Cooper Test Research Articles

Simultaneous effects of high-speed circuit training (HSCT) and high-speed interval training (HSIT) on physical fitness and lung volumes of males after coronavirus disease

BackgroundPeople who are quarantined after coronavirus disease experience immobility, obesity and changes in the cardiopulmonary system. We hypothesized that the concurrent use of high-speed circuit training (HSCT) and high-speed interval training (HSIT) can be used to improve physical fitness and respiratory functions. MethodologyPhysical education students (n = 65, 18–22 yrs. Old) who recovered from a previous coronavirus infection were randomly divided into either an experimental (n = 38) or control (n = 27) group. Physical fitness tests such as heart rate (HR), Cooper's test, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), speed of 30 m, flexibility, balance of right and left legs, agility 4 × 9 m, barfix, sit-up, Sargent jump, push-up, and spirometry tests were conducted before and after the training protocols (HSCT and HSIT for 12 weeks). The control group only took regular university classes. ResultsThe simultaneous implementation of HSCT and HSIT had a positive significant effect on physical fitness indicators (VO2max, flexibility, sit-ups, push-ups, vertical jump, barfix, balance legs, agility 4 × 9, 30 m sprint, and Cooper test) and respiratory indicators (FVC, FEV1, PEF, MVV and FEV1/FVC). While it did not affect other variables. ConclusionThe simultaneous implementation of HSCT and HSIT can have a positive significant effect on physical fitness indicators and respiratory indicators of male university students. Therefore, students have more aerobic capacity for physical activities.

Effectiveness of moderate to vigorous physical activity among stroke risk predicted population. A pilot study

Background. The increasing prevalence of stroke, particularly among younger populations in countries like India, necessitates effective preventive strategies. Modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking contribute significantly to stroke incidence. This study focuses on the implementation of a 12-week moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) program to address these risk factors and reduce stroke incidence. Methodology. The study involved a structured MVPA intervention among individuals at risk of stroke, emphasizing consistent adherence to the protocol. Key outcomes, including systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels, were monitored. Cardiovascular fitness improvements were assessed using the Cooper's Run Test. The study also examined the feasibility and acceptability of the MVPA intervention through participant adherence rates. Results. The MVPA group exhibited significant reductions in systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels compared to the control group. These findings underscore the efficacy of MVPA in managing major stroke risk factors. Additionally, participants demonstrated enhanced cardiovascular endurance, highlighting the program’s positive impact on overall cardiovascular health. High adherence rates in the MVPA group indicated the feasibility of implementing structured exercise protocols for individuals at risk of stroke. Conclusion. This pilot study demonstrates the effectiveness of a 12-week MVPA program in reducing key stroke risk factors and improving cardiovascular fitness among individuals at risk of stroke. The findings emphasize the importance of structured exercise interventions in stroke prevention efforts. While promising, further research with larger sample sizes and longer durations is necessary to establish the sustained benefits and feasibility of such interventions. Implementing tailored MVPA programs holds significant potential for mitigating stroke risk, offering valuable insights for global stroke prevention strategies.

Study of special physical fitness of juniors of 17-19 years old

The article analyzes the results of special physical preparation of 17-19 years old juniors in the quadruple test uphill 300 m. The data of heart rate on the background of the physical test are disclosed. The aim of the work To determine the indicators of special preparation of 17-19 years old juniors. Result. We defined that indicator of the total time of 4 races changed by 4,9 s (t=4,13; p<0,01), by 2,1 s (t=2,42; p<0,01) of time of passing of a rise in the 1st race, by 5,6 % (t=5,46; p<0,001) of speed of passing of a rise in the 4th race concerning the first. Indicators of physical qualities of juniors of 17-19 years old during the specially-preparatory stage had a statistical difference in indicators of the Cooper's test 12-minute run (t=12,61; p<0,001), in a trunk lift in a saddle for 1 minute (t=4,99; p<0,01), whereas positive dynamics was obtained in the indicators of flexion-extension of arms in a lying down support from the floor, in a long jump from a place, in pulling up on a crossbar (p>0,05).

The impact of modified walking exercise incorporating intensity variations on increasing aerobic endurance

The aim of this study was to the effect of modified forms of exercise on increasing VO2Max in college students. In particular, This study focuses on assessing the effectiveness of interval training modifications, particularly in the form of walking exercises, in increasing VO2Max in college students. This study followed a quantitative approach, using an experimental design known as the one-group pre-test and post-test design. Cooper's test is used as a research instrument in this study. The study was undertaken with participants from the Department of Sports Development, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The findings of this study can be used as a reference for implementing a modified form of interval training, especially using walking patterns, to increase VO2Max in college students. Data analysis technique using Paired Sample t Test. The treatment group that underwent walking exercise experienced a significant increase in VO2Max, although the level of significance varied. In particular, the walking treatment group showed a significant increase with a significance value of 0.000.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Male Semiprofessional Cricket Player's Mental Health and Performance Following the Resumption of Sporting Events.

The ability of a cricket player to manage their mental health helps them to perform optimally. This study investigated how mental health is related to performance of male cricket players during the resumption of sporting events after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) restrictions. Mental health profiles were established using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) instruments among male semiprofessional cricket players (n = 63). Performance metrics included: body fat percentage (BF%), range of motion (ROM), push-abdominal test, crazy catch test, t-test, 40-m sprint, and Cooper's test. Inferential statistics included Spearman's correlations with a significance level set at α < .05. Spearman's correlation reported a statistically significant relationship for SWLS and body mass index (BMI) (r = -0.263; p = .037) as well as between stress and abdominal test (r = 0.355; p = .004); crazy catch test (r = 0.249; p = .049); Cooper's test (r = 0.335; p = .009), VO2max (r = 0.308; p = .014), stress and abdominal test (r = -0.313; p = .012); as well as anxiety and 40-m sprint (r = 0.488; p = .027). This study provides an important snapshot of how symptoms of mental health are associated with performance. Further research should investigate the relationship between mental health and performance parameters among male players at varied skill levels.

Validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics.

General and particularly sport-specific testing is an integral aspect of performance optimization in artistic gymnastics. In artistic gymnastics, however, only non-specific field tests have been used to assess endurance performance (e.g., Multistage Shuttle Run Test; Cooper's Test). This study aimed to examine the validity of a new sport-specific endurance test in artistic gymnastics. Fourteen elite-level gymnasts (i.e., eight males and six females) participated in this study. The newly developed artistic gymnastics-specific endurance test (AGSET) was conducted on two different occasions seven days apart to determine its reliability. To assess the concurrent validity of AGSET, participants performed the multistage shuttle run test (MSRT). Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were directly assessed using a portable gas analyzer system during both protocols. Additionally, the total time maintained (TTM) during the AGSET, maximum heart rate (HRmax), maximal aerobic speed (MAS), and blood lactate concentration (BLa) during the two protocols were collected. The main findings indicated that all variables derived from the AGSET (i.e., VO2max, MAS, HRmax, BLa, and RER) displayed very good relative (all intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] > 0.90) and absolute (all typical errors of measurement [TEM] < 5%) reliability. Further, results showed that the ability of the AGSET to detect small changes in VO2max, MAS, BLa, and RER was good (smallest worthwhile change [SWC0.2] > TEM), except HRmax (SWC0.2 < TEM). Additionally, results showed a nearly perfect association between the VO2max values derived from the AGSET and MSRT (r = 0.985; coefficient of determination [R²] = 97%) with no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). The mean (bias) ± 95% limits of agreement between the two protocols were 0.28 ± 0.55 mlminkg-1. AGSET seems to present very good reliability and concurrent validity for assessing endurance performance in elite artistic gymnastics. In addition, the newly developed protocol presents a good ability to detect small changes in performance.

Pedagogical literacy forms the sports skills of young freestyle athletes

Children's and youth sports is a sports direction that ensures the involvement of children in a certain type of sport from children's sports in order to carry out their sports specialization and ensure the conditions for the transition to reserve sports. The formation of sports motivation in youth athletes is carried out through the creation of a complex of pedagogical conditions for the emergence, functioning, development and stabilization of favorable relations to the goal of sports, sports success, one's capabilities, training and competitive activities, the team and the coach.&#x0D; This article deals with issues related to the organization and conduct of educational and training classes with children in the specialty of freestyle wrestling. The practical experience of trainers of the educational and sports complex of the state tax university in the direction of freestyle wrestling was analyzed and summarized. The study was conducted over 10 weeks (August-October 2022). Children aged 8-11 years participated in the study (n=18). Where they were distributed as follows (n=12) boys and (n=6) girls. To determine the interest and motive for sports, a questionnaire was conducted and an experiment was conducted on the following exercises for: development of coordination movements "Three flips forward"; control of strength endurance "Static strength endurance" of the muscles of the shoulder girdle; determination of the motor reaction "Grip of the falling gymnastic stick"; determination of mobility in the joints of the vertebral column; determination of endurance (aerobic capacity control) "9-minute walk" Cooper's test. Based on the results of the survey, the real ways of solving problems related to the referral of teenagers to active wrestling classes were highlighted, and actual aspects of improving physical culture and sports classes were outlined. It was experimentally proven that the proposed method had positive changes at the initial stage of preparation.&#x0D; A freestyle wrestling coach must use the following in his professional activity: be ready to use tools, techniques, technologies to motivate and stimulate children to train; be able to determine goals (strategic, tactical, operational), plan processes to achieve the desired results in social and sports training; to be able to organize and create conditions for achieving the desired results; be creative about your mistakes and your young athletes; the ability to use cognitive methods, the ability to see and solve a professional problem, orient oneself in work, learn and teach others; be able to justify and transfer experience.

Neuropsychological Bases of Self-Improvement of Own Physical Health of Future Teachers in the Course of University Education

The article says that despite the decline in health as a professional value and self-realization, future teachers have neurobiological inclinations for self-improvement and reflection. In this regard, new pedagogical conditions and stages of the formation of students 'readiness for physical self-improvement are proposed, namely: students' awareness of the importance of health as a necessary prerequisite for personal and professional self-realization; their mastery of diagnostic techniques, reflective analysis and practical skills to improve their own physical condition; providing pedagogical support for students in physical self-improvement. The experimental stage used a set of methods and techniques: step ergometry, Rufier's and Cooper's tests, watching movies, photos, test tasks, observations, interviews, questionnaires, expert assessments and etc. The number of students being at the local reflexive level increased from 12.2% to 22.2% and at the adaptive algorithmic level – from 28.1% to 41.3%. The percentage of students at the directive empirical level of competency in physical self-improvement decreased from 52.4% to 21.4%. The effectiveness of the designed methodology for developing students’ competency in physical self-improvement was verified by the formative experiment. The hypothesis of the study, which was the subjective neurobiological basis of motivation to improve and reflect on future teachers, was also confirmed, which contributed to the choice of the appropriate profession in order to implement and transmit these personal values.

ПОВЫШЕНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ВЫНОСЛИВОСТИ НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРОЙ И СПОРТОМ

The article discusses the analysis of the results of students who performed tests for general endur-ance. ANSTU students, engaged in the group of sports improvement in football, volleyball, athletics, were offered two tests: running at a distance of 3 km and K. Cooper's test (running 12 minutes).

Effect of propolis supplementation on athletic performance, body composition, inflammation, and oxidative stress following intense exercise: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial.

BackgroundEmerging evidence indicates that propolis as a novel potential antioxidant has unique benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of propolis on oxidative stress, inflammation, body composition, and athletic performance in healthy active subjects.MethodsThis clinical trial was conducted on 54 male military cadets. Eligible subjects were randomly allocated to receive a single dose of 450 mg propolis twice daily for four weeks or a matching placebo containing microcrystalline cellulose. Cooper 12‐min run test and running‐based anaerobic sprint test were performed to measure aerobic and anaerobic performance. Blood samples were obtained immediately after Cooper's test to evaluate oxidative stress and inflammation status. Fat mass and fat‐free mass were analyzed using bioelectrical impedance.ResultsMean changes in fat mass, fat‐free mass, anaerobic powers, fatigue index, and VO2 max did not differ significantly between the two groups after the adjustment for baseline values (P‐value>0.05). A significant change was observed in plasma levels of IL‐6 (−1.43 ± 0.11pg/mL), total oxidant status (−3.9 ± 0.2µmol/L), total antioxidant capacity (164 ± 12 µmol/L), malondialdehyde (−0.52 ± 0.03µmol/L), oxidative stress index (−0.45 ± 0.04), and glutathione (48.72±2µmol/L) in the propolis group compared with the placebo group after the adjustment for baseline values and weight changes (P‐value<0.05). Although IL‐10 concentrations had no significant changes in both groups, the ratio of IL‐6/IL‐10 significantly reduced in the propolis group compared with the placebo group (−0.174 ± 0.015 versus. 0.051 ± 0.014; P‐value: 0.041).ConclusionsOur results indicated that propolis might have beneficial effects on oxidative stress and inflammation following intense activities in healthy male subjects.

Estudo comparativo do VO2 max. obtido após a aplicação de dois testes de campo em jovens universitários em 2600 metros sobre o nivel do mar

Comparar o VO2 Max. obtido após a aplicação de dois testes de campo em 2600 metros sobre o nivel do mar. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo e transversal, realizado com 185 jovens universitários treinados, com um nível mínimo de treinamento de três vezes por semana ou praticantes de alguma disciplina esportiva por mais de um ano. Foram utilizados como os testes: teste de Cooper (CRT) e teste de Course Navette (SRT-20m). Resultados: O promedio de idade dos participantes foi de 20,3 ± 2,0; no teste de CRT, o VO2 Max. promedio obtido foi de 38,3 ± 10 ml/kg/min para os dois sexos, enquanto no SRT- 20m foi de 53 ± 6,5 ml/kg/min para os dois gêneros. Conclusões: O VO2 Max. pela CRT foi significativamente menor (p= 0,00) que o VO2 Max. atingido no SRT-20m. O CRT subestima os valores de VO2 Max. em jovens adultos treinados que vivem a 2600 msnm.

Effects of twelve weeks' aerobic training on motor cortex excitability.

Regular physical activity or aerobic exercise is well known to increase brain plasticity. Recent studies have reported that aerobic exercise enhances neuroplasticity and motor learning. The aim of this study was to investigate if 12 weeks' aerobic training can modify cortical excitability and motor evoked potential (MEP) responses. Fifteen untrained males were recruited. Cortical excitability was investigated using TMS. VO2<inf>max</inf> was estimated using Cooper's test. Aerobic intervention lasted 12 weeks. The subjects performed a 6-week supervised aerobic workout, 3 times a week, at 60-75% of their maximum heart rate (HR<inf>max</inf>). Over the following 6 weeks, they performed a supervised aerobic workout 3 times a week at 70-75% of FC<inf>max</inf>. After 8 weeks of aerobic training there was a significant increase of distance covered during Cooper's test (P<0.001) and a significant increase of VO2<inf>max</inf> (P<0.001); there was also an improvement in resting motor threshold (rMT decreased from 60.5±6.6% [T0] to 55.8±5.9% [T2]; P<0.001), motor evoked potential latency decreased (from 25.3±0.8 ms [T0] to 24.1±0.8 ms [T2]; P<0.001), and motor evoked potential amplitude increased (from 0.58±0.09 mV [T0] to 0.65±0.08 mV [T2]; P<0.001). Furthermore, after 12 weeks' aerobic training there were improvements in all parameters. This study shows that aerobic activity seems to induce changes in cortical excitability if performed for a period longer than 4 weeks, in addition to typical cardiorespiratory benefits in previously untrained males.

Correlação e concordância do escore do Frequency – Intensity - Time Index of Kasari com o volume de oxigênio máximo

Introdução: O Frequency-Intensity-Time Index of Kasari avalia a prática de exercício físico em termos de intensidade, frequência e duração, podendo o produto destes parâmetros (FIT) ser como indicador de aptidão cardiorrespiratória.&#x0D; Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação e concordância do FIT com volume de oxigênio máximo VO2max em medidas direta e indireta.&#x0D; Métodos: Estudo metodológico com seleção amostral do tipo não probabilística por conveniência, do qual participaram alunos do curso de Instrutores de Educação Física (CI) e membros da família militar (n=59). A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos de estimação do VO2max: protocolo de rampa, utilizando expirômetro (VO2maxrampa), aplicado na família militar; e teste de Cooper (VO2maxCooper), aplicado nos alunos. Todos responderam a mesma versão do FIT. A correlação foi estimada pelo do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e a concordância foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de concordância (ρc) e da análise gráfica de Bland e Altman. Os softwares SPSS 15 e MedCalc foram usados.&#x0D; Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 24 alunos do CI (26,5± 2,39 anos) e 35 membros da família militar (45,28 ± 10,79 anos). Houve correlação significante e fraca apenas entre FIT e VO2maxCooper. Os coeficientes de concordância do FIT foram pobres e desprezíveis entre VO2maxCooper e VO2maxrampa, respectivamente. Os gráficos Bland-Altman exibiram viés de diferença considerável, o que indica margens amplas de sub e superestimação do VO2max.&#x0D; Conclusão: O Frequency-Intensity-Time Index of Kasari parece ser adequado para descrever de exercício físico praticado, mas o uso do FIT precisa ser melhor investigado.

The impact of an exercise program as a treatment for gambling disorder: A randomized controlled trial

Physical activity has been shown to lead to an array of improvements in physical and psychological functioning. It is unknown, however, whether an exercise program may have utility as a standalone treatment of gambling disorder due to the paucity of studies, small sample sizes and lack of control groups. The aim of the present research was to address these empirical gaps by conducting a randomized controlled trial testing the effects of exercise for the treatment of gambling disorder compared to an active control group (stretching). The primary outcomes were gambling severity and psychiatric comorbidities, while the secondary outcome consisted of gambling craving. Fifty-nine participants with a confirmed diagnosis of gambling disorder underwent eight weeks of exercise, consisting of 50-min sessions (10-min stretching plus 40-min running at 70–85% of the estimated maximum heart rate for age, twice a week) (n = 32) or 50-min group stretching sessions twice a week (n = 27). Gambling-related constructs were measured using psychometrically sound measures. Psychiatric comorbidities were assessed using structured clinical interviews. Cooper's test and heart rate monitors were used to ensure participants met the target heart rate. The results found an overall time effect on both primary and secondary outcomes. No significant differences were observed between the treatment and control group in gambling severity. Conversely, greater improvements in psychiatric comorbidities were observed for the treatment group. The results suggest that exercise may represent a cost-effective and accessible adjunctive intervention in the treatment of co-occurring psychiatric comorbidities among people with GD.

Balance Training Reduces Postural Sway and Improves Sport-specific Performance in Visually Impaired Cross-Country Skiers.

Kurz, A, Lauber, B, Franke, S, and Leukel, C. Balance training reduces postural sway and improves sport-specific performance in visually impaired cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 247-252, 2021-Balance training is highly effective in reducing sport injuries and causes improvements in postural stability and rapid force production. So far, the positive effects of balance training have been described for healthy athletes. In the present experiments, we questioned whether athletes with disabilities of the visual system can also benefit from balance training. Fourteen visually impaired cross-country skiers participated in this randomized controlled study. The intervention group (N = 7) completed 8 sessions of balance training over a period of 4 weeks (2 times per week), whereas a waiting control group (N = 7) received no training during that time. After training, postural sway was significantly reduced in the intervention group but not in the waiting control group. In addition, sport-specific performance, which was assessed by a standardized Cooper's 12-minute test on roller skis or rollerblades, increased in the intervention group. The change in postural sway from the premeasurement to the postmeasurement correlated with the change in sport-specific performance in all subjects. Our results indicate that balance training is useful for improving postural stability and sport-specific performance in visually impaired cross-country skiers. We propose that balance training should therefore be implemented as part of the training routine in athletes with disabilities of the visual system.

Уровень физического состояния здоровья и физической подготовленности организма борцов – ветеранов спорта

Oleksiy Goncharov, Larysa Ruban & Kostiantyn Ananchenko Purpose: study and an assessment of the physical state of health and the degree of physical fitness of the organism among active veteran wrestlers. Material & Methods: participants: 16 active veteran athletes, 7 of them judoka and 9 sambo wrestlers aged 36–45. Sports qualification of athletes: MS – 10 people, MSIC – 6 people. The stability of the organism to the conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia was assessed by the results of the Stange and Genci tests. To determine the statistical balancing, the Bondarevsky trial was used. The degree of physical readiness was evaluated by the results of the distance traveled on the treadmill of Kettler, comparing it with the Cooper table. To assess the level of physical state, the formula was used by E. A. Pirogova. Results: investigation determined that the actions of the wrestlers – sports veterans of the body's resistance to the conditions of hypoxia and hypercapnia, as well as the indicator VC indices correspond young people. Indicators of statistical balancing among the acting veterans of judoists and sambo wrestlers corresponded to those of 20–30-year-old people. Level of physical condition (LPC) of health in 71,4% of veteran-judoists at the average level and only 28,6% is of a high level. Sambo veterans observed the following: 44,4% of sportsmen of the LPC are above the average; 33,3% have an average level of physical health; in 11,1% of athletes the average LPC and 11,1% of the judo veterans have indicators corresponding to the level below the average. Conclusion: conducted step-by-step medical and pedagogical control allowed to reveal some violations of the adaptive mechanisms of the cardiovascular system, which once again confirms the possibility of using the data of heart rate, blood pressure, Cooper's test for studying and analyzing the physical state of health and the degree of physical preparedness, as well as forecasting the health status of veterans sports.

A STUDY ON IMMEDİATE EFFECT OF SMOKİNG ON YOUNG ATHLETES İN RESPECT OF SELECTED PHYSİOLOGİCAL VARİABLES INFLUENCİNG AEROBİC PERFORMANCE

Immediate effect of smoking on young athletes in respect of selected physiological variables influencing aerobic performance. The purpose of this research was to investigate immediate effect of smoking on aerobic performance to promote or reject smoking before any cardiovascular endurance activity. For this experiment 16 young athletes age between 20 to 24 years with Mean age of approximately 23 years were randomly selected as subject; and for physiological variables those are closely associated with aerobic capacity were selected, Tests - i. Pulse Rate per Minute: Before Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; ii. Blood Pressure in mmHg: Before CT - 3 Minutes after recovery; iii. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) in Liters/Minute: Before CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; iv. Oxygen Saturation (SpO 2 ) in Percentage: Before Cooper Test (CT) – Immediate after completion of CT – 3 Minutes after recovery; v. Blood Sugar in mmole/Liter: Before CT - 3 Minutes after recovery; and to find performance Cooper Test (CT) to measure Cardiovascular Endurance in Kilometer were selected. Researchers came to following conclusion out of through and judicious analysis from collected data. Smoking influenced on the pulse rate taken before the aerobic capacity test. Blood Presser level rose test taken immediate before CT test in both systolic and diastolic due to smoking cigarette. Lung capacity measured in FVC remarkably influenced by smoking. SpO 2 remain in normal range before CT and 3 minutes after with smoking and without smoking but immediate after test score hit to 80% in both the conditions. No impact of smoking was recorded on O 2 saturation in terms of Mean value. Smoking increased Blood sugar level in 3 minutes after recovery test. Cooper test performance scores were severely reduced by smoking. On Body Mass Index Smoking had very little or no impact in investigation. Article visualizations:

Effects of the Water Consumption on the Performance of Congolese Middle-Distance Running Veteran’s Athletes

<i>Objective</i>: Appreciate the effect of the water intake on the performance of Congolese veteran middle distance runners. Methods: The study took place from 16 March to 16 May 2015 in Brazzaville (Congo). (30) middle distance athletes belonging to the category of veterans formed the sample of it. Their average age was 35.93 ± 5,05years old. These athletes have been practicing endurance racing and had been tested twice; the Sargent and Cooper test. These tests were conducted in two phases: the first, without water intake (WO. W. I.) and the second, with water intake (W. W. I). <i>Results</i>: Our sample was 30 subjects. Events selected during our study focused on 800 meter (n = 08), 1500 meter (n = 14), 3000 meter (n = 02) and 5000 meter (n = 06). Body mass index (BMI) (weight / height²) was 20.33 ± 2.14. Regarding performance, the difference was significant (P&gt; 0.05) in the Cooper test with water intake (W. W. I) from Without Intake (WO. W. I). On the other hand, no difference was observed in the Sargent test in both moments (without water intake and water intake). Conclusion: Water, considered vital, had a positive effect in Cooper's test and had no benefit in the Sargent test where performance was declining after consumption.

Hydrostatic Bearing Design Selection for Automotive Application Using Pugh Controlled Convergence Method

This paper evaluates the design selection of a hydrostatic bearing pad for automotive application. The purpose of hydrostatic bearing is to eliminate high frequency vibration from gear mesh-frequency, example from heavy truck. Pugh controlled convergence method was used to obtain the optimum design shape for selection. The setting up parameter criteria verses the concept pad shape between applications of hydrostatic journal and hydrostatic thrust bearings were varied. Comparison of design engineering criteria was made with number of leading concepts in hydrostatic bearing for ultimate qualitative optimization, and the parameter design criteria was customized for automotive heavy truck vehicle. Fourteen (14) selection considerations were used as, manufacturing ease, safety of the design, cost development, accuracy in output, reliability in life span, simplicity in degree of design, load capacity, stiffness, damping, suppress temperature rise, pumping power, mounting space for fitting, oil circulation without leakage and finally displacement of the controlled plunger. From this convergence method,‘Circular recess pocket plunger’ with spring loaded (CRPP) conceptually selected. It was model from qualitative optimization by combining ‘squeeze film damper’ (SFD) of a journal bearing without journal rotation and Cooper's squeeze film coil spring test apparatus.

Reliability and accuracy of Cooper's test in male long distance runners

Endurance capacity can be assessed by field test such as Cooper's test; however, reliability and accuracy are rarely reported in the literature. It was our aims to describe reliability and accuracy of Cooper's test in long distance runners. Fifteen male long distance runners performed twice all-out Cooper's test in a 400 m track. Total distance covered, maximum heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion were recorded. Bias correction factor (Bc) was used to describe accuracy and the main dimensions of reliability were calculated by an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), effect size (ES) and agreement analysis. Accuracy for total distance and HR were relatively high (Cb = 0.994 and 0.956). Reliability for covered distance was as small as 1.7% (52.2 m) and ICC was 0.99; additionally, neither proportional nor systematical bias was detected in the agreement analysis. All together, our results may confirm a good accuracy and reliability of Cooper's test in amateur long distance runners. Also, improvements or impairment lower than 52.2 m must not be associated with exercise training or retraining, since they are below the values of intra-subject reliability. La capacidad de resistencia puede ser evaluada por una prueba de campo como el test de Cooper, sin embargo, la precisión y fiabilidad son raramente divulgados en la literatura. Es nuestro objetivo describir la fiabilidad y la exactitud del test de Cooper en corredores de larga distancia. Quince varones fondistas realizaron pruebas de Cooper dos veces en una pista de 400 metros. La distancia recorrida, la frecuencia cardíaca máxima (FC) y la percepción de esfuerzo fueron registradas. El factor de corrección de sesgo fue utilizado para describir la exactitud y las dimensiones de la fiabilidad y se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación intraclase (CCI), el tamaño del efecto y un análisis de concordancia. La precisión de distancia total recorrida y de la frecuencia cardiaca fueron relativamente altas (Cb = 0.994 y 0.956). La confiabilidad para el recorrido era tan pequeña como el 1.7% (52.2 metros) y el CCI de 0.99, además no se detectó ni sesgo proporcional ni sistemático mediante el análisis de concordancia. Nuestros resultados pueden confirmar una buena exactitud y fiabilidad del test de Cooper en corredores de larga distancia aficionados. También, las variaciones inferiores a 52.2 metros no deben ser asociados con el ejercicio de entrenamiento o desentrenamiento, puesto que están por debajo de la fiabilidad intra-sujeto. A capacidade de resistência pode ser avaliada pelo teste de campo, tal como o teste de Cooper; no entanto, a fiabilidade e precisão são raramente relatados na literatura. O objetivo foi descrever a fiabilidade e precisão do teste de Cooper em corredores de longa distância. Quinze corredores de longa distância do sexo masculino realizaram teste de Cooper 2 vezes, numa faixa de 400 metros. Distância total percorrida, frequência cardíaca máxima (FC) e taxa de esforço percebido foram registadas. Fator de correção do viés (BC) foi usado para descrever a precisão e as principais dimensões de fiabilidade foram calculados por meio do coeficiente de correlação de intraclasse (ICC), tamanho do efeito (ES) e análise de concordância. A precisão da distância total e frequência cardíaca eram relativamente altas (Cb = 0.994 e 0.956). Fiabilidade para o curso era tão pequena quanto 1.7% (52.2 metros) e ICC de 0.99, além disso, uma vez que nem viés proporcional, nem sistemático foram detetados através da análise de jogo. Os nossos resultados podem confirmar uma boa precisão e fiabilidade do teste de Cooper em corredores de longa distância amadores. Além disso, melhorias ou prejuízo menor do que 52.2 metros não devem ser associados a treinamento físico ou destreinamento, uma vez que estão abaixo dos valores de fiabilidade intrassujeitos.