Security Cooperation Research Articles

Secure Cooperative Guidance Strategy for Multi-Missile System With Collision Avoidance

Secure Cooperative Guidance Strategy for Multi-Missile System With Collision Avoidance

Russia/USSR – Türkiye/Turkey: Legacy of “Friendly Neutrality”.Goals of Soviet Policy towards Turkey

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the Soviet leadership’s approaches to the implementation of the goals of the Soviet foreign policy towards Turkey, legacy of which remains until nowadays. The Soviet-Turkish relations in the 1920-s were built up on the basis of common political interests shared between two neighboring states existing in a similar geopolitical environment. The common goal for the Republic of Turkey and the USSR was to overcome international isolation and ensure national security. The Soviet government’s approach to determining the role and place of Turkey in the security system near the borders of the USSR was outlined by People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs G.V. Chicherin, who saw the Soviet-Turkish cooperation as one of the tools for ensuring the security of the Soviet borders in the south and southwest. One of the key issues in the Soviet-Turkish relations was the issue of the Black Sea straits. Considering the straits a "gateway" for an attack on the southern borders of the USSR, the Soviet government tried to revise the regime of the straits in a more favorable way for the country. the resolution of which in 1936 at the conference in Montreux did not suit the Soviet government completely. It was assumed that strong economic ties with the USSR and mutually beneficial security cooperation would become an effective instrument for deterring the Turkish leaders. During the Great Patriotic War, the goals of the USSR’s policy towards Turkey were to prevent it from being drawn into the war on the side of the antagonistic alliance, as well as to further revise the Montreux Convention in a more favorable direction for the Soviet leaders. The 1939–1946 attempts to put pressure on Turkey on the straits issue caused Turkey to withdraw from the orbit of the Soviet influence and led to almost two decades of hostile and tense relations between the two countries. After the death of I.V. Stalin, particularly in Khruschev’s era, the Soviet approach was characterized by a search for ways to improve Soviet-Turkish relations. The main instrument of this was expansion of the Soviet-Turkish trade and economic cooperation, due to which the foundations of today's highly developed bilateral Russian-Turkish relations were laid.

Organizational and legal contexts of cooperative security: from global trends to local forecasts

Organizational and legal contexts of cooperative security: from global trends to local forecasts

The Indo-US Strategic Partnership: An Analysis of the Trump Era

The United States, as a superpower, after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, plays a significant role in shaping international politics. Its actions and decisions have a major impact on global and regional events. It establishes strategic partnerships with regional allies and powers to maintain its hegemony across the world. The United States has recently established partnerships with India to keep its influence in the region and counter emerging forces like China and Pakistan. This study examines the impact of the Indo-US strategic partnership since the Trump era and its impact on Pakistan. The analysis focuses on the political, economic, and security aspects of the relationship and how they have affected Pakistan. The study finds that the partnership poses a major security threat to Pakistan, particularly in terms of economic relations and security cooperation. Through an examination of primary and secondary sources, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the strategic partnerships established between India and the US during this period and their impact on the region.

일본의 통합사령부 신설과 한미일 안보협력

일본의 통합사령부 신설과 한미일 안보협력

NATO’s Southern Flank: The Evolution of Türkiye’s Strategic Role and Its Implications for Regional Security

This article delves into the progressive development of Türkiye's strategic function within NATO, and what it signifies for regional security along the Alliance's Southern Flank. Türkiye, as a crucial NATO member since 1952, has steadfastly assumed a considerable part in the organization's collective defense, thereby bolstering the stability of the region. The article offers a historical review of Türkiye's involvement in NATO, tracking its journey from joining the Alliance during the initial Cold War years to navigating the more intricate security milieu of the post-Cold War era. The focus then shifts to the geopolitical challenges faced by NATO on its Southern Flank, particularly in the Middle East, the Eastern Mediterranean, and the Black Sea region. Within this context, the article analyzes Türkiye's evolving strategic role, including its military capabilities and growing defense industry, diplomacy, and soft power initiatives, as well as its efforts to balance relations with NATO, Russia, and other regional actors. The article also explores Türkiye's strategic decision to acquire the Russian S-400 missile defense system, a move that underscores Türkiye's commitment to diversifying its defense capabilities and enhancing its national security, while also navigating the complex dynamics of international alliances and NATO's evolving security landscape. Subsequently, it discusses the possible advantages and hurdles that could arise from Türkiye's dynamic strategic role in regional security and on NATO's Southern Flank. Key topics addressed include the reinforcement of NATO's defense capabilities, the enhancement of regional security cooperation, and potential strains within the Alliance. The piece wraps up with an evaluation of future prospects for Türkiye's strategic function in NATO and the implications for regional security. This underlines the significance of maintaining a united and adaptable NATO that can adeptly respond to the evolving security challenges in the region.

A Study of Security Cooperation Dilemmas and Pathways in Sino-Japanese Relations from A Constructivist Perspective

Regional integration in East Asia has become one of the focal points of international politics since the end of the Cold War. Discussions on East Asian regional integration has predominantly centered around rationalist perspectives, emphasizing the maximization of national interests, which may not be conducive to achieving integration in the region. Given the complex historical issues such as national sentiments intertwined in East Asia, emphasizing the construction of shared ideas and identity through constructivist theories aligns more with the practical requirements of regional integration. Therefore, this paper takes cooperation in the security domain between China and Japan as an example to discuss and analyze the reasons for the dilemmas facing East Asian regional integration. These dilemmas primarily include Japan's uncertainty regarding collective identity, inevitable competition between China and Japan, and the disruptive influence of external great power intervention on collective identity. The paper proposes a three-phase approach for the future: strengthening Japan's East Asian identity, actively constructing cooperation between China and Japan, and resisting external interference. This approach aims to progressively build collective identity in the East Asian region and promote the smooth advancement of East Asian regional integration.

Kolaborasi Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Mengurangi Penyelundupan di Daerah Perbatasan (Studi Kasus Republik Indonesia & Republik Demokratik Timor Leste)

This study analyzes the collaborative efforts between Indonesia and Timor-Leste to reduce smuggling along their border regions. This qualitative research employs a document study technique, involving the analysis of secondary data obtained from books, journals, websites, and reports and this study utilizes the concepts of Border Diplomacy and International Cooperation. In pursuit of this objective, both countries have implemented border diplomacy to define their national boundaries and foster economic cooperation and cross-border collaboration to strengthen diplomatic relations and promote economic development in the border regions between the two nations. International cooperation in the border region encompasses various sectors, including the economic, social, and cultural realms, aimed at addressing issues such as smuggling. The Border Liaison Committee (BLC), led by the Vice Governor of NTT, serves as Border Liaison Committee and is responsible for coordinating social, economic, and cultural activities to enhance well-being and security in the border areas. Additionally, security cooperation in the border region involves the Indonesian National Police (POLRI) and the Timor-Leste National Police (PNTL) with the goal of addressing illegal entry, smuggling, and cross-border criminal activities. Lastly, the development of Border Crossing Posts (Pos Lintas Batas Negara - PLBN), such as PLBN Mota’ain, PLBN Wini, and PLBN Motamasin, had a significant impact on security, border, the economy, and surveillance between two countries.

Vietnam - India Defense Cooperation Under the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects

This paper aims to analyze the achievements, challenges and orientations for Vietnam-India defense and security cooperation since both sides elevated their relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in September 2016. The study is based on qualitative analysis methods, using data from secondary documents related to Vietnam-India relations. The results show that since 2016, Vietnam and India have made significant progress in defense and security cooperation through various activities such as high-level exchanges, policy dialogues, military equipment transfers and joint training. However, some constraints remain regarding more advanced forms of cooperation. While defense ties have grown remarkably, continued efforts are needed to tap the full potential. Regional tensions also persist with China’s unilateral actions in the South China Sea. In that context, Vietnam and India need to further strengthen defense and security cooperation by expanding engagements in key areas and effectively implementing signed agreements. There is ample room for both sides to foster this key pillar of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership and ensure peace in the Indo-Pacific region.

Confidence Building Measures Among East African Community for Strengthening Peace in the Region

The East Africa Community (EAC) comprises various instabilities, including violence, humanitarian crises, environmental issues, and conflicts, both within and between states. In response, these countries have established defense diplomacy, which involves the non-violent utilization of military resources to pursue peace and stability in the area. Their goal is to create a unified force to address common threats that endanger peace and stability within the region. Defense diplomacy encompasses a strategic engagement, Confidence Building Measures (CBMs), Capacity Building, and the cultivation of international reputation. The fundamental question arises: How can the EAC engage in security cooperation amid the multitude of issues faced within the region? Our article aims to comprehend the implementation of CBMs among member states, focusing on enhancing interoperability within a case study of regional security cooperation aimed at implementing peace and stability in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Our research employs qualitative analysis using the concept of Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBM) and applies DIME theory to illustrate the process of establishing and strengthening trust among member states in the region. The primary outcome of this study underscores the critical role played by diplomacy and military strategies in resolving peace and security issues in the DRC

Military Exercises and Network Effects

Abstract Between 1980 and 2016, the percentage of states that partnered in a multinational military exercise (MME) increased twenty-fold. What explains this proliferation? Existing studies focus on the role of major powers and polarity but fail to explain exercises without great powers or the continuous growth of MME participation. I conceptualize patterns of exercises among all members of the international system as networks. Inferential network analysis shows that higher-order effects like popularity, transitivity, and memory increase the probability that states cooperate militarily. Countries with many connections have institutional knowledge and prestige to attract partners. Multinational coalitions form where mutual friends increase trust and create positive feedback. Past cooperation lowers the costs of future partnerships. Empirical analysis shows that the evolving network structure of MMEs is an emergent property driven by these interdependent processes, and that traditional explanations for security cooperation like great powers and alliances decrease in influence over time.

Turkey’s Role in South Caucasus

This paper will study Turkey’s influence in South Caucasus. The study applies Barry Buzan and Ole Waever’s Regional Security Complex Theorem (RSCT) to understand Turkey’s politics in the region since the end of the Cold War. The author of this paper shares the belief with the coiners of the RSCT that it is necessary to combine systemic, regional, national, and domestic factors to provide the most accurate description and prediction of potential developments in international politics. Importantly, it is crucial to wisely combine the age-old tenets of Realist theory with important constructivist concepts to better explain security. In this regard RSCT, in the humble opinion of the author, is the most complete theorem in the field of international relations to analyze the behavior of any particular state and/or dynamics of global and regional interaction among states. For the purposes of the research it is important to place Turkey correctly in the framework of Buzan and Waever’s theory and concepts - that is, classify Turkey correctly according to their taxonomy and fortunately, they help me with this. They have devoted important part of their work to insulator states such as Turkey. Turkey’s role as an insulator state is particularly interesting to me. To paint a comprehensive picture of the geopolitics in Caucasus the roles of the US, Russia and EU will be investigated from the perspective of RSCT. Again, the investigation will be detailed and hopefully, productive. Theoretical Framework: Following theories will be presented before the author suggests the goggles that should be fashioned for the purpose of this research: "Political realism theory", whose main subject is the state; The theory of "cooperative security" - Cohen's concept, which includes recognition of common threats by states and joint efforts on it; Complex theory of regional security - RSCT, which is also related to the Copenhagen school.

Regionalism and the fight against terrorism in southern Africa: reflections on Cabo Delgado in Mozambique

Post-independence Africa has often depicted Southern Africa as a formidable region spared by the calamities of Islamic insurgencies and terrorism. However, unfolding events in the last five years have demonstrated the limitation of SADC to terrorism exceptionalism. A combination of relatively weak states perpetuating poor regionalism, ethnic and religious diversity, poverty and the existence of the ‘ungoverned space’ are possible explanations in making the region a suitable habitat for insurgency groups. The recent invasion by terrorists of Cabo Delgado province in Mozambique has been a critical cause for concern for the stability of the region. The military intervention of the Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM) and Rwanda presents an opportunity for academics to explore regional prospects for peace and security. This paper uses insights gained from a qualitative study on terrorism, counterterrorism and regionalism to investigate the concept of regional security cooperation in the SADC region and the authenticity of institutional responses in Northern Mozambique. The study concludes that the launch of the SAMIM, despite several obstacles, represents a step in the right direction. More so, creating durable security institutions is the starting point towards realising meaningful regional security cooperation, which guarantees feasible regional economic integration.

The European Union (EU)-Somalia Cooperation: Areas, Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities

This study focuses on the European Union (EU)-Somalia cooperation: areas, achievements, challenges and opportunities. The main aim of the stud is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the areas, achievements, challenges, and opportunities of the European Union-Somalia cooperation. The study employed qualitative research approach to gain clear understanding on the areas, achievements, challenges, and opportunities of the cooperation between European Union and Somalia. The researcher used an extensive documentary review tool to gather existing knowledge and insights on the European Union-Somalia cooperation. The researcher reviewed academic articles, reports, policy documents, and other relevant sources to understand the areas, achievements, challenges, and opportunities of the cooperation between European Union and Somalia. The findings of the study on areas of cooperation between European Union and Somalia which they entail: governance and institutional development, security and counterterrorism, development assistance, humanitarian aid, trade and investment, migration and displacement and regional integration; the achievements of cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Somalia entail: security and stability, humanitarian assistance, governance and state building, development resilience, political dialogue and reconciliation; the challenges hindering the effectiveness of the cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Somalia encompass: security concerns, weak institutional capacity, political fragmentation, limited infrastructure and logistical challenges, corruption and lack of transparency and humanitarian crises and natural disasters; the opportunities of the cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Somalia entail: economic development and trade, capacity building and knowledge transfer, infrastructure development, humanitarian aid and resilience-building, peacebuilding and conflict resolution and educational skills development. The study recommended that there should be more strengthening of political dialogue, increasing financial support, enhancing capacity building, fostering economic development, strengthening security cooperation and promoting inclusive governance to promote effectiveness of the cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Somalia.

Enhancing Cooperation for Interconnected Regional Security: Central Asian Countries and Afghanistan

Objectives: This article aims to delve into the evolving dynamics of cooperation between Central Asian countries and Afghanistan, particularly within the context of interconnected regional security challenges. The strategic significance of Central Asia as a crossroads of major geopolitical and economic interests sets the stage for understanding the transformations in this region, especially following the withdrawal of international forces from Afghanistan.
 
 Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the article employs a multifaceted approach. It begins by examining the historical context of Central Asia's relationship with Afghanistan, tracing the developments to the post-withdrawal era. The analysis encompasses shared security concerns, potential spillover effects of instability, and the rise of extremism. The research emphasizes the significance of regional cooperation as a viable mechanism to address common threats and foster stability.
 
 Results: The findings of this study shed light on the key drivers and impediments to cooperation in the Central Asian region. Historical rivalries, border disputes, and divergent interests among regional actors are thoroughly analyzed. The existing cooperative frameworks, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), are scrutinized, and the role of external stakeholders, including major powers and international organizations, is examined in supporting and facilitating regional cooperation.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the article synthesizes the analysis by outlining potential areas of cooperation between Central Asian countries and Afghanistan. It highlights crucial areas such as border security, intelligence sharing, counter-terrorism efforts, trade, economic cooperation, and infrastructure development. Emphasizing the need for trust-building measures, diplomatic dialogue, and mutual understanding, the conclusion underscores the importance of these elements for the successful implementation of cooperative initiatives. Overall, this article makes a significant contribution to the scholarly discourse on regional security in Central Asia and Afghanistan, providing a foundation for further research and policy discussions aimed at fostering a sustainable and resilient security architecture in the region.

Regional cooperation formats and the issue of military security of post-conflict states. Case study of the South-East European Cooperation Process

The South-East European Cooperation Process (SEECP) was launched in 1996, however, its functioning is an ongoing research phenomenon. This regional cooperation format includes all 13 states of South-East Europe. It was established as a forum of political dialogue and consultation, where regional issues could be addressed at the highest level. One of the objectives of the SEECP was security cooperation. The aim of this article is to analyse the role of the SEECP in maintaining security in the region of the Western Balkans. This article argues that since 1996, the SEECP has been evolving and is becoming an important format of regional cooperation in South East Europe, however, it plays a limited role in maintaining the military security of the post-conflict states of the Western Balkans. From the point of view of the members of the SEECP, military security and peace could be obtained through the integration of the participants of the SEECP, in particular those located in the Western Balkans, with the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The article also shows that establishing the SEECP did not eliminate tensions and riots based on ethnicity in some states of the Western Balkans and so, the SEECP still has a lot to do in the matters of reconciliation and good-neighbourliness. The article is based on primary and secondary source analysis, case study method comparative analysis, and the historical method.

Japanese Peacebuilding Diplomacy in Southeast Asia and Beyond in the New World Order

This article addresses the complex landscape of Japan’s diplomatic engagement in Southeast Asia, spanning from the late 1990s to the present day, and explores the transformative role that Japan has played in post-conflict peacebuilding and regional security. Japan has reinforced diplomatic relations with conflict-affected Southeast Asian countries in the post-Cold War era, contributing to security cooperation in the region under the recent Japan’s diplomatic direction of the Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision.

Social credit driven cooperative secure transmission in multiuser networks

Cooperative transmission is an efficient way to improve the security of multiuser networks. However, how to stimulate users to help others is a practical problem. In this paper, we address this problem by introducing a social credit system, in which users consume credit when transmitting private information and earn credit when assisting others. Only when the users have enough credit can get the opportunity to transmit private information, so they are motivated to help each other. In order to quantify the credit system, the credit consumed is related to the security performance, and the credit earned is related to the power used to help. We theoretically analyze the secrecy outage probability and the credit queue, and provide simulation results to verify the theoretical analysis.

India’s Military Modernisation: Role and Impact of France

India’s vision for Atmanirbhar Bharat adopted in 2020 attempts to make the country and its citizens self-reliant in all aspects. India, being the third largest military spender after the US and China, has also worked towards achieving self-reliance in defence production while maintaining a constant push towards ‘Make in India’. The Indian embassy in Paris has reiterated France’s commitment and complete support to India’s vision of self-reliance in areas of defence industrialisation, joint research, and development in India across a broad spectrum of advanced capabilities. The first part of the article examines the historical background of evolving security relationship between India and France, analysing defence and security cooperation as a principal pillar of their Strategic Partnership. The second part of the article attempts to study the impact of France on India’s military modernisation through the transfer of resources and technology, and through co-development and co-production of equipment. It tracks France’s role in assisting India to reduce dependence on Russia for their military hardware requirements, in its path towards indigenous defence production. The concluding part of the article extrapolates the findings onto the future in order to examine the challenges faced by India in its attempt towards military modernisation. It also seeks to examine challenges in the partnership between the two actors and its impact on France’s role in India’s defence modernisation.

Analysis of the Cross-Border Drug Governance in Southeast Asia with ASEAN Participation

With the development of The Times and the progress of technology, the drug trade has become increasingly rampant in Southeast Asia, and even triggered unrest in some Southeast Asian regions. The Southeast Asian region is hilly and mountainous, the climate is hot and humid, and the vegetation is dense, which provides natural conditions for the growth of opium poppy and the hiding of crimes. Countries are geographically close, borders are connected, borders are narrow and there are regulatory gaps, there are legal loopholes and national sovereignty issues, once the perpetrators cross the border, it is difficult to continue to pursue. As set up in 1967, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a regional organization that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its members. Therefore, ASEAN, as a regional organization in Southeast Asia, has begun the joint cross-border management of the drug problem in the region in order to ensure security in the region. This paper intends to analyze the difficulties and obstacles of cross-border drug control in ASEAN by understanding various documents, policies and organizations within ASEAN, and provide prospects for future cross-border drug control in ASEAN. However, it can be seen from the analysis of this article that the situation of ASEAN participation in cross-border drug control in Southeast Asia does not sound ideal.