Cooperative Act Research Articles

ATO COOPERATIVO E O ADEQUADO TRATAMENTO TRIBUTÁRIO PARA AS COOPERATIVAS

This study has the general objective of studying the cooperative act and its appropriate tax treatment. In this way, we will reflect on the doctrine, initially providing a brief history of cooperativism, its origin and current evolution, with emphasis on its social character embodied by the corporate type and its principles. To obtain what we propose to do, we use bibliographical research in books, articles, periodicals, legislation and case law. The research results indicate that when it comes to the concept of a cooperative act, it has the reason of the cooperative, in terms of not acting in its own interest, thus seeking an intermediary between the cooperative member and the market. The Federal Constitution of 1988 provided significant changes to cooperatives, with the incentive being creation. Thus, it had the slightest intention of establishing an understanding which defines the elucidation of certain points selected or placed on the agenda for further discussions.

The Prisoner’s Dilemma game as a tool to investigate cooperation and undergraduate education in evolution

Evolutionary theory is based on the conflict that arises when certain heritable variants out-compete others. Given this foundational conflict, a central question for evolutionary biologists concerns the presence of cooperation found throughout all levels of biological organization; from biochemical pathways to complex animal societies. Human behavior is often distinguished from other animal behavior by the presence of acts of cooperative behavior called altruism. Altruism is a cooperative act that penalizes the actor for actions that benefit the recipient. Any other form of cooperation, one that does not penalize the actor, is formally not considered altruistic. How can costly altruistic behavior evolve? This question was the basis for development of a web application tool incorporating a game theory model to investigate conditions affecting cooperative behavior. The game theory model described as Prisoner’s Dilemma incorporates acts of cooperation and non-cooperation (defection). Computer simulations of Prisoner’s Dilemma were developed and online applications were administered for five semesters at Georgia Gwinnett College, using two simulation environments referred to as Random and Non-random. Data collected from simulation runs were used to evaluate the effect of environment on student cooperative behavior and actively engage students in concepts associated with the evolution of cooperation and game theory. Results from student game play suggest group simulation environment played a significant role in the likelihood of observing cooperative behavior. Educational content and attitudinal surveys suggested that PD game play in the undergraduate evolution class at Georgia Gwinnett College improved student knowledge and self-confidence.

Fenomena Lunturnya 3 Makna Kata (Tolong, Maaf dan Terimakasih) dalam Etika Komunikasi di Kota Medan

The city of Medan, as a center of rapidly developing social and economic activity, is experiencing an interesting phenomenon related to the erosion of the meaning of words in communication ethics, namely "please," "sorry," and "thank you." This research tries to explore this. First, the word “help” has softened into a mere word of politeness, losing its essence as an act of empathy and cooperation. People often ask for “help” without actually expecting concrete help, creating ambiguity in social interactions. Second, “sorry” is often used routinely, without a deep understanding of guilt or regret. This phenomenon shows a lack of responsibility in communication, where apologies are often just a formality without meaning. Third, "thank you" has become a sign of gratitude that loses its meaning, often said hastily and without any sense of sincerity. This reflects a decline in appreciation for social assistance and cooperation. These three phenomena reflect a cultural shift in communication ethics in the city of Medan. Further research is needed to understand the impact of the erosion of the meaning of these words on the quality of social interactions and how they can be restored to more meaningful use in everyday communication.

Chromium-Doped Nickel Oxide and Nickel Nitride Mediate Selective Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Sterol Intermediates Coupled with H2 Evolution.

Replacing the OER with the thermodynamically favorable electrooxidation of organics is considered a promising approach for the simultaneous production of H2 and high-value chemicals. However, exploring and optimizing efficient electrocatalystsremains a challenge for large-scale production of high value-added steroid carbonyl and H2. Herein, Cr-NiO/GF and Cr-Ni3N/GF electrocatalysts were designed as anode and cathode for the production of steroid carbonyls and hydrogen, respectively. The cooperative Cr-NiO and ACT (4-acetamido-TEMPO) electrocatalyst can be extended to the electrooxidation of a series of steroid alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. Additionally, Cr-Ni3N displays superior electrocatalytic activity for HER, with a low overpotential of 35 mV to deliver 10 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the system coupled with anodic electrooxidation of sterol and cathodic HER exhibited excellent performance with high space-time yield of 48.85 kg/(m3·h) for steroid carbonyl and 1.82 L/h for H2 generation in a two-layer stacked flow cell. DFT calculations indicated that Cr doping effectively stabilizes ACT on the NiO surface, and ACTH molecule could be captured via the ketonic oxygen interaction with Cr, resulting in excellent electrocatalytic activity. This work develops a novel approach to the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts for the simultaneous production of H2 and large-scale high added pharmaceutical carbonyl intermediates.

Verbal behavior development theory and relational frame theory: Reflecting on similarities and differences.

Relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior-analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory have largely been developed independently, with initial applications in clinical psychology and education/development, respectively. The overarching goal of the current paper is to provide an overview of both theories and explore points of contact that have been highlighted by conceptual developments in both fields. Verbal behavior development theory research has identified how behavioral developmental cusps make it possible for children to learn language incidentally. Recent developments in relational frame theory have outlined the dynamic variables involved across the levels and dimensions of arbitrarily applicable relational responding, and we argue for the concept of mutually entailed orienting as an act of human cooperation that drives arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Together these theories address early language development and children's incidental learning of names. We present broad similarities between the two approaches in the types of functional analyses they generate and discuss areas for future research.

Cooperation dynamics in dynamical networks with history-based decisions.

In many aspects of life on earth, individuals may engage in cooperation with others to contribute towards a goal they may share, which can also ensure self-preservation. In evolutionary game theory, the act of cooperation can be considered as an altruistic act of an individual producing some form of benefit or commodity that can be utilised by others they are associated with, which comes at some personal cost. Under certain conditions, individuals make use of information that they are able to perceive within a group in order to aid with their choices for who they should associate themselves within these cooperative scenarios. However, cooperative individuals can be taken advantage of by opportunistic defectors, which can cause significant disruption to the population. We study a model where the decision to establish interactions with potential partners is based on the opportune integration of the individual's private ability to perceive the intentions of others (private information) and the observation of the population, information that is available to every individual (public information). When public information is restricted to a potential partners current connection count, the population becomes highly cooperative but rather unstable with frequent invasions of cheaters and recoveries of cooperation. However, when public information considers the previous decisions of the individuals (accepted / rejected connections) the population is slightly less cooperative but more stable. Generally, we find that allowing the observation of previous decisions, as part of the available public information, can often lead to more stable but fragmented and less prosperous networks. Our results highlight that the ability to observe previous individual decisions, balanced by individuals personal information, represents an important aspect of the interplay between individual decision-making and the resilience of cooperation in structured populations.

Surrogacy regulation: Trends in international and Russian law

Surrogacy regulation: Trends in international and Russian law

Cooperative Act in Brazil and governing tax legislation

The purpose of this article is to present the legal-normative regulation of the cooperative act in Brazil, with special association to the tax treatment it has been given based on the interpretations adopted by the superior courts of justice.
 Received: 21 May 2021Aceptado: 23 September 2021

Opinion Diversity and the Resilience of Cooperation in Dynamical Networks

Across various scenarios, individuals cooperate with others to contribute towards a shared goal and ensure self-preservation. In game theory, the act of cooperation is considered as an individual producing some form of benefit to be utilised by others, under the expectation others will return the favour. In several scenarios, individuals make use of their own information to aid with their decision about who to connect and cooperate with. However, the choice of cooperation can be taken advantage of by opportunistic defectors, which can lead to significant disruption. This paper investigates how the diversity of opinion can contribute to the structure and mechanics of a dynamical network model and to the resilience of cooperation, by utilising a computational model where individuals make use of both public and private information to implement their decision. Our results show that increasing diversity leads to more stable, less connected and less prosperous networks coupled to more frequent, but shallower information cascades. Our work generally shows that the outcome of the conflict between cooperators and cheaters strongly depends on the interplay between population structure, individual decision making and individual opinions.

Avoiding Conflict: When Speaker Coordination Does Not Require Conceptual Agreement.

In this paper we discuss the socialization hypothesis—the idea that speakers of the same (linguistic) community should share similar concepts given that they are exposed to similar environments and operate in highly-coordinated social contexts—and challenge the fact that it is assumed to constitute a prerequisite to successful communication. We do so using distributional semantic models of meaning (DSMs) which create lexical representations via latent aggregation of co-occurrence information between words and contexts. We argue that DSMs constitute particularly adequate tools for exploring the socialization hypothesis given that 1) they provide full control over the notion of background environment, formally characterized as the training corpus from which distributional information is aggregated; and 2) their geometric structure allows for exploiting alignment-based similarity metrics to measure inter-subject alignment over an entire semantic space, rather than a set of limited entries. We propose to model coordination between two different DSMs trained on two distinct corpora as dimensionality selection over a dense matrix obtained via Singular Value Decomposition This approximates an ad-hoc coordination scenario between two speakers as the attempt to align their similarity ratings on a set of word pairs. Our results underline the specific way in which linguistic information is spread across singular vectors, and highlight the need to distinguish agreement from mere compatibility in alignment-based notions of conceptual similarity. Indeed, we show that compatibility emerges from idiosyncrasy so that the unique and distinctive aspects of speakers’ background experiences can actually facilitate—rather than impede—coordination and communication between them. We conclude that the socialization hypothesis may constitute an unnecessary prerequisite to successful communication and that, all things considered, communication is probably best formalized as the cooperative act of avoiding conflict, rather than maximizing agreement.

O pięknie w pracy prawnika

The article concerns the relationship between beauty and a lawyer’s professional work. I attempt to: 1) discover and describe the activities that are particular of such work as well as are determined by beauty; 2) characterize the way in which beauty determines these activates; and 3) point out ontological reasons of this determination. The reflections do not, however, include all activities which the lawyer’s craft consists in, but are limited to those in the course of which decisions are made. Beauty determines a lawyer’s work via the process of decision-making; and if a decision is conceived as an act of cooperation between intellect and will, then the decision is related to beauty in three ways. First of all, beauty constitutes a sine qua non for finding out the circumstances in which the decision is made. Additionally, beauty suggests to the decision-maker the options as the optimal means to an end. Finally, beauty influences the approval of a decision already made.

The smell of cooperation: rats increase helpful behaviour when receiving odour cues of a conspecific performing a cooperative task.

Reciprocity can explain cooperative behaviour among non-kin, where individuals help others depending on their experience in previous interactions. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cooperate reciprocally according to direct and generalized reciprocity. In a sequence of four consecutive experiments, we show that odour cues from a cooperating conspecific are sufficient to induce the altruistic help of rats in a food-exchange task. When rats were enabled to help a non-cooperative partner while receiving olfactory information from a rat helping a conspecific in a different room, they helped their non-cooperative partner as if it was a cooperative one. We further show that the cues inducing altruistic behaviour are released during the act of cooperation and do not depend on the identity of the cue provider. Remarkably, olfactory cues seem to be more important for cooperation decisions than experiencing a cooperative act per se. This suggests that rats may signal their cooperation propensity to social partners, which increases their chances to receive help in return.

Coevolution of cooperation and language.

As a cooperative act decreases an individual's fitness for others to benefit, it is expected to be selected against by natural selection. That, how contrary to this naive expectation cooperation has evolved, is a fundamental problem in evolutionary biology and social sciences. Here, by introducing a mathematical model, we show that coevolution of cooperation and language can provide an avenue through which both cooperation and language evolve. In this model, individuals in a population play a prisoner's dilemma game and at the same time try to communicate a set of representations by producing signals. For this purpose, individuals try to build a common language, which is composed of a set of signal-representation associations. Individuals decide in language learning based on their payoff from the prisoner's dilemma game and decide about their strategy in the prisoner's dilemma game based on their success in conveying symbolic information. The model shows cooperators are able to build a common language and protect it against defectors' attempt to decode it. The language channels the benefit of cooperation toward cooperators, and defectors, being banished from the language, are unable to exploit cooperators, and are doomed to extinction.

El Derecho Internacional en Banksy: interlocuciones entre derecho internacional, filosofía política y street art

Due to the increase in activities across borders, legal cooperation between countries has been increasingly promoted, thereby assuming a significant role in the current international context of a globalized world. In this sense, the act of legal cooperation appears as an important mechanism to guarantee access to justice, as well as to achieve effective judicial protection beyond national borders. From this premise, it is intended to undertake a study from the dynamics of the current international reality to the new Brazilian paradigm of international legal cooperation, above all, seeking to emphasize innovations and improvements in the cooperation mechanisms provided by the New Brazilian Civil Procedure Code (Law no 13.105 / 2015).In this way, the work is structured in two chapters, in the first one a contextualization of the current dynamics of international reality will be addressed and in the second chapter the mechanisms of international legal cooperation in force in the Brazilian civil procedural diploma will be specifically analyzed.

“Show me your Horse and I will tell you who you are” of natural reflexes and culturally controlled communication

Cultural and personal differences separate rather than bring us together. They can start a negative communication spiral with a Trojan horse in a figurative sense rising up in front of us. The unknown within us and our counterparts holds the greatest risk of misunderstanding and negative consequences. Communication in its original sense is thus an act of cooperation, of sharing and of uniting. It therefore always requires at least two partners who do something together. In order to understand the cause and effect of communication, we need to get to the bottom of people's needs and cultures, as these have a major influence on their actions and communication. If we accept the challenge to find out what motivates others and how we can make their motives and ours a common project, we have a chance to communicate constructively, achieve cooperation and to encounter Pegasus, the winged horse of the Greek mythology that makes it possible for its rider to perform great deeds.

Ostatni akt politycznej współpracy Słowian na Bałkanach. Sojusz bałkański 1912 roku

Last act of political cooperation of Slavs on the Balkans. Balkan alliance, 1912 The deep changes on the political map of the Balkan Peninsula, which followed after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, opened a new chapter in the relations between the nations inhabiting this region. Although the arbitrary decisions taken by the great powers increased the rivalry between the Balkan Slavs, the fact that most of the European territory of Turkey had been left within its borders undoubtedly encouraged the Bulgarians, Serbs, Montenegrins and Greeks to take measures aimed at mutual rapprochement and finding the ultimate solution to the so-called Turkish issue. Despite numerous problems, these ideas were implemented in 1912, through creating the Balkan League, but as it soon turned out, it was the last act of political cooperation between the Slav nations in Southeastern Europe.

Stochasticity and non-additivity expose hidden evolutionary pathways to cooperation.

Cooperation is widespread across the tree of life, with examples ranging from vertebrates to lichens to multispecies biofilms. The initial evolution of such cooperation is likely to involve interactions that produce non-additive fitness effects among small groups of individuals in local populations. However, most models for the evolution of cooperation have focused on genealogically related individuals, assume that the factors influencing individual fitness are deterministic, that populations are very large, and that the benefits of cooperation increase linearly with the number of cooperative interactions. Here we show that stochasticity and non-additive interactions can facilitate the evolution of cooperation in small local groups. We derive a generalized model for the evolution of cooperation and show that if cooperation reduces the variance in individual fitness (separate from its effect on average fitness), this can aid in the evolution of cooperation through directional stochastic effects. In addition, we show that the potential for the evolution of cooperation is influenced by non-additivity in benefits with cooperation being more likely to evolve when the marginal benefit of a cooperative act increases with the number of such acts. Our model compliments traditional cooperation models (kin selection, reciprocal cooperation, green beard effect, etc.) and applies to a broad range of cooperative interactions seen in nature.

Cohesion and Cooperation in Autistic Children’s Discourse

Autism Spectrum Disorder causes difficulties in interaction and communication, hence this study is an attempt to shed some light on autistic children’s discourse concerning the way they employ cohesive ties and show cooperation during conversation. This is a preliminary step to propose some suggestions that may help these children with their troubles and challenging conditions. Research method is based on an analysis of the autistic discourse regarding two points: children’s observance of the Cooperative Principle in conversation and their use of cohesive ties. Grice’s notion of The Cooperative Principle (1975) that governs conversational behaviors assume that conversation is a cooperative endeavor between interactants. Halliday and Hasan (1976) discuss the notion of cohesion in discourse and consider that any text should be unified by certain cohesive devices. This study approaches autistic children’s discourse from the two perspectives: cooperation and cohesion. It concludes that autistic children employ echolalia to implicate their acceptance of the activity presented, which is a cooperative act. It is concluded that using words relating to the same relevant topic is nearly the only cohesive device employed by autistic children. Research limitation has to do with conducting an analysis of a child’s discourse despite the child’s inability to communicate and his repetitive linguistic behaviors. The study may be practical in suggesting some directions to improve autistic children’s performance and social communication. Echolalia, for instance, may be considered as a positive act of cooperation, and be taken as a step to move forward and train the child to repeat and utter a comment or express his desire. Autistic children should be trained to use various cohesive devices, such as synonymy and antonymy. This paper tries to make better language activities related to autistic children.

Direct reciprocity and model-predictive rationality explain network reciprocity over social ties

Since M. A. Nowak & R. May’s (1992) influential paper, limiting each agent’s interactions to a few neighbors in a network of contacts has been proposed as the simplest mechanism to support the evolution of cooperation in biological and socio-economic systems. The network allows cooperative agents to self-assort into clusters, within which they reciprocate cooperation. This (induced) network reciprocity has been observed in several theoreticalmodels and shown to predict the fixation of cooperation under a simple rule: the benefit produced by an act of cooperation must outweigh the cost of cooperating with all neighbors. However, the experimental evidence among humans is controversial: though the rule seems to be confirmed, the underlying modeling assumptions are not. Specifically, models assume that agents update their strategies by imitating better performing neighbors, even though imitation lacks rationality when interactions are far from all-to-all. Indeed, imitation did not emerge in experiments. What did emerge is that humans are conditioned by their own mood and that, when in a cooperative mood, they reciprocate cooperation. To help resolve the controversy, we design a model in which we rationally confront the two main behaviors emerging from experiments—reciprocal cooperation and unconditional defection—in a networked prisoner’s dilemma. Rationality is introduced by means of a predictive rule for strategy update and is bounded by the assumed model society. We show that both reciprocity and a multi-step predictive horizon are necessary to stabilize cooperation, and sufficient for its fixation, provided the game benefit-to-cost ratio is larger than a measure of network connectivity. We hence rediscover the rule of network reciprocity, underpinned however by a different evolutionary mechanism.

AN ANALYSIS OF INTERRUPTION IN SEMINAR SETTING

Interruption is a phenomenon when one person takes the turn while another is already talking. Most of the time, phenomena of interruption has been considered as disrespectful act or kind of rude. Contrast, Interruption could be supportive and cooperative act. This study aimed at describing what type of interruption is and reason of doing interruption made by English lectures and students in proposal seminar. This research used qualitative method which the data of interruption are taken from participants in three different proposal seminar conducted by graduate students of UNM by using recording technique. The results showed that types of interruption appeared in seminar are simple interruption, silent interruption, and butting interruption. Otherwise, the reasons of interruption which appears are seeking clarification, correcting, disagreeing, giving clarification, doubting and giving explanation. This is due to the fact that interruptions in this seminar were not violation.