variable, while competitive attitude and self-esteem are independent variables. Family type, exposure to violence, and demographics are control variables. Age, class, school, family attitude, and exposure to violence are the variables that created significant differences in the tendency for violence. The present study showed that there was an inverse and weak yet significant relationship between the students' tendencies toward violence and competitiveness (r = -.169), and a positive and weak relationship between tendency toward violence and self-esteem (r = .238). Also, there was an inverse and low-level significant relationship between competitiveness and self-esteem (r = -.121). The variables which affect the tendency toward violence are gender, exposure to violence, competitiveness, age, self-esteem, and extended family type in a descending order regarding their importance. The predictive power of the variables on the tendency toward violence was 16.8%, which is not statistically significant.

English

This study investigated the relations among pre-service music teachers' musical instrument performance self-efficacy, music performance anxiety and self-esteem. This study was designed as a correlative survey, and was conducted with a total of 527 pre-service music teachers. The data were collected by using the Musical Instrument Performance Self-Efficacy Scale, the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety Scale. Correlation and regression analyses were used in analyzing the data. The study findings showed the following results; there was an inverse low level significant relation between the musical instrument performance self-efficacy and the self-esteem levels of pre-service music teachers; there was a positive medium level significant relation between the musical instrument performance self-efficacy and the music performance anxiety levels of pre-service music teachers; there was an inverse medium level significant relation between the self-esteem levels and the music performance anxiety levels of pre-service music teachers. Key words: Instrument education, pre-service music teacher, musical instrument performance self-efficacy, self-esteem, musical performance anxiety.

The Relationship between Social Adjustment and Self-Esteem of the Female Students in Islamic Azad University of Ramhormoz

This study aimed to determine the relationship between social adjustment and self-esteem of the students. The statistical population of the study included all students of Islamic Azad University of Rāmhormoz in the academic year 2015-2016, of whom 210 students were selected using the random sampling method. Bell Adjustment Inventory and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory were used for data collection. The correlation coefficient was obtained as 0.56 and the significance level was obtained as 0.000 that is less than 0.05, therefore, there a relationship between social adjustment and self-esteem of students of this university.

Autoestima, hábitos de estudio y rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios

This study was intended to establish whether self-esteem and study habits correlate with academic performance among university students. Research conducted was descriptive observational, multivariate or cross-sectional factorial in nature. The study population consisted of 196 students enrolled in a Basic Mathematics 1 class at the School of Engineering of Universidad Tecnologica del Peru (Technical University of Peru, UTP) in the third term of 2016, and the sample size numbered 86 students. The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, Luis Vicuna Peri’s Study Habits Inventory and the average grades obtained by students were used for research variable measurement. Results show that self-esteem does not significantly impact academic performance, but study habits do influence academic performance (p = .000 <α = .05). Hence students are expected to enhance academic performance as they refine study techniques.

Child self-esteem and different parenting styles of mothers: a cross-sectional study

Aim of the studySeveral factors affect the formation of self-esteem in children. Given the importance of parental attitudes and educational practices in development of a sense of self-worth in children, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem in primary school children .Subject or material and methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on primary school children in Zahedan during 2013-2014. The data were collected using Cooper-Smith Self-Esteem Inventory and Diana Baumrind Parenting Style Inventory. Then, the data were described using mean, standard deviation, and frequency, and were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. All analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical software, version 16.frequency, and multivariate regression test as well as Pearson correlation coefficient was applied for data analysis. The SPSS software version 16 was also used for data analysisResultsThe results showed that the total mean score of self-esteem was 32.5±5.6 and most parenting styles were authoritative (80.6%). In addition, a significant relationship was found between self-esteem and authoritative parenting style (p&lt;0.05).DiscussionAccording to the present study, the data related to predict self-esteem through the use of parenting styles indicated that authoritative parenting style is a significant predictor of self-esteem. Furthermore, authoritative parenting style is a significant predictor of a child's self-esteem and this suggests that self-esteem is significantly higher in those who have parents with authoritative parenting styleConclusionsThe study results indicated that authoritative parenting style was a significant predictor of children’s self-esteem. In other words, children of parents with authoritative parenting style had significantly higher self-esteem.

The Effect of Psychological Intervention on Mother-Infant Bonding and Breastfeeding

ABSTRACT Background: The emotional bond that a mother feels towards her infant is critical to their social, emotional, and cognitive development. This concept has a major influence on an infant’s future health, and growth, so the assessment of parental-fetal attachment and related factors is of great importance. This study aimed to examine the effect of psychological intervention on attachment and persistency of lactation.Methods: This clinical trial was carried out on 71 pregnant women who visited Milad and Vali-Asr hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly divided into control (n=36) and intervention (n=35) groups. In the intervention group, the subjects received three sessions of supportive group psychotherapy supplemented by training packages. Avant’s mother-infant attachment behavior questionnaire, Maternal Attachment Inventory, 28-item General Health Questionnaire, and the short form of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory were used to evaluate attachment behaviors and related factors. Attachment of mothers was examined at six different times. Statistical data was analyzed using independent t-test, Fisher’s exact test.Results: The findings indicated that the intervention group had increased attachment and breastfeeding persistency (P˂0.001). Regression test also showed that maternal attachment was significantly influenced by psychological interventions, self-esteem, and depression (P˂0.001).Conclusion: According to the results, psychological interventions are suggested during pregnancy to increase attachment and breastfeeding persistency, and thereby, improve mental health of both mother and newborn.

Adolescents’ Self-Esteem, School Anger and Life Satisfaction as Predictors of Their School Attachment

The aim of this study is to examine whether adolescents’ self-esteem, school anger and life satisfaction predict school attachment significantly. Study group of the research consists of 369 high school students. As the data collection tool in the research, School Attachment Scale Among Children and Adolescents (High School Form), Life Satisfaction Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and Multidimensional Anger Scale were employed. Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and the Hierarchical Regression Analysis. As a result of analyses carried out, a significant relationship was found between life satisfaction and sub-dimensions of school attachments (attachment to school, attachment to friend and attachment to teacher) and school anger sub-dimensions. In regression models constructed in the study, on the other hand, it was found out that anger experience and hostility sub-dimensions and life satisfaction significantly predict the school attachment sub-dimension. Besides, it was observed that anger experience, hostility and positive coping sub-dimensions predict friend attachment sub-dimension of life satisfaction; destructive expression, hostility and life satisfaction sub-dimensions predict teacher attachment, and they contributed to the model significantly. However, it was determined that self-esteem did not predict school attachment sub-dimensions significantly. It is considered that these obtained results can be used in studies to be conducted with a view to increase adolescents’ school attachment and they may establish basis for new studies.

The Effect of the Psychiatric Nursing Approach Based on the Tidal Model on Coping and Self-esteem in People with Alcohol Dependency: A Randomized Trial

People with alcohol dependency have lower self-esteem than controls and when their alcohol use increases, their self-esteem decreases. Coping skills in alcohol related issues are predicted to reduce vulnerability to relapse. It is important to adapt care to individual needs so as to prevent a return to the cycle of alcohol use. The Tidal Model focuses on providing support and services to people who need to live a constructive life. The aim of the randomized study was to determine the effect of the psychiatric nursing approach based on the Tidal Model on coping and self-esteem in people with alcohol dependency. The study was semi-experimental in design with a control group, and was conducted on 36 individuals (18 experimental, 18 control). An experimental and a control group were formed by assigning persons to each group using the stratified randomization technique in the order in which they were admitted to hospital. The Coping Inventory (COPE) and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (CSEI) were used as measurement instruments. The measurement instruments were applied before the application and three months after the application. In addition to routine treatment and follow-up, the psychiatric nursing approach based on the Tidal Model was applied to the experimental group in the One-to-One Sessions. The psychiatric nursing approach based on the Tidal Model is an approach which is effective in increasing the scores of people with alcohol dependency in positive reinterpretation and growth, active coping, restraint, emotional social support and planning and reducing their scores in behavioral disengagement. It was seen that self-esteem rose, but the difference from the control group did not reach significance. The psychiatric nursing approach based on the Tidal Model has an effect on people with alcohol dependency in maintaining their abstinence. The results of the study may provide practices on a theoretical basis for improving coping behaviors and self-esteem and facilitating the recovery process of alcohol dependents with implications for mental health nursing.

Quality of life among post-menopausal women due to oxidative stress boosted by dysthymia and anxiety

BackgroundMenopause is the onset of aging in women. During this process, some women experience physical changes that may impact upon their psychological and social status, also affecting their quality of life. Furthermore, several psychological changes following menopause have been shown to act as pro-oxidant, but the association between the psychological status that modify the quality of life and oxidative stress in postmenopausal women is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determinate the relationship between oxidative stress with psychological disturbances, low self-esteem, depressive mood and anxiety, and quality of life in the postmenopausal women.MethodsWe carried out a cross-sectional study with101 premenopausal and 101 postmenopausal women from Mexico City. As markers of oxidative stress we measured plasma lipoperoxide levels, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and total antioxidant status. We calculate a stress score as global oxidative stress status, with cut-off values for each parameter; this score range from 0 to 6, representing the severity of markers modifications. All the women were rated using the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scales, and the WHO Quality of Life-brief.ResultsThe postmenopausal women with low quality of life in the WHO Quality of Life-brief and their subscales had higher stress score compared with premenopausal women with high quality of life (p < 0.05). We found a positive correlation among lipoperoxide levels and Zung Self-Rating Anxiety and Zung Self-Rating Depression score (r = 0.226 and r = 0.173, respectively, p < 0.05), and a negative correlation with WHO Quality of Life-brief scores (r = −0.266, p < 0.01) in postmenopausal women. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that average lipoperoxide levels increase by 0.0007 μmol/L for every 1-point increase in the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and by 0.001 μmol/L for every 1-point decrease in the WHO Quality of Life-brief, after adjusted for pro-oxidant factors. Zung Self-Rating Anxiety and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scales scores also contribute to increase lipoperoxides levels, but not significant.ConclusionOur findings suggest that oxidative stress is increased in postmenopausal women with psychological disturbances and low quality of life.

Relationship between cosmetic surgery and psychological variables

Objective: The main aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between cosmetic surgery and psychological variables such as self-esteem and marital satisfaction along with its components in Iran. Methods: The study had an ex-post facto, pre-post-test design. Using purposive sampling method, a total of 30 married women, who had referred for cosmetic surgery to clinics in Tehran, were incorporated during a six-month period. Data collection instruments included Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. The obtained data were analyzed using inferential statistics (analysis of variance for repeated measures, related sample test, and Pearson correlation coefficient). Results: According to the results of this study, some components of marital satisfaction (such as marital relations, financial management, leisure, and sex) and self-esteem of women before and after cosmetic surgery is statistically significant also there is a relationship betwean marital satisfaction and self-esteem, as self-esteem increases, marital satisfaction rises too. Conclusion: Performance of such surgeries always presents risks, and advice should be sought before making any decision about the surgery.

Bullying in schools and its relation with depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and suicidal ideation in adolescents

Objective: Bullying, which has negative effects on teaching and learning environment in schools, may be associated with some psychiatric disorders causatively or consequentially. The purpose of this study was to examine the suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem in high school students with respect to their involvement in the cycle of bullying. Methods: The study was conducted in students of five secondary schools in a city in Turkey, who were selected with simple random sampling method. Peer Bullying Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Scale were applied. Results: The data obtained from students in 1173, which were fully completed, were analyzed. Bullying victims, bullies, and people in the bullying cycle have higher depressive symptoms, lower self-esteem, and higher suicide tendencies than non-victims, non-bullies and people not involved in the bullying cycle, respectively. Being bullied increases the suicide ideation risk with an odds ratio of 1.447 and bullying increases the suicide ideation risk with an odds ratio of 1.663. Age, female sex, low self-esteem, victimization, and bullying are factors that increase the score of depressive symptoms. Discussion: The individuals who are not involved in the bullying cycle have a lower rate of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and a higher self-esteem. Although no causal connection can be established, the bullying, being a victim of bullying and involvement in the cycle of bullying are all associated with depression, suicidal ideation, and low self-esteem, which may indicate an impaired mental health status of these students. Therefore, this study reveals that there is a possible relationship between psychiatric disorders, suicidal ideation and bullying behavior.

The effect of happiness training on self-esteem in the mothers of children with cleft lip and palate in Isfahan 2015.

BACKGROUND:Birth of a child with cleft lip and palate, as a crisis, can affect family relationships and interactions seriously and hence self-esteem in family members. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of a happiness training program on self-esteem in the mothers of children with cleft lip and palate.MATERIALS AND METHODS:In this quasi-experimental study, 64 mothers of children with cleft lip and palate referring to health-care team in the Isfahan University Medical Sciences were enrolled by convenience random sampling. Then, the program of happiness training was implemented within 10 sessions, and a questionnaire of demographic characteristics and Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory was filled out before and 2 months after the last session. The data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (paired t-test, independent t-test, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney) in SPSS 20 (SPSS Inc: Chicago),RESULTS:The mean age of the mothers in intervention and control groups was 33.3 ± 6.3 and 33.5 ± 5.8 years, respectively. The mean age of the children in the intervention and control groups was 6.34 ± 3.37 and 5.03 ± 3.36 years. Independent t-test indicated a significant difference in self-esteem mean score after training in the intervention and control groups. Moreover, paired t-test indicated a significant difference in self-esteem mean score between before and after training in the intervention group.CONCLUSION:In the light of the effect of happiness training on the promotion of self-esteem in children with cleft lip and palate, this program can be used as a care intervention to reduce psychological and mental problems and to enhance adjustment in parents.

La faible estime de soi est corrélée à l’intentionnalité suicidaire, indépendamment de la sévérité de la dépression

IntroductionSuicide is a major Public Health concern, and low self-esteem might represent a major risk factor. Our main objective was to assess the correlation between self-esteem and suicide intent. More specifically, we aimed to examine the relationship between the different dimensions of self-esteem (total, general, familial, professional and social) and suicide intent. We also sought the role of depression in the relationship of self-esteem to suicide intent. MethodThis retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a suicide prevention department at the CMME (Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France). We included patients aged 15 and older and admitted for suicide attempt over a 3-year period from January 2008 to December 2010. Self-esteem was assessed with the Coopersmith's Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI) scale that takes into account several domains of self-esteem. Subjects scoring over 5 points on the lie scale were excluded. Our primary endpoint was the correlation between self-esteem and suicide intent. Our secondary endpoint was the same correlation adjusted for depression severity (using the Hamilton scale). Suicide intent was estimated using Beck's Suicide Intentionality Scale (SIS). We examined the Pearson's correlation coefficients between self-esteem and suicide intent. These analyses were adjusted for the severity of depressive symptoms assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (17 items). ResultsOverall, 132 patients were included. Suicide intent was correlated with total self-esteem (r=−0.227, P=0.009), social self-esteem (r=−0.331, P<0.001) and familial self-esteem (r=−0.260, P=0.003). These results remained significant after adjusting for the level of depression for total score (r=−0.181, P=0.038), and the social (r=−0.282, P=0.001) and familial (r=−0.237, P=0.006) dimensions. ConclusionSelf-esteem (and especially social and familial dimensions) is likely to be associated with suicide intent, at least in part independently of the severity of depression, in a population of subjects hospitalized for suicide attempt. This correlation was strongest with social self-esteem. The main limitation of this monocentric study is the lack of representative sample. Nevertheless, this result paves the way for future strategies of suicide prevention, especially those dealing with poor self-esteem.

Comparison Between Marital Satisfaction and Self-Esteem Before and After Bariatric Surgery in Patients With Obesity.

BackgroundObesity is one of the most common chronic diseases with important medical effects, as well as mental and social health problems. Bariatric surgery is one of the most effective treatments of morbid obesity.ObjectivesBecause of the possible psychological changes, and its effects on weight loss after surgery, the current study aimed to compare marital satisfaction and self-confidence in patients with obesity before and after bariatric surgery in Rasoul-e-Akram hospital in 2013.Materials and MethodsThis prospective observational study was conducted on 69 candidates for bariatric surgery. Marital satisfaction and self-confidence were assessed before and six months after the surgery by Enrich marital satisfaction scale and Coopersmith self-esteem inventory. Descriptive statistics and T-tests were utilized to analyze data. Values of P ≤ 0.01 were considered statistically significant.ResultsDespite the improvement of sexual relationship, marital satisfaction scores significantly decreased from141.26 ± 12.75 to 139.42 ± 12.52 six months after the surgery (P = 0.002). Satisfaction in scales of conflict resolution and communication showed a descending pattern (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between self-esteem before and after the surgery (P = 0.321).ConclusionsWeight loss after bariatric surgery did not improve self-esteem and marital satisfaction six months post operatively; therefore, psychiatric assessment of patients before and after the surgery is crucial; since even if they are not associated with prognosis of the surgery, it is important to provide treatment for psychiatric problems. Prospective studies are recommended to assess post-operative changes of other psychological aspects.

THE ASSOCIATION OF SELF-EFFICIENCY AND SELF-ESTEEM WITH SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF ATHLETIC AND NON-ATHLETIC ADOLESCENTS OF MALEKAN TOWN

Social development is a continuous concept as are physical and psychological development which gradually evolves toward perfection. The objective of present study is to examine the association of self-efficiency and self-esteem with social development of male athletic and non-athletic adolescents. The statistical population of present study includes all male students of high schools in Malekan Town. The statistical sample is composed of 110 non-athletic students and 110 athletic students playing in group sports of volleyball, basketball, futsal, handball and football for more than four consecutive years with age range of 16±1.5 years who are selected through random cluster sampling. The instruments of data collection in the present study are Weitzman's social development standard (1991), Coopersmith self-esteem inventory (1967). In addition, the measurement of self-efficiency is done through general self-efficacy scale (Sherer et.al, 1982). The results of present study show that self-esteem and self-efficiency have significantly positive association with social development. Article visualizations:

PT027 Cigarette Smoking and the Determinants of Smoking Among Vilnius University Medical Students

Substance use among teenage students and factors associated were investigated through a survey using a questionnaire adapted from the WHO's Program on Research and Reporting on the Epidemiology of Drug Dependence, additional questions on family factors and personal risks, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory, adapted to Brazil. The target population consisted of 3891 10–22-year-old students from the city of Embu das Artes, São Paulo, Brazil. The prevalence of lifetime substance use was 26.7%. Most commonly used substances were energy drinks combined with alcohol (19%), solvents (11.2%) and marijuana (4.8%). Almost 60% of the students had already tried alcohol and 18.2% had tried tobacco. Factors associated to lifetime substance use were: lower self-esteem, going to nightclubs at least twice a week, use of alcohol, trying tobacco, bad relationship with the mother, permissive mothers, practicing sports as an obligation, working, and higher socioeconomic level. Concerning frequent/heavy substance use, chances were found to be higher among students who had use tobacco and alcohol, going to nightclubs at least twice a week, and those with lower self-esteem. Preventive actions concerning drug use should focus on avoiding the first experimentation, approaching family relationships, and improving students' self-esteem.