Security Cooperation Research Articles

From multilateralism to bilateralism: Making sense of the UK’s security cooperation with EU member states after 2016

The article analyses the renewed importance of bilateralism for the UK’s engagement with individual EU member states in relation to security and defence policy. By systematically scrutinising the bilateral agreements with 18 EU countries concluded between the EU membership referendum in 2016 and the end of Boris Johnson’s premiership in 2022, we argue that the United Kingdom currently finds itself in the process of transitioning from one policy regime (multilateralism) to another (bilateralism); we try to make sense of this strategy by looking at it through the lens of four key aspects stemming from regime theory, namely (1) triggering factors; (2) institutional design and adaptation; (3) path dependency; and (4) regime sustainability. The analysis shows how the sustainability of a purely bilateral regime, with its high degree of customisation and intrinsic reliance on specific reciprocity, is precarious, albeit while leaving open the possibility to incorporate a future multilateral component.

Co-Operation in Judicial, Legal, Security, and Socio-Economic Matters: Extradition to Russia: What Future for Cooperation with a Country after its Exit from the Council of Europe?

Co-Operation in Judicial, Legal, Security, and Socio-Economic Matters: Extradition to Russia: What Future for Cooperation with a Country after its Exit from the Council of Europe?

The Sources of Rwandan Military Effectiveness: State Building, Security Assistance and the Cabo Delgado Campaign

Rwanda’s mid 2021 military intervention meaningfully degraded the capability of the jihadist insurgents terrorising northern Mozambique. Rwanda’s early battlefield achievements were due to a combination of factors, including a suitable operational concept and strong infantry skills and combat motivation. These qualities were more a function of institutional history and internal state building, however, than of foreign-provided equipment or training; outside aid helped make the intervention possible but did not instil the critical drivers of Rwandan combat effectiveness. Because similar circumstances do not pertain in Mozambique, the prospects that the Rwandan armed forces can transfer the capability to prosecute a successful counter-insurgency to their Mozambican counterparts are dim. The Cabo Delgado campaign provides only a qualified vindication of American security co-operation and suggests important limits for western counterterrorism strategies predicated on African proxies.

Cooperative security against interdependent risks

Firms in interorganizational networks are exposed to interdependent risks that are transferable across partner firms, such as contamination in food supply chains or data breaches in technology networks. They can be decomposed into intrinsic risks a firm faces from its own operations and extrinsic risks transferred from its partners. Firms have access to two security strategies: either they can independently eliminate both intrinsic and extrinsic risks by securing their links with partners or, alternatively, firms can cooperate with partners to eliminate sources of intrinsic risk in the network. We develop a graph‐theoretic model of interdependent security and demonstrate that the network‐optimal security strategy can be computed in polynomial time. Then, we use cooperative game‐theoretic tools to examine, under different informational assumptions, whether firms can sustain the network‐optimal security strategy via suitable cost‐sharing mechanisms. We design a novel cost‐sharing mechanism: a restricted variant of the well‐known Shapley value, the agreeable allocation, that is easy to compute, bilaterally implementable, ensures stability, and is fair. However, the agreeable allocation need not always exist. Interestingly, we find that in networks with homogeneous cost parameters, the presence of locally dense clusters of connected firms precludes the existence of the agreeable allocation, while the absence of sufficiently dense clusters (formally, k‐cores) guarantees its existence. Finally, using the SDC Platinum database, we consider all interfirm alliances formed in the food manufacturing sector from 2006 to 2020. Then, with simulated cost parameters, we examine the practical feasibility of identifying bilaterally implementable security cost‐sharing arrangements in these alliances.

Distributed Cooperative Event-Triggered Control of Cyber-Physical AC Microgrids Subject to Denial-of-Service Attacks

This paper addresses the event-triggered distributed cooperative secure secondary control for islanded cyber-physical inverter-based ac microgrids (MGs) under the energy-limited denial of service (DoS) attacks. The DoS attack refers to the prevention of information exchange among Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the secondary control level. In this paper, an event-triggered mechanism (ETM) is employed to improve communication efficiency and reduce control command updates. Based on the last successful local and neighboring transmission attempt, an estimator is proposed which is only activated over attack periods. In addition, this study investigates the contribution of both DERs and Distributed Energy Storage Systems (DESS) in ac MGs. Finally, the performance of the proposed control scheme is evaluated by an offline digital time-domain simulation on a test MG system through different scenarios in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Also, the effectiveness and accuracy of the controller are verified by comparison with several previous studies.

China-ASEAN Public Health Security Cooperation: Problems and Future Approaches

Vision 2030 of China-ASEAN Strategic Partnership puts forward that China and ASEAN need to jointly meet non-traditional security challenges, and public health security is an important part of non-traditional security. China-ASEAN cooperation in the field of public health and safety is a realistic result of promoting regional integration and a true portrayal of building a community of human destiny. At present, the public health security cooperation mechanism between China and ASEAN mainly presents three types: multilateral, bilateral and inter-country. Although China- ASEAN cooperation in public health and safety has made some achievements, there are still some practical problems, such as the need to improve legal documents, the need to enrich the main body, the need to strengthen the pool of international professionals, and the urgent need to strengthen the ability to set international issues. Under the guidance of the people-oriented China-ASEAN Public Health Community, with the system theory as the theoretical analysis tool, through the implementation of standardizing the legal documents of public health and safety cooperation, setting up the specialized organs of public health and safety cooperation, strengthening the talent pool of public health and safety cooperation, and setting the topics of public health and safety cooperation in turn, China and ASEAN will form a joint force in the field of public health and safety, and enhance the efficiency of China-ASEAN public health and safety cooperation.

The Impact Of Cyber Espionage Issue On Maritime Security Cooperation Between Indonesian National Police And Australian Federal Police

In international law, espionage committed by one country against another in the form of wiretapping is a form of violation of international law and can disrupt relations between the two countries concerned. In this case, Australia had wiretapped Indonesian executive officials such as the President and his deputy in 2013. The action caused the intensity of the relationship between Indonesia and Australia to heat up. In this case, the geographical proximity between Indonesia and Australia causes the two countries to need each other, especially in dealing with cross-border crimes involving the two countries. This research intends to find out how the influence of Australia's wiretapping actions in Indonesia to the bilateral cooperation in handling transnational crimes. This research will use Butler's conflict management theory to examine the resolution of the conflict and how the resolution affects the cooperation between the two countries. From this research, it is known that the actions taken by Australia made the relationship between Indonesia and Australia tense. This was followed by the termination of bilateral cooperation projects between Indonesia and Australia. One of the areas of discontinued cooperation is cooperation in combating transnational crimes between the Indonesian National Police (Polri) and the AFP. This situation will create a loophole for perpetrators of cross-border crimes in carrying out their actions between the two countries, one of the most vulnerable transnational crimes is related to people smuggling. This affects the maritime security sector between the two which must be anticipated immediately.

Defense Diplomacy Indonesia - United Arab Emirates Through Confidence Building Measures

This research paper explores the defense diplomacy efforts between Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) through confidence-building measures (CBMs) as a strategic step to strengthen bilateral relations and increase trust between the two countries. The paper begins by discussing the historical context and the importance of defense diplomacy in the post-World War II era. It then examines the concept of defense strategy and its evolution beyond military operations. The role of diplomacy, particularly soft power diplomacy, is highlighted as an essential tool in international relations. The paper further delves into the concept of defense diplomacy, its peaceful use of armed forces, and its significance in addressing security challenges and building trust among countries. The focus is on the defense diplomacy efforts between Indonesia and the UAE and their impact on regional defense and security cooperation. The researchers employ a qualitative descriptive approach and a case study design to analyze the defense industry and defense cooperation efforts within the perspective of defense diplomacy. The results and discussions section presents an analysis of Indonesia's defense strategy, highlighting the objectives, means, and approaches employed in defense diplomacy with the UAE. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of defense diplomacy in enhancing bilateral relations, promoting regional stability, and leveraging the strengths and resources of both countries in the defense industry.

Hiroshima’s ongoing peacebuilding and beyond: how does this local initiative seek to extend to world peace?

War-torn or post-conflict countries face challenging, complex, and varied tasks related to security, development, and justice to meet the immediate needs of state-building and peacebuilding. Hiroshima, having overcome post-war reconstruction, has remained in the peacebuilding phase by advocating world peace through the value of ‘No more Hiroshimas’. Peacebuilding studies and mainstream debates emphasising the local perspective have not, however, touched upon this historical moment, when the Hiroshima Prefectural Government enacted ‘Hiroshima for Global Peace’, pursuing peacebuilding through a nuclear-free world. In this context, this article analyses how Hiroshima’s provincial government policy demonstrates ongoing peacebuilding in pursuit of world peace. Considering local-global relations, it examines how local policy connects the shared values of a nuclear-free world. Second, it shows how local-state relations highlight Japan’s peacebuilding policy, which includes security cooperation, by sharing the vision of Hiroshima as a symbol of world peace.

Sharing rivals, sending weapons: Rivalry and cooperation in the international arms trade, 1920–1939

AbstractStates must navigate the structure of the international system in their relations with other states. One crucial component of this structure are rivalries as they indicate latent threat to states. Rivalries should thus influence how states behave within the given system, but also how they seek to shape and restructure it. Focusing on arms transfers, we clarify how the systemic structure implied by rivalries drives states’ efforts to engage in security cooperation with other states. Intuitively, a rivalry with another country should diminish an exporter’s propensity to transfer weapons there. But what is more, we argue that rivalries outside of this focal dyad matter as a potential importer’s enmity towards other countries will reveal information about its security interests to the exporter. Specifically, sharing rivalries with the same set of countries will signal to the exporter that there is a congruence in security interests and thus facilitate security cooperation. This security cooperation should take the form of arms transfers, at least if exporters value buck-passing and fear entrapment. We test our expectations using original data on Major Conventional Weapons transfers in the Interwar years, a period where this condition likely holds, and inferential network analysis models. Sharing rivals increases two countries’ probability to trade arms whereas a rivalry between countries exhibits no effect. This research contributes to our understanding of security cooperation, the arms trade, and networked international relations.

Secure Cooperative Localization for Connected Automated Vehicles Based on Consensus

Secure Cooperative Localization for Connected Automated Vehicles Based on Consensus

India and Australia: Strategic Maritime Partners in the Indo-Pacific

In this article the author analyses the strategic, security and maritime aspects of cooperation between India and Australia and describes how this relationship is underpinned by growing economic and people to people ties. It addresses a number of important questions including, what are the strategic drivers in the Australia-India Relationship? What are the areas of convergence in the strategic outlooks of the two countries? What are the areas of divergence in the strategic outlooks of the two countries? Why both countries must cooperate within the Regional Security Architecture. What are our doubts and reservations about each other? What common challenges are Australia and India likely to face in the future? How can we develop the Regional Security Architecture for the Indian Ocean region? What is the Evolving Asian Maritime Landscape in the Eastern Indian Ocean? How do we assess the development of India-Australia Defense and Security Ties? How has Civil Nuclear Cooperation consolidated the Strategic Ties between the two countries? What are the prospects for India-Australia Economic and People to People Ties? How does India look at Australia?

Lithuanian-Polish security cooperation in European Union (EU) Defence Programs

This article is part of a broad discussion concerning the deteriorating security environment in the European neighbourhood and the initiatives the European Union (EU) and its Member States (MS) took to intensify security and defence cooperation. The war in Ukraine put pressure on the entire regional security structure. Hence increased investments and more collaboration are necessary to jointly develop and use the military capabilities that the EU and Baltic region need. In this context, it is interesting how Lithuania and Poland – both Eastern EU members with grave concerns and engagement in regional security – perceive and utilize the potential that EU programs offer. This article will look deeper into the level of cooperation between Lithuania and Poland before the intensification of military operations in Ukraine in February 2022. Furthermore, the paper presents an overview of the regional cooperation concept, Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), and its funds, agencies, and instruments. The key elements of this study are the analysis of both countries’ involvement in the European Defence Fund (EDF) preparatory programs implemented since 2017.

Formation of an Environmentally-Oriented System for Sustainable Economic Security in the Context of Inter-Organizational Agricultural Cooperation

Objective: The paper aims to analyze and develop a sustainable environmentally-oriented system of economic security in the inter-organizational cooperation of agricultural enterprises. Methods: The study utilizes the method of indicators and expert assessment of qualitative parameters under the proposed model of an environmentally-oriented system. Results: The study proposes an innovative approach to ensuring environmental safety in the agriculture sector to achieve the goals of environmental sustainability. When implemented, the environmentally-oriented system brings about an improvement in economic security indicators within the framework of inter-organizational interaction. Conclusion: For agricultural enterprises, the introduction of the socio-environmental-economic system translates into lower production costs, higher environmental and social responsibility, higher credibility with consumers, and the creation of a line of environmentally friendly products. As a result of the development of the concept of sustainable development of inter-organizational cooperation initiated by the growth of competitiveness, the intercompany level realizes the positive potential of impact on the company's activities through the improvement of indicators of the level of the environmentally-oriented system of economic security and, consequently, the overall level of economic security.

협력치안 구축을 통한 혼잡경비 안전관리 방안

The purpose of this study is to suggest methods to establish cooperative security among the three areas of local government, police, and private security regarding safety management measures for congestion security situations that occur at large-scale citizen participation events.. To conduct this study, we investigated accidents at domestic event venues and festivals that occurred from 2005 to 2022 and analyzed the causes and characteristics of each case. In addition, the study was conducted using a qualitative research method through interviews with practitioners based on manuals used by local governments and police organizations to respond to local festivals and events. As a result of the study, first, local governments need to take the lead and have cooperative security using the police and private security. Second, a cooperation system between the police and private security to respond to regular congestion security and regular mock training to cope with actual situations are needed. Third, private security needs to train and secure professional personnel who can diagnose security, including the shortcomings of various local events and festivals and the status of facility management, and build citizen trust by actively promoting successful cases of maintaining order. suggested that. Finally, the limitations of this study were discussed.

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ASSURANCE OF PEACE AND SECURITY: CONCEPT AND MEANS OF ACHIEVEMENT

The purpose of the article is to study the subject matter and sources of international legal peace and security, to analyze the means of international dispute resolution, and to investigate Ukraine’s security priorities in times of war. Research methods: the chosen topic of research requires the use of various scientific methods and approaches to obtain high-quality results. Therefore, to solve the tasks, we used the following research methods: analysis - study of modern scientific approaches to the study of "international security"; systematic method helped to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the features of international legal documents on international security issues; analytical method provided an opportunity to analyze the state of cooperation between Ukraine and European security structures. Results: in accordance with the principles of international law, the structure of the international system and, ultimately, international relations themselves, different concepts of international security have been formed. All of them are based on scientific considerations, explain international processes, and are capable of making certain predictions about the future. At the same time, as we have noted, these concepts contain specific methods and means of ensuring international security. Among the most popular concepts are balance/balance of power, global/common/comprehensive security, collective security, cooperative security, as well as hegemonic stability, balance of threats, and peaceful coexistence. They are based on different principles: balance of power, hegemony, balance of interests, etc. Discussion: defining the essence of modern threats and challenges helps to determine the methodology for substantiating the tasks of ensuring international security in general, as well as the security of the state of Ukraine in particular, and to develop a regulatory framework for ensuring peace and security in the world.

The Impact of U.S. President Trump’s Middle East Peace Plan on Jordan and Palestinians

Objectives: This study aims to assess how a more pro-Israeli stance from the U.S. can potentially harm Jordanian interests and relations, and pose a challenge in the region. Methods: The qualitative approach and the case study were applied, as well as extensive investigation and examination of relevant resources published in journal articles, newspapers, reports, press releases, and TV interviews. Results: The study found that Trump’s plan affects Jordan, as it contradicts with the priority in Jordan’s national interests which lies in the question of Palestine, supporting the two-state solution, and the creation of a viable Palestinian state. Since Trump’s initiative does not include a viable Palestinian state and removes the two-state solution from the peace process, it poses significant challenges to Jordan’s national security, economy, and role in Jerusalem, and implementing it will cause further conflict; impacting Jordan’s interests. Ignoring Jordan’s special role as the custodian of Jerusalem’s Islamic and Christian holy sites, will complicate and negatively impact Jordanian - American and Jordanian-Israeli relations. Conclusions: The study recommends the need of rebuilding trust between Jordan and the U.S, as they enjoy close security cooperation and strategic relationship. It is expected that Biden’s administration will seek conflict management with low interest, instead of conflict resolution. Jordan shall convince Arab leaders normalizing relations with Israel that resolving the Palestine issue is the most important, and it will not give up its historic role in Jerusalem.

QUAD in Indo-Pacific Region: India’s Role and Strategies for Engagement and Cooperation

India's role within the QUAD is significant and has been evolving over time. As the world's largest democracy and a major regional power, India's participation in the QUAD strengthens the group's overall influence and capabilities. It's worth noting that India's involvement in the QUAD is part of its broader foreign policy approach, which emphasizes free and open Indo-Pacific, cooperative security arrangements, and multilateralism. While India values its participation in the QUAD, it also maintains its strategic autonomy and pursues its national interests within the group's framework. This paper analyzes the QUAD’s importance for India’s defense and deterrence mechanism.

Adaptive Cooperative Secure Control of Networked Multiple Unmanned Systems under FDI Attacks

With the expanding applications of multiple unmanned systems in various fields, more and more research attention has been paid to their security. The aim is to enhance the anti-interference ability, ensure their reliability and stability, and better serve human society. This article conducts adaptive cooperative secure tracking consensus of networked multiple unmanned systems subjected to false data injection attacks. From a practical perspective, each unmanned system is modeled using high-order unknown nonlinear discrete-time systems. To reduce the communication bandwidth between agents, a quantizer-based codec mechanism is constructed. This quantizer uses a uniform logarithmic quantizer, combining the advantages of both quantizers. Because the transmission information attached with the false data can affect the accuracy of the decoder, a new adaptive law is added to the decoder to overcome this difficulty. A distributed controller is devised in the backstepping framework. Rigorous mathematical analysis shows that our proposed control algorithms ensure that all signals of the resultant systems remain bounded. Finally, simulation examples reveal the practical utility of the theoretical analysis.

Protection for Hire: Cooperation through Regional Organizations

Abstract There is growing evidence that leaders cooperate through regional intergovernmental organizations (RIOs) to address domestic security challenges. What sustains this collaboration? I present a theory of regional cooperation driven by mutual interest in stability and protection for heads of state. RIOs support the development of rules and norms around contributing to regional security and can legitimize pro-government military interventions. Leaders concerned that they may need external support—particularly against members of their own military—cooperate to remain in good standing with co-members. Using original security personnel deployment data for members of four Africa-based RIOs with mutual defense pacts between 1990 and 2017, I show that leaders facing higher coup risk were more likely to deploy personnel to support co-members. I also find evidence for the underlying mechanism—that these leaders contribute because they expect RIO members to reciprocate support in the future. Leaders who contributed more personnel to support co-members, and leaders who contributed more often, were more likely to receive military support from co-members in the future. These findings shed light on the dynamics sustaining regional security cooperation.