Cooperation In Various Fields Research Articles

Integration processes in MERCOSUR: modern features and dynamics of development

The article examines the current state and prospects for the development of the MERCOSUR integration association – the common market of South American countries. The purpose of the analysis carried out in the article is to determine the role and place of Argentina in MERCOSUR. The subject of the study is the integration association in MERCOSUR, and the object is the modern specifics of integration processes within the framework of the association. The article analyzes the main macroeconomic indicators of the association and the structure of trade both within the bloc and with third countries. Based on a comprehensive and in-depth statistical analysis based on data from the international database of UNCTAD, the authors conclude that the prospects for further economic development of MERCOSUR are quite promising. The countries of the association are steadily increasing their economic potential, as well as the level of mutual cooperation in various fields – trade, investment, and digitalization. The Association is increasingly actively cooperating with third countries, largely due to Brazil's participation in the BRICS. Thus, the article shows that the integration process has advanced in qualitative aspects, and the prospects for its further development can be assessed as positive. At the same time the integration process in MERCOSUR is not free from problems and difficulties at both the country and continental and global levels, which limit and restrain its further deepening and development. The study period is 2012–2022. As a methodology, the article uses reliable statistical information and provides its comparative analysis using visual methods. The authors used historical and complex approaches.

Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and the Republic of Belarus within the framework of the union state

The author explores the prospects for economic cooperation between Russia and Belarus in the post-sanctions period. Investment flows, trade turnover, and cooperation in various fields are examined. The influence of Belarusian products on Russian markets is highlighted, and the nomenclature is detailed. The current indicators are examined, strengths and weaknesses identified. Based on the data obtained, conclusions are drawn about the prospects for further trade cooperation between Russia and the Republic of Belarus.

The Impacts of Small Games on Sino-American Relations

Small incidents between superpowers may inadvertently affect their diplomatic behaviors, like the Butterfly Effect, pushing their international relations in another direction. This is the case with "Pelosi's Visit to Taiwan" and the "U.S.-China Balloon Incident" on the Sino-American relationship. As the most complicated bilateral relationship in the world today, the reaction of the two superpowers will have a significant impact on the entire world landscape. Despite the historical legacy and the different nature of their societies, which have led to differences in a number of areas, the two sides continue to seek opportunities for cooperation in various fields. The evolving Sino-US relations with peace as the main theme should be trusted by the whole world. This paper analyzes these two small events by using the theoretical knowledge of Realism, Constructivism, and International Political Economy in the Science of International Politics to explore the implied meanings behind them and the reasons why the two superpowers responded in this way.

THE FIRST STEPS TOWARDS STRATEGIC ALLIANCE IN AZERBAIJANI-TURKISH RELATIONS BEFORE THE SECOND KARABAKH WAR

Azerbaijan and Turkey are historically linked by many common cultural, linguistic and religious ties, which creates the basis for the development of strategic allied relations between these two countries. After President Ilham Aliyev came to power in 2003, relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey continued to strengthen, and both sides expressed interest in a deeper strategic partnership. In this article, we will consider the first steps towards strategic alliance in Azerbaijani-Turkish relations during the reign of Ilham Aliyev, especially in the context before the Second Karabakh War.
 To analyze the first steps towards strategic alliance between Azerbaijan and Turkey during the reign of Ilham Aliyev, a comprehensive analysis of official statements, political documents and treaties, as well as acts of foreign policy of both countries was carried out. Data from studies and analytical reviews published in various scientific journals and reputable analytical publications were also used.
 The purpose of this study is to identify the first steps taken by Azerbaijan and Turkey towards deepening strategic alliance during the reign of Ilham Aliyev before the Second Karabakh War. We strive to analyze the main stages and factors that contributed to the formation of closer ties between these two States.
 During the reign of Ilham Aliyev, a number of events and political initiatives aimed at deepening strategic relations with Turkey were initiated in Azerbaijan. This included increased military cooperation, the signing of agreements on security and mutual support, as well as agreements on cooperation in the field of energy and transport. Azerbaijan's support of Turkey in various international issues also played a key role in strengthening diplomatic ties.
 The first steps towards strategic alliance between Azerbaijan and Turkey during the reign of Ilham Aliyev turned out to be an important stage in the development of relations between these two states. The deepening of cooperation in various fields, including military, political, economic and cultural, contributed to the strengthening of mutual understanding and trust between Azerbaijan and Turkey. This process had a significant impact on the further development of relations and played a key role in the formation of a strategic alliance, which turned out to be especially important in the context of the Second Karabakh War and subsequent events.

INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERSECTORAL COOPERATION

The article is concerned with the study of theoretical foundations and practical aspects of formation and development of intersectoral cooperation in world practice. The article considers the existent approaches to the definition of the concept of "intersectoral cooperation", in particular from the standpoint of generating innovative solutions to existing problems, as well as its features and types. It is found that intersectoral cooperation is a constructive and mutually beneficial interaction of three sectors: the state, the business sector and institutions of civil society. The conditions for ensuring effectiveness in the process of establishing intersectoral cooperation are determined. The importance of the communication process as the basis of interaction is emphasised. The institutional structure of intersectoral partnership is outlined, including regulatory principles, mechanisms for implementing the principles and corporate social responsibility. The prerequisites and features of the emergence of intersectoral partnership at the regional level are determined. The experience of foreign countries in the development of intersectoral cooperation in various fields, in particular of the EU member states, is considered.

Relations between Russia and China in the context of the formation of a new world order

The article examines Russian-Chinese relations in the context of the emergence of a new world order. The author emphasizes that Russia and China consider each other as priority partners, always respect each other’s interests, becoming a model of relations between great powers. The countries maintain close exchanges and contacts at all levels, exchange views on major issues of mutual interest, strengthen mutual trust and develop cooperation in various fi elds. Russia and China have always adhered to the principles of non-alignment with blocs, non-confrontation, and they are not directed against a third party. They develop bilateral relations and cooperation in various fi elds on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefi t, which brings tangible benefi ts to the people of the two countries and also contributes to global development. China and Russia take common positions on most issues on the international agenda and are strengthening cooperation within the UN, SCO, BRICS, APEC, G20 and other multilateral platforms. They cooperate closely on global and regional issues, such as the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue, the situation in Afghanistan and the Iranian nuclear issue. When Russia and China join forces, global multipolarity and democratization of international relations will receive new impetus, which will guarantee global strategic balance and stability. Meetings between the leaders of Russia and China become the compass and anchor of Russian-Chinese relations, laying a solid foundation for deepening bilateral cooperation. Under the strategic leadership of the two heads of state, the Russian-Chinese relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation will continue to move forward in the new era. The leaders of China and Russia agree that against the backdrop of unprecedented changes taking place today in the system of international relations, Russian-Chinese relations have reached unprecedented heights. The author comes to the conclusion that, in general, Russian-Chinese relations have not only withstood many new challenges, but have also strengthened signifi cantly over the past year.

The Arctic Region as an Object of Geopolitical Contradictions

Over the past thirty years, the world community has increased interest in the Arctic, new opportunities are emerging due to global warming, and many states have seen new prospects for their own development and strengthening their influence in the world. But non-Arctic states will have to prove the validity of their interests in order to get the right to participate in decision-making in the region. The results of many scientific studies indicate large oil and gas deposits, as well as reserves of many other types of minerals, respectively, interested countries will need to confirm the legitimacy of their rights to extract resources. With the melting of glaciers, new transport hubs are opening up, such as the NSR and NWP, which Russia and Canada seek to control, and where the United States and other countries insist that the NSR and NWP should have the status of international straits. Tensions are growing around the island of Svalbard, although the Paris Convention on Svalbard was signed in 1920, which implies Norway's sovereignty over the island, other countries have retained the right to conduct economic activities on the island, and Norway is trying to challenge this right in various ways. This paper examines hypothetical areas of cooperation and disagreements between stakeholders in the Arctic. The article describes the structure of relations between actors in the Arctic region, their problems and national interests, as well as cooperation in various fields. So countries that usually oppose each other in many regions can cooperate, sometimes even having contradictions in the Arctic, which ultimately allows us to see how many states can simultaneously converge and disagree on many issues in the Arctic. What makes this region unique in international relations.

Дослідження наукового інтересу Китаю до України: аналіз вмісту бази даних CSSCI (2023)

As China-Ukraine relations gradually develop, China’s attention to Ukraine is increasing not only in the mainstream media, but also in the academic community. This article explores the multidimensional construct of perceptions and evaluations in the context of China’s scientific interest in Ukraine, examining how these dynamics play out at different levels in society in both countries. Using “Ukraine” as a key term, we retrieved from the China Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI) (the most influential social science database in China) 114 relevant research articles published up to July 15, 2023. This research aims to identify the current state, prospects and trends of Chinese academic research in Ukraine in various disciplines. Content analysis and word frequency analysis using the ROST Wordparser text analyzer were used. Analysis of CSSCI research results shows that the Ukrainian issue has become a subject of wide interest in the Chinese academic community. This comprehensive study enables us to understand the focus of China’s scientific interest in Ukraine, interdisciplinary interaction. By delving into the scientific contributions surrounding the Ukrainian issue, this study contributes to the improvement of mutual understanding between China and Ukraine, as well as scientific exchanges and the promotion of bilateral cooperation in various fields.

Development of Sino-Russian legal service cooperation in the context of hindered Eurasian integration

Due to the continuation of special military operations, the original mode of competition and cooperation in Central Asia has changed. The process of Eurasian integration has fallen into a temporary low tide, and the “Belt and Road” strategy has also been impacted. China and Russia have established a highly friendly comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination in the new era, and have maintained long-term high-level cooperation in various fields. Against the backdrop of the overall downturn in the world economy, bilateral trade has grown. In the face of Western sanctions, the economic and trade cooperation between Russia and European countries has gradually decreased, which will inevitably lead to the deepening of exchanges between Russia and China in the field. Whether the high-quality development of economic and trade cooperation or the docking and landing of long-term strategies, it is inseparable from the escort of the law. The current China-Russia legal services have such problems as narrow coverage, lack of legal talents, lack of dispute resolution mechanism, etc. Such scattered and fragmented legal services obviously cannot meet the needs of the development of Sino-Russian trade, and it is also unable to make timely adjustment in the face of the impact of the drastic international situation. This paper will sort out the development context of China- Russia legal service. Based on the current situation of legal service cooperation, this paper will analyze the shortcomings exposed in this field in the face of the drastic international situation, and put forward suggestions for the transformation and development of China-Russia legal service cooperation.

Turkish Ideological Influence in Russian Regions: The Turkic Factor

The article underlines the importance of effective implementation of the state national policy for the stability and sustainability of the state. This issue is particularly relevant in the context of such large ethno-linguistic communities as the Turkic peoples, which are vulnerable to external influence objects. The authors consider the issue of foreign influence on the territorial units of the Russian Federation through economic and humanitarian spheres on the example of the activities of the Republic of Turkey. Within the framework of the ideology of pan-Turkism, the Turkic-speaking peoples, especially those living on the territory of the Russian Federation, are of particular importance to Turkey. Ankara justifies interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states with the idea of building a “Turkic world” under the auspices of Turkey. The article reflects the activities of Turkish organizations, as well as the specifics of economic and humanitarian cooperation in the Republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, Crimea, Altai, Sakha (Yakutia), Tyva, Khakassia. The analysis of open sources and official data revealed the degree of intensity of the Turkish presence in the Turkic-speaking regions. In the Volga Federal District, the level of Turkish influence as well as cooperation in various fields is quite high, especially in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The Republic of Chuvashia remains the least susceptible to Turkish destructive activity. The informational impact through the pro-Turkish media is mainly observed in the Republic of Crimea. In Altai, Tuva and Khakassia, after 2015, the activity of interaction with Turkey in the humanitarian and economic spheres has decreased to some extent. However, the designation of the factor of external influence and the development of effective measures to counteract it should become one of the most important topics of the new Strategy of the state national policy after 2025.

An Empirical Study of Trade in Goods between China and Brazil: Analysis of Competitiveness and Complementarity

China and Brazil established the “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” in 2012. Since the establishment of the partnership, China and Brazil have continued to deepen economic and trade cooperation, and cooperation in various fields has achieved remarkable results. China has long been consistent in maintaining its status as Brazil’s largest export destination and source of imports. The total volume of bilateral trade between China and Brazil has significantly increased, and the trade structure in goods is becoming increasingly diversified. The total volume of bilateral trade between China and Brazil has grown considerably, and the trade structure in goods has become increasingly diversified. On 20 April 2023, when Brazilian President Lula visited China, China and Brazil issued a joint statement on deepening the “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership”, further deepening the cooperation in trade in goods has become a consensus. From the perspective of goods trade under the comprehensive strategic partnership, the article analyses the complementarities and competitiveness of goods trade between China and Brazil with the help of relevant formulas to form a complete and transparent study of the goods trade between the two countries.

Implementation of the strategy of internationalization of higher education as a «soft power» tool of the state

Introduction. The following article analyzes the interpretations of the concept of «soft power» implemented in the field of Russian higher education. In connection with the discussion in scientific circles of the ambivalence of the concept of «soft power» from the moment of its appearance and in the subsequent period, various interpretations of opposite and complementary concepts with the word «power» are given here. The components and functions of «soft power» reflected in the documents and concepts of the state»s foreign policy are considered. Purpose setting. At present, when political and economic sanctions have also changed the landscape of international educational cooperation, the possibilities of the «soft power» tools of our state have been significantly decreased. Methodology and methods of the study. As a tool for promoting cultural values and ideals, higher education accumulates opportunities for cultural, scientific, technical, socio-political and economic impact on the individual and society. Results. The communication space of Russian universities will be able to integrate a new rational discourse through delivering various educational exchange programmes and cultural, educational projects, with the involvement of modern information communication technologies. The implementation of this task requires the strategic development of the internationalization of higher education. Conclusion. Cooperation in various fields of science and technology remains an important tool for improving international political stability and mutual understanding. Germany is an example of successful development and promotion of national ideas and interests, i.e. increasing the «weight» of the state in the international arena through education. At the same time, the main function of «soft power» is performed in latent form, when the influence of the state is not straightforward, but hidden.

CHARACTERISTICS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF CHINA-UKRAINE ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION UNDER THE “BELT AND ROAD” INITIATIVE

With the continuous promotion of the “Belt and Road” initiative, China's economic and trade cooperation with countries along the route has achieved rich results. China and Ukraine are two important economies in the world. As one of the important countries along the “Belt and Road”, Ukraine actively responded to China's proposed “Belt and Road” initiative in December 2013 and became the first European country to announce its support for the initiative. Ukraine is located in eastern Europe, connecting Europe and Asia, and is an important country for the “Belt and Road” to reach Europe. Ukraine has always insisted on achieving all-round, multi-field cooperation with China. In recent years, the two countries have achieved fruitful results in infrastructure, agriculture, energy, high-tech, and investment fields. Since 2019, China has become Ukraine’s largest trading partner. The COVID-19 pandemic and the political situation have greatly affected the trade between the two countries, with a sharp drop in trade volume and stagnation in some areas. In the future, the two countries can strengthen strategic alignment and optimize trade policies under the framework of the “Belt and Road” initiative, deepen cooperation in various fields, especially in high-tech fields, and comprehensively improve the level of trade. This article mainly analyzes the current situation of China-Ukraine economic and trade cooperation, examines its characteristics, and explores the trend of future cooperation development between China and Ukraine under the current international situation, and provides future strategies based on the current environment.

АНАЛИЗ ИНТЕГРАЦИОННОГО ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ РОССИИ И КНР В РАМКАХ ШОС

The article analyzes the role and significance of the partnership between Russia and China within the framework of the SCO against the background of the increased components of the world economy as a whole. Russia and China have considerable experience of cooperation in various fields that complement each other. The analysis of mutual benefits will help to anticipate opportunities for the development of relations. However, the advantages of international trade relations are accompanied by certain difficulties. On the one hand, it is necessary to improve the state policy aimed at providing optimal conditions for the development of foreign trade, on the other hand, it is necessary to determine the role of Russia and China in achieving a high level of competitiveness in the external economy

TRANSLATION IS ONE OF THE EFFECTIVE WAYS OF TEACHING READING AND UNDERSTANDING SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

As a result of the development of international contacts at all levels and due to their increasing intensity, translation activity in all its varieties has acquired an unprecedented scope. Scientific and technological progress, covering all new areas of life, international cooperation in various fields, the expected population explosion, and other important phenomena of civilization lead to an unprecedented development of various kinds of contacts, both between states and between multilingual societies of people. Under these conditions, the role of translation as a means of serving the socio-political, economic, scientific, cultural, aesthetic and other relations of peoples is extremely growing.

Azerbaijan-Kazakhstan relations as one of the components of the Caspian vector of Eurasian integration

The object of the study is the international relations of Azerbaijan at the junction of the XX and XXI centuries. The subject of the study is the relationship between Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan after the disintegration of the USSR. The author dwells in detail on the bilateral relations between Baku and Astana during the presidency of Heydar and Ilham Aliyev. The greatest attention is paid to cooperation in various fields within the framework of Trans-Caucasian logistics projects through the prism of involving Caspian partners in them. This perspective allows us to note that Kazakhstan has gained an important "logistics hub" in Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan fount in Kazakhstan a partner. The research methods are content analysis, discourse analysis and historical research methods. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that Azerbaijan's foreign policy is reflected quite briefly in Russian historiography, especially in the framework of bilateral relations with the countries of Central Asia. The attention of domestic researchers, as a rule, focuses on relations with Russia, as well as other countries of the South Caucasus and Turkey, however, it should be noted that Azerbaijani-Kazakh relations became one of the foundations of the Caspian vector of Eurasian integration at the turn of the century. The main conclusion of the author is that the Azerbaijani-Kazakh relations allowed the two countries not only to solve their own geopolitical problems, but also to qualitatively improve the Caspian vector of Eurasian integration, harmoniously supplementing it with the "West-East" direction. It should be noted not only the intensity of contacts, but also their productivity, a reflection of this is the involvement of Kazakhstan in logistics projects in the South Caucasus, participation in which allows the Central Asian country to have another "corridor" to the world ocean. Probably, the bilateral relations under consideration were the most productive in the region between the post-Soviet countries, with the exception of bilateral relations in which Russia participated.

Формирование лингвокультурной компетенции как неотъемлемая составляющая процесса профессиональной подготовки преподавателя иностранного языка

Importance. The appeal to the anthropocentric paradigm of scientific knowledge at the turn of 20th–21st centuries alongside with the active development of international cooperation in various fields require updating the content and objectives of linguistic education through the integrated study of languages and cultures. However, the problems of development of the linguocultural competence as an integral part of professional training of a foreign language teaching specialist currently need more detailed study. The aim of the research is to characterise the concept of “linguocultural competence” and to consider the methods for the development of the competence in the context of professional training of a future teacher. Materials and Methods. The analysis of the scientific and methodical literature that served as the research material, the systematization and comparative analysis of approaches to the interpretation of the characteristics and content of the “linguocultural competence” concept, the design of educational activities in the context of the development of linguocultural competence among students of language specialties made up a set of methods used in this work. Results and Discussion. The existing approaches to the interpretation of the term “linguocultural competence” and similar definitions of “linguoculturological competence”, “cultural and linguistic competence” are studied. A definition relevant for use in the process of professional training of a foreign language teacher is proposed, as well as a description of some methods of work on the development of linguocultural competence among students of language specialties. Conclusion. The integration of relevant cultural and linguistic aspects into the content of linguistic education contributes to improving the quality of professional training of students – future teachers of a foreign language. The development of linguocultural competence among students of language specialties is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of their professional activities.

Сравнительно-правовой анализ Конституционных судов Российской Федерации и Республики Казахстан: процессуальный аспект

The authors of this work made an attempt to demonstrate the differences and similarities in the status, composition, structure and powers of the bodies of constitutional justice of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. Such a comparative legal analysis is in demand by legal science in connection with the significant constitutional reform that took place in Kazakhstan in 2022, as a result of which the Constitutional Court replaced the Constitutional Council. In addition, the Constitutional Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Prosecutor's Office" and "On the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Kazakhstan" were adopted. In 2020, the Basic Law of the Russian Federation also underwent significant changes. We should not forget about the similarity of the paths of development of constitutionalism in Russia and Kazakhstan, which is due to the Soviet past, close proximity and close cooperation in various fields of activity. The result of the study was the conclusion about the proximity of the Russian and Kazakhstani models of constitutional justice. Despite this, there are quite unique norms that are characteristic of the constitutional acts of each country. Attention is drawn to the differences in the status of constitutional justice bodies, as well as differences in their competence. The procedure for the formation of the Constitutional Courts of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan is different, the issues of ensuring their activities are resolved in different ways. Differences are established in the subject composition that enjoys the right to apply to the Constitutional Court of their state. Identified special conditions for filing a complaint with citizens of Russia and Kazakhstan in the national bodies of constitutional justice.

Development of the Historical Status of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

Shanghai Cooperation Organization was established after the Cold War. 2022 marks the 20th anniversary of the signing of the SCO Charter, during which the SCO has withstood the test of drastic changes in the international situation and achieved remarkable development results. Not only is the mechanism construction progressing smoothly, but also exchanges and cooperation in various fields have achieved remarkable results. However, the results of economic cooperation are not yet significant, the international status needs to be improved, the development model is still unclear, and the non-governmental and social exchanges and exchanges are lacking. The SCO is a system that continues to evolve incrementally as it continues to refine its development process, while continuing to work on common political and security goals, finding the best mechanisms to expand economic ties, and deepening cultural and humanitarian engagement. Eventually, with the development and improvement of cooperation forms and mechanisms within the framework of the SCO and the Eurasian Economic Union, the necessary institutional foundations will gradually mature, which will eventually help to further deepen the interaction with Southeast Asian countries.

Restructuring of Multilateralism and Inclusive Development of the SCO

Unlike the multilateral institutions of the past, formed by hegemons in accordance with their interests, the SCO multilateral format has given a new impetus to inclusive multilateral regional cooperation. In order to promote inclusive cooperation in Eurasia, the SCO member states have formulated strategic plans for cooperation in the main subregions and key areas of organization’s activities. New SCO plans to intensify cooperation take into account the principle of inclusiveness, and promote a system interests compatibility between members. Taking into consideration the relatively vague and "blurred" forms of cooperation between the member states, an increase in the SCO membership can create both new challenges and contribute to the emergence of new formats of interaction. Thus, the introduction of new forms of small multilateralism may become relevant for increasing the effectiveness of the SCO. Cooperation within the framework of new formats of small multilateralism should be established in accordance with the political preferences and readiness of the SCO Member States in order to increase the effectiveness of intra-organizational interaction. Institutional flexibility in pragmatic cooperation brings mutually beneficial results and has great potential for extending the format of such cooperation to a wide range of issues. An inclusive approach and multilateral cooperation within the framework of the SCO helps to strengthen cooperation in various fields and contribute to the creation of a democratic and fair political and economic environment. It seems that China and Russia, as the leading powers in the SCO, will be interested in promoting new formats of cooperation and reforming the regional system of interaction. The combination of classical large-scale multilateralism with small forms of multilateral cooperation within the SCO will help to deal with the current difficulties in regional governance and improve the effectiveness of the organization.