Cooking Oil Research Articles

Quantification of cooking oil fumes using non-catalytic transesterification: A reliable method for indoor air quality assessment

Cooking oil fumes (COFs), which are aerosols formed via the interaction of water and oil (triglycerides, TGs), contribute to the incidence of lung cancer. Control of indoor COF concentrations has not yet been established, as reliable methods for quantifying COFs have not been developed. This study aimed to quantify COFs based on the derivatization of TGs via a non-catalytic transesterification reaction. Our investigation into the thermolytic behaviors of oil confirmed that COFs generated at ≤ 200 °C primarily consisted of oil and water vapor. Alkali-catalyzed transesterification is commonly used for the derivatization of TGs. However, it is sensitive to impurities such as free fatty acids and water, leading to side reactions. Furthermore, this reaction requires additional purification steps to separate the catalyst and has long reaction times (≥120 min). In contrast, non-catalytic transesterification is not sensitive to impurities and can achieve a conversion yield of over 97 wt% within 1 min. The conversion yield of non-catalytic transesterification was higher than that of the alkali-catalyzed method, indicating that non-catalytic transesterification could be a more reliable method for quantifying COFs. Additionally, the concentration of COFs determined using non-catalytic derivatization was higher than that obtained using the conventional aerosol analysis method (PM gravimetric method). This approach addresses a critical gap in current practices, offering a valuable tool for assessing and regulating COF levels in indoor spaces. Consequently, this contributes to broader efforts aimed at mitigating potential adverse health effects associated with exposure to COFs.

Analysis of Distribution and Consumption Patterns in Pangkalpinang City

The food industry not only fulfils basic human needs for survival, but is also one of the vital economic sectors for a region. It creates jobs, from farmers to distributors, and drives various related industries such as packaging and transportation. Furthermore, the export of food products can be a significant source of foreign exchange. Thus, the healthy and sustainable development of the food industry not only ensures the food security of the community, but also contributes to economic growth and overall regional welfare. The purpose of this study is to analyze distribution and consumption patterns in Pangkalpinang City, using analysis of market structure detection, and analysis of trade and transport margins. The data from this study uses primary data, the results show that the distribution pattern of cooking oil and chicken eggs has the longest path and the pattern of consumption of food commodities contributing to the highest deflation is rice

Optimising waste cooking oil as rejuvenator for recycled mixtures: a laboratory-based approach

Global waste accumulation necessitates sustainable pavement solutions. This study focuses on sustainable pavements by adopting the waste-to-wealth approach using waste cooking oil (WCO) as rejuvenator to incorporate higher reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). A novel approach optimises WCO for recycled mixtures with different field RAP contents. The optimum WCO was assessed for mixtures with laboratory-aged RAP, considering binder performance, properties of laboratory-aged RAP binder, and moisture susceptibility. Optimum dosages were then determined for the mixtures with field RAP without compromising moisture susceptibility. These dosages depend on the percentage and viscosity of the extracted binder of field RAP. Results indicated that the recycled mixture with field RAP and corresponding optimum WCO assessed from the proposed method exhibited satisfactory moisture susceptibility unlike the recycled mixtures without WCO. Also, the method suggested a way to estimate the total optimum binder content, if higher RAP is being used considering the inactive binder of RAP.

Young People's Involvement in Reused Cooking Oil

Young People's Involvement in Reused Cooking Oil

Sustainable biodiesel production from waste cooking oils for energetically independent small communities: an overview

AbstractIntroducing synthetic fuels and biofuels like biodiesel can be pivotal in transitioning to a decarbonised energy system. Biodiesel offers a versatile solution with various production technologies, each with advantages and disadvantages, depending on several factors, including the specific application of biodiesel. In a smart grid, an advanced electrical grid that leverages digital technology to detect and respond to local changes in usage, a small community could harness biodiesel for energy storage and supply. By implementing a renewable energy storage system in the form of biodiesel from waste oils, individuals can contribute to developing innovative solutions for the combined and distributed production of electricity and heat, primarily from renewable sources. The aim is to make the production-demand distribution networks within a hybrid system smart and in line with the concept of nanogrid. This localised grid can operate independently or in conjunction with the traditional power grid and can integrate generation systems from fossil and renewable sources, micro-cogeneration, and accumulation. The possibility of exploiting biodiesel in a nanogrid as an eco-sustainable source for energy storage opens up the possibility of building small-scale plants. For example, converting 3682 L/year of waste oils from a university campus dining facilities to 3712 L/year of biodiesel allows replacing 19% of the fossil diesel consumed by the university fleet, with a payback period of 16 months, lower capital and operational costs, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions of 9.37 tonnes CO2-eq/yr. Therefore, biodiesel becomes a sustainable energy source for energy communities, underscoring the innovative potential of this approach.

Characterization of biodiesel blends produced from repurpose used cooking oil

Characterising the fuel before it is used in an engine is necessary for a healthy fuel supply for an engine, just as a clean environment is necessary for a healthy life. Used cooking oil (UCO), a third-generation feedstock, is investigated for its physicochemical properties. To ascertain the blend's suitability as an alternative fuel, characterisation was conducted using GC-MS, thermogravimetric, infrared spectroscopy and element analysis. To enhance the characteristics the oxygenated additive (diethyl ether: DEE) was added at higher proportions. In accordance with Indian requirements, the impact of DEE on the physicochemical characteristics of biodiesel blends was examined (IS1448). Oleic acid keeps RUCO-B's fuel mixture well in terms of viscosity, ignition quality and oxidative stability. Sulphur-free technology on the RUCO-B eliminates sulphur oxide emissions automatically. The physical (density and viscosity), chemical (cetane number and calorific value) and cold flow (flash point, pour point and cloud point) characteristics of ternary blends were all enhanced by the addition of DEE. According to ASTM D975, the blend's 4% DEE surpasses the standard's acid value by 36%, potentially causing engine damage. In ternary blends, the DEE proportion (0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2%) enhances the cold flow, chemical and physical qualities.

Meta-analysis of retrogradation effect on starches of white rice, and comparative study of different cooking oils and cooking methods on in vitro glucose release from white rice

Cooling is a technique employed to reduce the high glucose release from white rice by altering the proportion of rapidly digestible (RDS), slowly digestible (SDS), and resistant (RS) starches. Retrogradation of the gelatinised starches to a crystalline structure increases the RS content that does not spike blood glucose on consumption. The meta-analysis showed that following different retrogradation durations, there were significant mean differences (MD), viz. an increase in RS (MD: 4.17 g/100 g, p < 0.00001) and decrease in RDS (MD: -7.09 g/100 g, p < 0.0001). The addition of cooking oil to rice retards the release of glucose due to the formation of an amylose-lipid complex (ALC), and together with retrogradation, further lowers glucose release. In the present work, palm oil (PO) and coconut oil (CO) were added to steamed rice by three methods: (A) stir-frying raw rice with oil before steaming, (B) adding oil in cooking water during steaming, and (C): stir-frying the steamed rice with oil, following by refrigeration at 4°C for 12 h. For nutritional composition, the moisture, fat, and carbohydrate contents of white rice were affected upon treatments. Besides, oil-treated rice released glucose slower than control in the in vitro digestibility test, showing increased RS and decreased RDS. Moreover, rice with CO added by Method A might serve as a potential prebiotic as it increased the growth of Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus in tandem with the decrease in oligosaccharides over 24 h. Coconut oil was the better cooking oil for reducing glucose release from white rice due to its greater ability to form ALC. The addition of CO via Method C is recommended as the lower moisture content in the rice aided formation of perfectly crystalline starch during retrogradation.

Impact of hydrogen-assisted combustion in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber powered by rapeseed oil/waste cooking oil biodiesel

This study investigates the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil and waste cooking oil in a toroidal re-entrant combustion chamber (TCC) compression ignition engine. Hydrogen was allowed into the engine in dual fuel mode to enhance the engine performance. The presence of oxygen in the biodiesel and hydrogen induction increased the peak pressure and heat release rate significantly for all the engine loads. At a peak load of 4.88 kW, the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.77% was recorded for the D70R20W10 (diesel 70%, rapeseed oil 20%, waste cooking oil 10%) biodiesel blend. Furthermore, hydrogen induction enhanced the BTE by around 3%. The biodiesel blending substantially lowered the emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke opacity. Additionally, hydrogen supplementation facilitated 5–10% carbon monoxide reduction over biodiesel blends by enabling more complete oxidation. However, higher temperatures generated due to complete combustion resulted in more NOx formation. Thus, the authors propose that biodiesel blends of rapeseed oil, waste cooking oil, and diesel with hydrogen induction improve engine performance and reduce regulated emissions.

PERANAN BANK SAMPAH TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PEREKONOMIAN MASYARAKAT (Studi Empiris : Bank Sampah Kelurahan Bener Yogyakarta)

This study aims to analyze the management system, empower the community's creative economy through waste recycling, social and economic impacts, as well as the application of circular and sustainable economic concepts at the Waste Bank in Bener Village, Yogyakarta. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the management of the Waste Bank in Bener Yogyakarta Village has successfully implemented the 3R system (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling). The empowerment of the community's creative economy has been actualized through the recycling of waste that has economic value, such as laundry soap from used cooking oil and candles. The Waste Bank also works with wholesale stalls in the area to sell household staples, as well as manage the land around the area as an additional source of income. The social effect benefited by the existence of the Waste Bank in the Bener Village of Yogyakarta is the reduction in the amount of waste produced by the community, which in turn has a positive impact on environmental cleanliness. The economic impact can also be seen from the additional income and business capital for the community. Through this additional income, the community can use it to pay monthly waste bills and meet their daily needs. However, the income from the Waste Bank is still not sufficient to fulfil overall daily needs. A circular and sustainable economy is created through a waste management program in the form of compost and stacked buckets production.

Whole-Waste synthesis of Kilogram-Scale Macropores adsorbent materials for Wide-Range oil and heavy metal removal

The rapid pace of social development leads to the generation of significant quantities of oily wastewater and heavy metal ions, posing severe threats to the environment and human health. Therefore, finding cost-effective and efficient adsorbent materials is crucial. In the present study, a porous organic polymer based on waste cooking oil was synthesized as a macropores material called POP-WCO, allowing for preparation in kilogram quantities (more than one kilogram in a single batch). This material effectively removes oil and heavy metals, exhibiting excellent hydrophobic and superoleophilic properties, enabling the adsorption of various common oils within 22 s. POP-WCO is designed to swiftly remove and recover eight common oils through simple mechanical extrusion, maintaining a consistent oil recovery efficiency of 94% after 10 cycles. It can effectively treat and recover oil spills at sea through static and continuous adsorption. In addition, the POP-WCO material removes over 99% of the heavy metal mercury, showing exceptional resistance to acid, alkali, and salt, as well as economic value. The mechanism of Hg(II) adsorption by POP-WCO has been confirmed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, elucidating the microdynamics process of the adsorption mechanism. This research presents an important strategy for achieving resource sustainability by transforming waste into valuable materials.

Study on the in Vitro Inhibitory Activity of Peony Seed Blended Oil on α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase

In recent years, China has been suffering from an increasing number of patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease, which are gradually showing a "younger" trend. As health problems become more prominent, choosing good cooking oil has become crucial. People are beginning to realize the significance of a balanced diet and healthy eating habits in maintaining good health. Peony seed oil is rich in nutrients, and its content of unsaturated fatty acids can reach over 85%, with the highest content of α-linolenic acid, which effectively lowers blood sugar. Suppose soybean oil and rapeseed oil are combined and added. In that case, the original efficacy of peony seed oil can be complemented and enhanced, its mechanism of action network can be sound, and its nutritional composition can be enriched. We can obtain an optimal ratio for mixing the above several oils by studying their effects and roles. This paper explored the inhibitory effects of peony seed oil, soybean oil, and rapeseed oil on α-amylase activity and α-glucosidase activity, and their optimal ratios were determined by a one-way test and response surface method. The results showed that the optimal ratio was peony seed oil: soybean oil: rapeseed oil = 60:27:13. The results provide specific technology and reference for the development and utilization of peony and provide a particular theoretical basis for the development of hypoglycemic drugs or health food.

Investigation of Rutting and Low Temperature Cracking Behavior of Reactive Ethylene Terpolymer and Waste Cooking Oil Modified Bitumen

With sustainability being the most crucial issue of recent years, the use of waste materials in bitumen modification is increasing and becoming widespread. In this experimental study, it was aimed to investigate the high- and low-temperature behavior of bitumen samples modified with waste cooking oil (WCO), reactive ethylene terpolymer (RET), and polyphosphoric acid (PPA). Accordingly, the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test and the bending beam rheometer (BBR) test were conducted. Depending on the increasing WCO ratio, the Jnr,R%,∆T_c,and λ parameters of modified bitumens were examined in detail. It was observed that with increasing WCO ratio,the Jnr value increased, and elastic recovery and stiffness decreased. In addition, it has been determined that this composite-modified bitumen is resistant to heavy traffic loads and has sufficient flexibility at low temperatures.

Effect of Adding Vitamin to Cooking Oil on Peroxide Value

The aim of this research is to reduce the number of peroxides in two frying oil samples by using one of the natural antioxidants which is vitamin E, one of the chemical specifications that assess the oil is the peroxide number, which is the number of free radicals formed in the oil and the number of peroxides increases during exposure to heat, moisture, oxygen, bad storage conditions, light or other conditions. These peroxides have a harmful effect on the consumer health (Carcinogenic substances). The vitamin E had a clear impact on the peroxide value, as when conducting the experiment and using oil to fry potato slices, the number of peroxides was high before adding vitamin E which score approximately (Peroxide number is 5.6 for 15 minutes, 9.8 for 30 minutes, and 11.6 for 45 minutes). After using vitamin E in amount of 10 microgram per 100 ml of oil, the effect was clear of vitamin E on the number of peroxide as it decreased significantly. Which scored (5 for 15 minutes, 8.1 for 30 minutes, 8.9 for 45 minutes), When vitamin E added by 20 microgram the result was (4.8 for 15 minutes, 5.5 for 30 minutes, 6.5 for 45 minutes). 50 micrograms per 100 oils shown to have no significant effect on the peroxide value. it was found that the best concentration is 20 micrograms for a sample of 100 ml of oil.

Dietary quality and its relationship with metabolic syndrome in the population aged 45 to 59 in Zhejiang Province in 2022

To explore the relationship between dietary quality and metabolic syndrome(MS) in the population aged 45 to 59 in Zhejiang Province. Selecting the 45-59 year old population as the research object from the 2022 nutrition and health monitoring data of residents in Zhejiang Province. Dietary data was obtained by the 24-hour dietary review method on 3 consecutive days and the weighing method of household cooking oil and condiments, and dietary quality was evaluated using the China health diet index(CHDI), which was categorized into four groups according to quartiles of CHDI scores. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between different CHDI score groups and MS and its components. A total of 1421 study participants were included, with a mean CHDI score of(56.83±11.80) and a prevalence of MS of 24.5%. After adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and physical activity, the Q4 group with the highest CHDI score had a decreased risk of developing MS(OR=0.57, 95%CI 0.40-0.82), hypertension(OR=0.60, 95% CI 0.44-0.81), and elevated fasting blood glucose(OR=0.41, 95%CI 0.26-0.65) compared to the Q1 group with the lowest CHDI score. After conducting gender subgroup analysis, it was found that: the risk of developing MS, hypertension and high triglycerides was decreased in the Q4 group of CHDI scores in females compared with the Q1 group(P<0.05), whereas in males only high CHDI scores were found to be a protective factor for elevated fasting blood glucose(P<0.05). The quality of diet is negatively associated with the risk of MS, hypertension and hyperglycemia in people aged 45-59 years in Zhejiang Province, and there are gender differences in the relationship between CHDI and MS and its components.

Performance and Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Mixtures Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt and Waste Cooking Oil as Rejuvenator: Emphasis on Circular Economy

Performance and Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Mixtures Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt and Waste Cooking Oil as Rejuvenator: Emphasis on Circular Economy

Production of green diesel from waste cooking oil via catalytic deoxygenation reaction using metal doped eggshell catalyst

Abstract Green diesel production via catalytic deoxygenation of waste cooking oil (WCO) over metal doped eggshell catalyst was investigated in this work. The catalyst was prepared through liquid-liquid precipitation of 5 transition metal solutions and ground eggshell (ES) as the catalyst support. The prepared catalyst, Fe-ES, Cu-ES, Co-ES, Zn-ES, and Ni-ES were characterized using BET surface area and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. BET surface area data and SEM images of the catalyst shows a promising catalyst physical properties that tailor to the deoxygenation reaction. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) was used to determine the hydrocarbon composition of the oil yield product from the reaction. The reaction also produces gas, soap and liquid acid phase while the remaining unreacted WCO becomes coke. The percentage of all products and coke were calculated using mass balance. Deoxygenation of WCO with Ni-ES catalyst produced highest oil yield at 61.6% with the hydrocarbon content of 56.11%. Ni-ES also produced 22.9% coke; the least percentage compared to other catalyst. The findings proved that Ni-ES catalyst exhibited the highest conversion of WCO into gas and liquid product with a greater yield of oil and minimal coke formation. These findings demonstrate the feasibility and practicality of using eggshell catalysts as substitutes for commercial catalysts in green diesel production.

Preliminary study of mixing used cooking oil and lemon peel essential oil as an alternative fuel to replace biodiesel

Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly renewable bio-energy with many advantages over diesel fuel. The disadvantage of biodiesel is that the price is still relatively expensive so it cannot compete with diesel fuel. This high price is due to the high cost of raw materials and manufacturing process costs. Raw materials such as palm oil, methanol and methyl acetate are expensive, and the transesterification and interesterification processes require long process stages that require a lot of energy supply. The solution to overcome this problem is to use cheap raw materials and a simple manufacturing process. Used cooking oil is household waste that has prospects as a raw material. Another ingredient used is lemon essential oil. Lemon essential oil can be made yourself by extracting lemon peel waste using a boiling or steaming process. The lemon essential oil used is also small, namely a maximum of 5% of the mass of used cooking oil. It is hoped that mixing used cooking oil with lemon essential oil can replace biodiesel. Lemon essential oil is a bio-additive that can improve the quality of used cooking oil to approach the physical properties of biodiesel. With this new process, it is hoped that it can produce fuel that is cheap but of good quality. The aim of the research is to obtain a new fuel to replace biodiesel that is cheaper and more efficient, namely with cheap raw materials and fewer process stages so that it will reduce production costs. The research began with the activation of zeolite as an adsorbent for purifying used cooking oil with variables including zeolite mass of 400 grams, calcination temperature of 300⁰C, activation time of 2 hours and zeolite size > 80 mesh. The second stage of the research was purifying used cooking oil with zeolite using a variable volume of 3 liters of used cooking oil and a purification time of 1 hour. The third stage of the research was mixing purified used cooking oil with lemon essential oil with variable volume of essential oil (3, 4, 5, 6, 7% oil volume) and mixing temperature (30, 40, 50⁰C), mixing time 60 minutes, stirring speed 500 rpm and oil volume 150 mL. After the mixing time and the sample temperature reached room temperature, an analysis of the density, acid number, viscosity and FFA of used cooking oil with bio-additive lemon essential oil was carried out. The analysis results are compared with the biodiesel standard SNI 7182-2015 to see whether the product/sample approaches the physical properties of biodiesel

Pemanfaatan Limbah Minyak Jelantah Untuk Mengurangi Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan Di Desa Asem

The use of used cooking oil that is not properly managed can pollute the environment, especially in Asem Village. This community service activity aims to reduce pollution by processing used cooking oil into soap, which has economic value and is environmentally friendly. The methods used include socialization, training, and technical assistance in making soap from used cooking oil to the local community. The results of the activity showed an increase in public awareness about the dangers of used cooking oil waste and a significant reduction in the volume of waste that pollutes the environment. This program is expected to be a long-term solution to environmental problems in Asem Village

Utilization of Used Cooking Oil in Making Liquid Soap with the Addition of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Leaf Extract as an Antibacterial

Utilization of Used Cooking Oil in Making Liquid Soap with the Addition of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Leaf Extract as an Antibacterial

RECYCLING DOMESTIC COOKING OIL (DCO) INTO SOAP: KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER THROUGH COMMUNITY SERVICE LEARNING IN PERLIS

Malaysia generates a significant amount of waste from domestic cooking oil (DCO), which can be used as a raw material for soap production. This study examines the functionality of soap made from household cooking oil in Perlis, Malaysia. The community project provides awareness, exposure, and training to 30 participants of Sekolah Menengah Sains Syed Putra, Kangar to recycle used DCO into soap production at their homes or business premises. The approach includes identifying communities and training locations, developing training modules, preparing teaching and demonstration workshops, interactive training, monitoring, and impact studies. Soap optimizations are carried out in the lab to suit the community's knowledge background and at-home facilities. The aims of this study are to examine and create organic soap using a combination of leftover household cooking oil, decorative plants, medicinal plants, and food plants. An operating temperature of 60℃ and a moisture content of 4% are the optimal conditions for degumming. The optimal decolorizing agent is activated kaolinite clay, DCO, with a ratio of 100:5 of activated clay to DCO, at a temperature of 60℃ for a treatment time of 30 minutes. The most efficient technique for saponification involves using a mass ratio of 0.3:1 between sodium bicarbonates and DCO, and maintaining a saponification temperature of 70℃. The end products consist of two distinct varieties of soaps that have the potential to produce revenue for the local community.