Cooperative Fish Research Articles

한국 주변해역에서의 개복치(Mola mola) 어획현황

To determine the status of sunfish fishery, fishing places, body size, weight, etc. were investigated from 2010 to 2012 in Busan Cooperative Fish Market. Most of the sunfish were caught by large purse seine around Jeju island, and the fishing ground of sunfish were reached from Heuksando in the southern Yellow Sea to Guryongpo in the southern East Sea. The range of total length (TL) of the sunfish caught by purse seine was 55-271 cm, and the estimated length-weight relationship was <TEX>$BW=8E-06TL^{3.3797}$</TEX>. From the relationship, the weight of 50 cm in total length was estimated to be ca. 4 kg, TL 100 cm was ca 46 kg, TL 200 cm was ca 478 kg, and TL 271 cm was estimated to be 1,336 kg.

A review of the Oceanographic Research Institute's Cooperative Fish Tagging Project: 27 years down the line

The Oceanographic Research Institute's (ORI) Cooperative Fish Tagging Project was initiated in 1984 and is one of the most enduring and successful environmental projects of its kind in South Africa. By the end of 2011, 5 130 anglers had joined the project, of whom 3 457 had tagged one or more fish. In the project's 27-year history (1984–2011), over 251 900 fish from 368 different species have been tagged and released, of which approximately 13 192 (5.2%) have been recaptured. The five most commonly tagged species to date are galjoen Dichistius capensis, dusky kob Argyrosomus japonicus, dusky shark Carcharhinus obscurus, garrick/leervis Lichia amia and spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii. Information from the Tagging Project has been extensively used in numerous research projects, scientific publications, popular articles and postgraduate theses. The results generated by this project have also contributed to policy development and decision-making on linefish management in South Africa. Furthermore, the project has had a positive impact on improving angler awareness and knowledge about linefish resources. The concept of tag and release has partly been responsible for changing the ethics of the recreational fishing community, many of whom now release their catch, thereby contributing to a more sustainable fishing future. This paper critically assesses the contribution that the ORI Tagging Project has made as a conservation achievement in general and to linefish management in particular, and reflects on future directions for the project.

The predator pendulum revisited: Social conflict over wolves and their management in the western United States

The reintroduction, recovery, and management of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in the western United States has long been a source of controversy and acrimonious public debate. I discuss 3 factors that perpetuate confusion and conflict over wolves and their management: 1) the role of science and politics in wildlife management, 2) rhetoric and political actions of elected officials and political appointees, and 3) justification of wolf harvest and specific practices employed during hunting and trapping seasons. Wildlife professionals could reduce the controversy surrounding wolves by 1) clearly delineating policy decisions from the scientific input used to inform these decisions; 2) clearly articulating scientific concepts when they are used in agency communications; 3) employing collaborative public-involvement processes designed to reduce conflicts (e.g., collaborative learning, alternative dispute resolution); and 4) setting hunting and trapping regulations with public input concerning the timing of seasons, and methods and locations of take. Longitudinal studies designed to assess how human attitudes and behaviors change in response to changing policies would be particularly valuable for understanding and potentially reducing conflicts over wolves (and other wildlife) in the future. Such data could be collected through collaborations between social scientists, who possess expertise in relevant research methods and theoretical knowledge, and state Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research units, who possess experience working with state agencies. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.

Rejoinder: challenge and opportunity in the study of ungulate migration amid environmental change

EcologyVolume 94, Issue 6 p. 1280-1286 Forum—Ecological Change and Migratory Ungulates Rejoinder: challenge and opportunity in the study of ungulate migration amid environmental change Arthur D. Middleton, Arthur D. Middleton Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA Present address: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 370 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMatthew J. Kauffman, Matthew J. Kauffman Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USASearch for more papers by this authorDouglas E. McWhirter, Douglas E. McWhirter Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cody, Wyoming 82414 USASearch for more papers by this authorJohn G. Cook, John G. Cook National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, La Grande, Oregon 97850 USASearch for more papers by this authorRachel C. Cook, Rachel C. Cook National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, La Grande, Oregon 97850 USASearch for more papers by this authorAbigail A. Nelson, Abigail A. Nelson Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA Present address: Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Livingston, Montana 59047 USA.Search for more papers by this authorMichael D. Jimenez, Michael D. Jimenez U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Wyoming 83001 USASearch for more papers by this authorRobert W. Klaver, Robert W. Klaver U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USASearch for more papers by this author Arthur D. Middleton, Arthur D. Middleton Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA Present address: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 370 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 USA. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMatthew J. Kauffman, Matthew J. Kauffman Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USASearch for more papers by this authorDouglas E. McWhirter, Douglas E. McWhirter Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Cody, Wyoming 82414 USASearch for more papers by this authorJohn G. Cook, John G. Cook National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, La Grande, Oregon 97850 USASearch for more papers by this authorRachel C. Cook, Rachel C. Cook National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, La Grande, Oregon 97850 USASearch for more papers by this authorAbigail A. Nelson, Abigail A. Nelson Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071 USA Present address: Montana Fish, Wildlife, and Parks, Livingston, Montana 59047 USA.Search for more papers by this authorMichael D. Jimenez, Michael D. Jimenez U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Jackson, Wyoming 83001 USASearch for more papers by this authorRobert W. Klaver, Robert W. Klaver U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011 USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 June 2013 https://doi.org/10.1890/12-2142.1Citations: 2 Corresponding Editor: M. Festa-Bianchet. For reprints of this Forum, see footnote 1, p. 1243. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume94, Issue6June 2013Pages 1280-1286 RelatedInformation

A Study on the Historic Transition and Development Process of Fish Market - Focusing on the Busan Cooperative Fish Market -

A Study on the Historic Transition and Development Process of Fish Market - Focusing on the Busan Cooperative Fish Market -

Ned K. Johnson Young Investigator Award, 2012

The  Ned K. Johnson Young Investigator Award goes to Dr. James W. River. Jim received his Ph.D. in  from the University of California (UC) Santa Barbara and has a remarkable record of research and professional leadership for someone who is only four years past his doctorate degree. He received a master’s degree from Kansas State in  and was a Research Biologist with the Kansas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit from  to , when he moved to UC Santa Barbara to begin his doctoral work. Jim has diverse and extensive experience and is familiar with a wide range of research approaches. These include bird banding, sound recording, nest finding, physiological work on fat metabolism, anatomical work on sperm storage by female birds, and ecological physiology and endocrinology. He has also worked in a diversity of habitats in North America, South America, and New Zealand, including wetland, grassland, coniferous forest, and montane cloud-forest ecosystems. Jim has showed a great deal of creativity and rigor in designing his Ph.D. research on cowbirds and their hosts. Jim had the insight to realize that by studying begging behavior in cowbirds, he could shed light on questions related to signal honesty because The Auk 130(1):204–205, 2013 © The American Ornithologists’ Union, 2013. Printed in USA.

Dispatches

Dispatches

인공신경망을 활용한 고등어의 위판가격 변동 예측 -어획량 제한이 없었던 TAC제도 시행 이전의 경우-

Using artificial neural network (ANN) technique, auction prices for common mackerel were forecasted with the daily total sale and auction price data at the Busan Cooperative Fish Market before introducing Total Allowable Catch (TAC) system, when catch data had no limit in Korea. Virtual input data produced from actual data were used to improve the accuracy of prediction and the suitable neural network was induced for the prediction. We tested 35 networks to be retained 10, and found good performance network with regression ratio of 0.904 and determination coefficient of 0.695. There were significant variations between training and verification errors in this network. Ideally, it should require more training cases to avoid over-learning, which leads to improve performance and makes the results more reliable. And the precision of prediction was improved when environmental factors including physical and biological variables were added. This network for prediction of price and catch was considered to be applicable for other fishes.

Anisakis simplexLarvae: Infection Status in Marine Fish and Cephalopods Purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea

The infection status of marine fish and cephalopods with Anisakis simplex third stage larva (L3) was studied over a period of 1 year. A total of 2,537 specimens, which consisted of 40 species of fish and 3 species of cephalopods, were purchased from the Cooperative Fish Market in Busan, Korea, from August 2006 to July 2007. They were examined for A. simplex L3 from the whole body cavity, viscera, and muscles. A. simplex L3 were confirmed by light microscopy. The overall infection rate reached 34.3%, and average 17.1 larvae were parasitized per infected fish. Fish that recorded the highest infection rate was Lophiomus setigerus (100%), followed by Liparis tessellates (90%), Pleurogrammus azonus (90%), and Scomber japonicus (88.7%). The intensity of infection was the highest in Gadus macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S. japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). Although abundance of A. simplex L3 was not seasonal in most of the fish species, 10 of the 16 selected species showed the highest abundance in February and April. A positive correlation between the intensity of L3 infection and the fish length was obvious in S. japonicus and G. macrocephalus. It was likely that A. simplex L3 are more frequently infected during the spring season in some species of fish. Our study revealed that eating raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods could still be a source of human infection with A. simplex L3 in Korea.

ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES IN GONADAL SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAFISH

Event Abstract Back to Event ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES IN GONADAL SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAFISH Prakash Sharma1* and Reynaldo Patiño2 1 Texas Tech University, Department of Biological Sciences, United States 2 U.S. Geological Survey, Texas Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, Texas Tech University, United States An earlier study from our laboratory showed that treatment of larval zebrafish with perchlorate, a thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis inhibitor, biased the sex ratio toward females and that treatment with perchlorate + TH biased the ratio towards males. The objective of this study is to determine if the influence of early manipulation of TH condition on gonadal sex persists through the early adult stage. Three-day postfertilization (dpf) larvae were reared for 30 days in control (reconstituted water), 0.82 mM perchlorate, 0.15 and 0.3 mM methimazole, and 1 and 10 nM TH (T4) solutions. Sex ratio and thyroid follicle cell height were histologically determined at 45 and 60 dpf. Sex ratios were biased toward males in the TH treatments and toward females in the perchlorate treatment at both sampling times. Methimazole treatments biased sex ratios toward females only at 45 dpf. Perchlorate treatment increased thyroid follicular cell height at both 45 and 60 dpf, but methimazole treatment increased thyroid follicular cell height only at 45 dpf. Results of this study confirmed that thyroid endocrine status dictates the direction of gonadal sex differentiation in zebrafish. However, the persistence of the effect of TH synthesis inhibitors on thyroid condition and sex ratio differed between the inhibitors; namely the effects of methimazole on thyroid condition and gonadal sex seemed to be relatively quickly reversible. This differential response may provide a useful tool to further study and understand TH-dependent mechanisms of gonadal sex differentiation in zebrafish. (Supported by intramural funding from Texas Tech University and Texas Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit). Keywords: Epithelial Cell Height, Sex ratio, Thyroid Hormones Conference: NASCE 2011: The inaugural meeting of the North American Society for Comparative Endocrinology, Ann Arbor, United States, 13 Jul - 16 Jul, 2011. Presentation Type: Poster Topic: Thyroid Citation: Sharma P and Patiño R (2011). ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES IN GONADAL SEX DIFFERENTIATION OF ZEBRAFISH. Front. Endocrinol. Conference Abstract: NASCE 2011: The inaugural meeting of the North American Society for Comparative Endocrinology. doi: 10.3389/conf.fendo.2011.04.00066 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 22 Jul 2011; Published Online: 09 Aug 2011. * Correspondence: Mr. Prakash Sharma, Texas Tech University, Department of Biological Sciences, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, United States, prakash.sharma@ttu.edu Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Prakash Sharma Reynaldo Patiño Google Prakash Sharma Reynaldo Patiño Google Scholar Prakash Sharma Reynaldo Patiño PubMed Prakash Sharma Reynaldo Patiño Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Sampling in ecology and evolution – bridging the gap between theory and practice

Sampling is a key issue for answering most ecological and evolutionary questions. The importance of developing a rigorous sampling design tailored to specific questions has already been discussed in the ecological and sampling literature and has provided useful tools and recommendations to sample and analyse ecological data. However, sampling issues are often difficult to overcome in ecological studies due to apparent inconsistencies between theory and practice, often leading to the implementation of simplified sampling designs that suffer from unknown biases. Moreover, we believe that classical sampling principles which are based on estimation of means and variances are insufficient to fully address many ecological questions that rely on estimating relationships between a response and a set of predictor variables over time and space. Our objective is thus to highlight the importance of selecting an appropriate sampling space and an appropriate sampling design. We also emphasize the importance of using prior knowledge of the study system to estimate models or complex parameters and thus better understand ecological patterns and processes generating these patterns. Using a semi‐virtual simulation study as an illustration we reveal how the selection of the space (e.g. geographic, climatic), in which the sampling is designed, influences the patterns that can be ultimately detected. We also demonstrate the inefficiency of common sampling designs to reveal response curves between ecological variables and climatic gradients. Further, we show that response‐surface methodology, which has rarely been used in ecology, is much more efficient than more traditional methods. Finally, we discuss the use of prior knowledge, simulation studies and model‐based designs in defining appropriate sampling designs. We conclude by a call for development of methods to unbiasedly estimate nonlinear ecologically relevant parameters, in order to make inferences while fulfilling requirements of both sampling theory and field work logistics.

Burbot: Ecology, Management, and Culture. Based on a symposium held in Anchorage, Alaska, 13 September 2005. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Volume 59. Edited by Vaughn L. Paragamian and, David H. Bennett. Bethesda (Maryland): American Fisheries Society . $69.00 (paper). x + 270 p.; ill.; no index. 978‐1‐888569‐98‐8. 2008.

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksBurbot: Ecology, Management, and Culture. Based on a symposium held in Anchorage, Alaska, 13 September 2005. American Fisheries Society Symposium, Volume 59. Edited by Vaughn L. Paragamian and, David H. Bennett. Bethesda (Maryland): American Fisheries Society . $69.00 (paper). x + 270 p.; ill.; no index. 978‐1‐888569‐98‐8. 2008.Scott A. BonarScott A. BonarArizona Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, Arizona Search for more articles by this author Arizona Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit, U.S. Geological Survey, Tucson, ArizonaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 84, Number 2June 2009 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/603513 Views: 6Total views on this site © 2009 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Radio‐tagged, hatchery‐reared guide fish: a method for uncovering information about rare or cryptic fishes

Fisheries Management and EcologyVolume 16, Issue 1 p. 68-71 Radio-tagged, hatchery-reared guide fish: a method for uncovering information about rare or cryptic fishes T. B. GRABOWSKI, T. B. GRABOWSKI U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorC.A. JENNINGS, C.A. JENNINGS U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USASearch for more papers by this author T. B. GRABOWSKI, T. B. GRABOWSKI U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USASearch for more papers by this authorC.A. JENNINGS, C.A. JENNINGS U.S. Geological Survey, Georgia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 January 2009 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2008.00618.xCitations: 5 Timothy Grabowski, Institute of Biology, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata 7, Is-101 Reykjavik, Iceland (e-mail: [email protected]) Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume16, Issue1February 2009Pages 68-71 RelatedInformation

Sanitation of entire broods of dead nestlings may bias cause‐specific nest failure rates

Sanitation of entire broods of dead nestlings C. Kirkpatrick et al. Sanitation of entire broods of dead nestlings may bias cause-specific nest failure rates CHRIS KIRKPATRICK, 1 * COURTNEY J. CONWAY 2 & MOEZ H. ALI 1 1 University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA 2 USGS Arizona Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Arizona, School of Natural Resources, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA

Influence of Fluctuating Water Levels on Mercury Concentrations in Adult Walleye

Atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) has been shown to be a significant source of Hg on the landscape (Rada et al. 1989; Swain et al. 1992) and is believed to contribute to increased Hg concentrations in aquatic food webs (Sorensen et al. 1994; Edwards et al. 1999). Methylmercury (MeHg) is the organic, bioavailable form of Hg that accumulates to toxic levels in top-level predators in aquatic systems (Suedel et al. 1994). Although limnological conditions in lakes and rivers can affect Hg methylation and concentrations in fishes, these relationships often vary among water bodies and fish species (McMurtry et al. 1989; Bodaly et al. 1993). Thus, regional studies are needed to identify mechanisms of local MeHg production and factors associated with Hg contamination in fishes. The Prairie Pothole Region of North America has a unique variety of natural wetlands and glacial lakes that are important for fish, shorebirds, waterfowl, and humans. Cyclical climate, characterized by extended wet–dry periods, cause high variation in water surface area within the region (Rosenberry 2003). For example, consecutive years of high precipitation during the mid-1990s caused dramatic surface area increases in many glacial lakes and wetlands of eastern South Dakota. After lake levels increased, several fish populations were found to contain elevated Hg concentrations (>1 lg/g), prompting local officials to post fish consumption advisories (South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks, 2006). The discovery of elevated Hg concentrations in fishes was surprising because (1) there were no apparent pointsource inputs of Hg, and (2) the limnological conditions of most of these lakes (eutrophic, high pH) generally do not favor Hg methylation or bioaccumulation (Grieb et al. 1990; Pickhardt et al. 2002). Moreover, lakes that experienced large increases in surface area generally contained fast growing fish populations, a situation that usually lowers Hg concentration due to growth dilution (Rodgers and Qadri 1982; MacCrimmon et al. 1983). In this study, we document changes in lake surface area for glacial lakes in the Prairie Pothole Region and relate this to Hg concentration in adult walleye (Sander vitreus). Although a similar phenomenon is known to occur in reservoirs with fluctuating water levels (Jackson 1988; Snodgrass et al. 2000; Sorensen et al. 2005), widespread effects of surface area changes on Hg concentrations in fishes have not been documented in natural, glacial lakes. We hypothesized that increases in lake surface area enhanced T. M. Selch (&) S. R. Chipps U.S. Geological Survey South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2140B, Brookings, SD 57007-1696, USA e-mail: Trevor.Selch@sdstate.edu

Social status, sperm and stress: Reproductive suppression in a cooperative fish

Social status, sperm and stress: Reproductive suppression in a cooperative fish

IN MEMORIAM: STANLEY HELMER ANDERSON, 1939–2005

Stanley Helmer Anderson was born on 6 August 1939 in San Francisco, California. He died peacefully at home with his family in Laramie, Wyoming, on 1 September 2005 after a lengthy illness. His wife Donna preceded him in death in 1999. He is survived by two children, Becky Castano and Greg Anderson, their spouses, and a grandson, Ross Anderson. Stan joined the AOU in 1967, became an Elective Member in 1986, and was elected a Fellow in 1995. Stan's interest in birds began through participation in Boy Scout programs in the San Francisco Bay area when he was 11. He graduated from high school in Burlingame, California, in 1957, and from the University of Redlands with a major in Biology and a minor in Chemistry in 1961. A year of graduate courses in Education and Biology at San Jose State College in California followed. Stan went on to serve as a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy from 1963 to 1966, after which he obtained an M.S. degree at Oregon State University under John A. Wiens, studying The Avifaunal Composition of Oregon White Oak Stands. He continued for a Ph.D. under Wiens, completing his dissertation, Ecological Relationships of Birds in Forests of Western Oregon, in 1970. That same year, Stan joined the faculty at Kenyon College, where he worked until 1975. He served as a Scientist at Oak Ridge Associated Universities from 1975 to 1976, and from 1976 to 1980 as Chief of the Migratory Nongame Bird Section of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. In 1980 he moved to Laramie, Wyoming, as Leader of the Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. He served as Unit Leader and Professor of Zoology and Physiology at the University of Wyoming until his death. The breadth and depth of Stan's contributions to science were substantial. Between 1970 and 2005, he authored almost 200 scientific publications that appeared in journals ranging from The Auk and Ecology to the Journal of Wildlife Management. He also authored or co-authored multiple editions of three textbooks that have been used widely in the field of wildlife management, as well as books on the Prairie Falcon and forest and rangeland birds of the United States. Stan was one of the first avian ecologists to study bird-habitat relations using multivariate statistical techniques. Throughout his career, a special interest in habitat selection guided his research and his training of students. In recent years, he focused increasingly on endangered species and made significant contributions to solving problems confronting black-footed ferrets and Greater Sage-Grouse. Stan's influence is reflected not only in his extensive contributions to science but also in the many students he mentored. From 1980 to 2005, Stan advised or co-advised 100 graduate students, including 23 Ph.D. and 77 M.S. students. Many of his students currently serve as management or research biologists with state (21%), federal (22%), or tribal (3%) natural resource agencies. Many others are college or university faculty (15%), or biologists with nongovernmental organizations (14%) or consulting firms (10%). And still others presently work in secondary schools, medicine, city planning, and ranching, with one bringing his wildlife background to the U.S. Secret Service. Stan's care and sense of responsibility for his students were evident. He frequently mentioned that mentoring his students was the most rewarding aspect of

Mercury contamination in farmed fish setup on former garimpo mining areas in the Northern Mato Grosso State, Amazonian region, Brazil

The garimpo gold mining activity has released about 2.500 tons of mercury in the Brazilian Amazonian environment in the 1980–1995 period. The northern region of Mato Grosso State, an important gold mining and trading area during the Amazonian gold rush is now at a turning point regarding its economic future. Nowadays, the activities related to gold mining have only a low relevance on its economy. Thus, the local communities are looking for economic alternatives for the development of the region. Cooperative fish farming is one of such alternatives. However, some projects are directly implemented on areas degraded by the former garimpo activity and the mercury left behind still poses risks, especially by its potential accumulation in fish. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the levels of mercury contamination in two fish farming areas, Paranaíta and Alta Floresta, with and without records of past gold-washing activity, respectively. Data such as mercury concentration in fish of different trophic level, size, and weight as well as the water physical and chemical parameters were measured and considered. These preliminary data have shown no significant difference between these two fish farming areas, relatively to mercury levels in fish.

Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion

Efficacy of visual barriers in reducing black-tailed prairie dog colony expansion

Letters to the Editor: Serum Markers of Bone Metabolism Show Bone Loss in Hibernating Bears

Reply: Floyd et al3 proposed that black bears (Ursus americanus) produce an osteoregulatory substance to prevent disuse osteoporosis during hibernation.3 We agree that this is a viable hypothesis. For example, bears may have a novel growth factor. We also hypothesize that the calcium regulatory hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) play an important role in bone metabolism during hibernation because serum calcium levels remain constant.3 We have attempted to measure the levels of calcitonin and PTH in black bear serum, however, there are currently no cross-reacting antibodies available to determine these hormones in black bears. Given that leptin is a potent inhibitor of bone formation,2 we also hypothesize that leptin has an important bone remodeling regulatory role in black bears during disuse. However, as of yet, we have not tried to measure leptin levels in black bear serum. We are grateful for the insightful comments of Cizza et al and we now plan to quantify leptin levels in future studies. Cizza et al proposed that a decrease in leptin is the biologic factor responsible for minimizing bone loss in hibernating bears. However, steep and continuously rising leptin levels, beginning approximately 1 month before hibernation, has been reported for European brown bears.4 Recently, we studied seasonal variations in the bone formation marker PICP during a 196-day period, which included 3 months of prehibernation, 3 months of hibernation, and one posthibernation period of blood sampling (unpublished data). We found no significant differences in serum PICP levels between the prehibernation and hibernation periods, but saw a sharp increase in PICP at the posthibernation sampling. We propose that the increase in bone formation during the posthibernation period is a compensatory response to the increase in bone resorption that occurs during hibernation. Interestingly, our PICP data show an apparent negative correlation with the data of Hissa et al4 At arousal, bone formation is high and leptin levels are low, whereas at prehibernation, bone formation is low and leptin levels are high. Therefore, although the hypothesis of Cizza et al of a regulatory influence of leptin on bone remodeling is plausible, the available evidence suggests that the seasonal variations in leptin levels are opposite those proposed by Cizza et al Given the role of leptin in appetite suppression, our suggestion that leptin levels increase before and during hibernation fits better with the observation, by us and Hissa at al,4 that bears become anorectic just before hibernation and do not eat during hibernation. Cizza et al also proposed that leptin, and not a stimulatory mechanical input to bone cells minimizes bone loss during disuse. This is in contrast to our original hypothesis that bone-forming osteoblasts are sensitized to mechanical stimulation during remobilization at spring arousal, possibly by circulating hormone levels.1 We maintain that this is a viable hypothesis. Hormones, including PTH, sensitize bone cells to mechanical stimulation in vitro.5 We think that many factors, including leptin, PTH, other hormones, and possibly novel growth factors, are likely to play a coordinated role in the regulation of bone remodeling to prevent disuse osteoporosis in hibernating black bears, and that several of these mechanisms warrant additional investigation. The biologic mechanisms that regulate bone remodeling in black bears are complex phenomena and understanding this process may give rise to new therapies for osteoporosis. Seth W. Donahue, PhD Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI Michael R. Vaughan, PhD U.S. Geological Survey, Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA Laurence M. Demers, PhD Departments of Pathology and Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA Henry J. Donahue, PhD Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA