Cooking Oil Methyl Ester Research Articles

Impact of injection timing (IT) on dual fuel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and producer gas

In present scenario fossil fuels are getting depleted, in addition to this dependency and price is increasing. A time may come in future there might fuel crises. Hence, in order to make a better future. Renewable fuels from different and large number of sources can be typically used as fuel to generate electricity and for transportation in replacement of fossil fuels. This background view describes the of injection timing (IT) effect on engine performance, combustion and characteristics of Emission using waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) and induction of producer gas with pilot injection of diesel on dual fuel mode of working. Thus, experiment shows the optimization of different injection timing (IT) (19–31° in step of 4°) to improve the dual fuel engine performance. Investigation of WCOME with producer gas operation at 27° bTDC showed reduced emission levels with increased brake thermal efficiency.

Numerical study for the spray characteristics of diesel engine powered by biodiesel fuels under different injection pressures

Great attention is directed towards the study of the spray phenomena theoretically and experimentally due to its dramatic effect on the combustion process that occurred in an internal combustion engine, in particular, the diesel engine. The spray macroscopic characteristic of diesel engines fueled with two different biodiesel fuels in addition to nominal diesel under various injection pressures has been investigated numerically in this work. The selected biofuels are Rapeseed methyl ester (RME), Waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME). The Russian simulation software Diesel-RK is used in this work. Four different injection pressures are used which are 200, 500, 800 and 1000 bar respectively. It is found that RME has higher spray penetration with a narrow spray angle due to high viscosity and large momentum compared to diesel fuel. The results reported that biodiesels have greater Sauter mean diameter (SMD) compared to pure diesel because of their higher viscosity and surface tension. Promising reduction in SMD comes with WCOME as the injection pressure increases. Cylinder pressure along with heat release is reduced in the case of biodiesel due to the reduction in heating values. The lowest ability to produce smoke is recorded for WCOME where 93% reduction is achieved followed by a 57% reduction for RME as compared to diesel. The obtained results are compared with the results of other researcher and the convergence between them is observed.

Abiding effects of phenolic antioxidants on oxidative behaviour of fatty acid methyl esters derived from waste cooking oil

Fatty acid alkyl esters (FAMEs) derived from waste vegetable oils and non-edible oil sources are the most attractive alternative liquid biofuel in the energy field. Substitute methyl esters derived from waste cooking oil (WCO) have a lower induction period (3.12 h) and do not satisfy the Biodiesel EN 14214:2012 Standard (8 h). In this study, concentrations of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of four different types of phenolic antioxidants—butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG)—were used to examine oxidative stability and improve fuel quality. PG (250 ppm) showed the most effective result of 18 h to 12.17 h of the induction period of 6 months of storage. Antioxidant effectiveness increased with regard the oxidative stability of waste cooking oil methyl ester in the following order: BHT <TBHQ < BHA< PG. Acid value and kinematic viscosity of WCO biodiesel increase 564.3% and 10.3% respectively, which indicate degradation of fuel quality. But biodiesel with antioxidant, all the parameters changes dynamically. The acid value, kinematic viscosity, and density of all investigated samples increased. All results were within limits of EN 14214:2012 standard specification for the 6 months of storage period.

Influence of diethyl ether on exergy and emission characteristics of diesel engine with waste cooking oil methyl ester

Influence of diethyl ether on exergy and emission characteristics of diesel engine with waste cooking oil methyl ester

Definition of the optimal content of used cooking oil methyl ester in blends fuelling a turbocharged diesel engine

An extended investigation on the application of blends between diesel oil and used cooking oil methyl esters (UCOME) was developed on an automotive turbocharged diesel engine. Two commercial diesel oils were considered as reference fuels, the first with the conventional content of biodiesel (7%), the second with an amount of 15%. Then, increasing levels of UCOME were added, on a volumetric basis (20%, 40%, 55 or 60%), to analyse the influence of biodiesel content on engine behaviour. Three part load engine operating conditions were selected for tests, measuring average engine parameters and indicated pressure diagrams. Their processing allowed to calculate the most important operating, energy and environmental engine quantities, rate of heat release and related combustion parameters. A proper management of the exhaust gas recirculation circuit, variable nozzle turbine and injection system was applied thanks to the availability of an open electronic control unit.An optimal UCOME content (40%) was identified, leading to highest values of brake thermal efficiency (with maximum increase around 5% referring to baseline fuels) and lowest levels of NOX emissions. For this blend, the analysis of combustion parameters outlined that the use of the renewable fuel corresponded to an enhanced premixed combustion phase, while reducing combustion duration. Lower local temperature levels, related to the decrease of Lower Heating Value, other local effects and biodiesel degree of unsaturation justify NOX reduction. Furthermore, soot emissions were always reduced when increasing biodiesel content, while combustion stability was not affected. All these outcomes were observed with and without EGR.

In-Situ Epoxidation of Waste Cooking Oil and Its Methyl Esters for Lubricant Applications: Characterization and Rheology

In the present investigation, in-situ epoxidation of waste cooking oil and its methyl esters was prepared, and the rheological behavior was analyzed for biolubricant applications. Rheological properties of the prepared epoxides were measured at a temperature of 25–100 °C, at a shear rate ranging from 5 to 300 s−1. As viscosity is one of the critical parameters for potential biolubricant applications, in the present study, the power-law model was used to investigate the flow behavior of the epoxides. The viscosity of epoxidized waste cooking oil and its methyl ester epoxides showed Newtonian flow behavior in the studied temperature range. Different shear rates (5–100, 5–300, 100–300 s−1) were studied to determine the shear rate dependency of the epoxidized waste cooking oil and its methyl ester epoxides at different temperatures. From the average viscosity values, it was shown that the epoxides show identical results at all shear rates. The dynamic viscosities of the epoxidized waste cooking oil and its methyl ester epoxides were found to be dependent on fatty acid chain length, unsaturation, and temperature. Detailed physicochemical characterization for epoxide waste cooking oil (EWCO) and epoxide waste cooking oil methyl esters (EWCOME) were carried out to evaluate the properties for suitable biolubricant applications using standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) methods. Based on the viscosity for EWCO (278.9 mm2/s) and EWCOME (12.15 mm2/s) and viscosity index for EWCO (164.94) and EWCOME (151.97) of the prepared epoxides, they could complement the standard ISO vegetable grade (VG) lubricants in the market.

Wastes to energy: Improving the poor properties of waste tire pyrolysis oil with waste cooking oil methyl ester and waste fusel alcohol – A detailed assessment on the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a CI engine

The core objective of this study is to pull back the worsened combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with waste tire pyrolysis oil - diesel fuel blends. Four fuels are tested in the experiments. These are (1) 100% diesel fuel, (2) 20% waste tire pyrolysis oil + 80% diesel fuel, (3) 10% pyrolysis oil and 80% diesel fuel containing 10% waste biodiesel, and finally, (4) 10% waste tire pyrolysis oil and 80% diesel fuel containing 10% waste fusel oil. The tests are performed at a constant engine speed of 2400 rpm, and varying engine loads from 3 to 12 Nm with intervals of 3 Nm. In the results, it is noticed that using of waste tire pyrolysis oil - diesel fuel blend is reducing the brake thermal efficiency down to 9.13% for waste tire pyrolysis oil - diesel fuel blends, however, this reduction is being pulled back by 7.51%, and 3.82% with the addition of waste biodiesel, and fusel oil, respectively as compared to that of diesel fuel. On the other hand, waste tire pyrolysis oil - diesel fuel blend increased the brake specific fuel consumption by 21.78%, however, this increase is being pulled back by 8.89%, and 12.57% for waste biodiesel, and fusel oil, respectively. The increase in carbon monoxide for waste tire pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel is 7.09% in comparison with that of diesel fuel. However, with the addition of biofuels, carbon monoxide is being dropped by 7.69% for waste biodiesel, and 19.23% for fusel oil due to the high oxygen contents of waste biofuels. Moreover, waste tire pyrolysis oil-diesel fuel blend is increasing nitrogen oxide by 7.09%, but this increase by 4.64% with the addition of waste biodiesel. On the other hand, the addition of fusel oil is converting the increasing trend of nitrogen oxide into a reduction of 3.09% owing to fusel oil’s water content. As a consequence, this research is proving that the waste biofuels are able to improve poor combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of binary waste tire pyrolysis oil – diesel blend with the doping of waste biofuels, and suggesting ternary blends rather than waste tire pyrolysis oil alone for diesel engines. Moreover, it is noticed that burning waste products is a very effective tool for both waste management and alternate to fossil fuels.

Optimization of fuel injection parameters and compression ratio of a biogas fueled diesel engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil as a pilot fuel

The present study aims to run a diesel engine completely with renewable source, which is biogas and waste cooking oil methyl ester (assumed when cooking methods not changed) on a dual fuel mode. Further, this study also attempts to unfold the combined effect of both fuel injection parameters and compression ratio on its performance, and combustion analyses of a diesel engine, modified to run on biogas-biodiesel. A series of tests were conducted by considering three different parameters (injection timing, injection pressure and compression ratio (CR)) at three different levels. i.e., injection timing advanced to 3°CA from standard 23°CAbTDC, injection pressure increased to 240 bar from standard 200 bar, one higher and one lower compression ratio from standard CR17.5. The results obtained were compared with the diesel at engine’s original settings (CR17.5, 23°CAbTDC, 200 bar and 4.4 kW). It was found that, the combination of CR18.5, 240 bar injection pressure and 24.5°CAbTDC gave a maximum BTE of about 31.2%. At the same condition, HC, CO and smoke emissions were found to be lesser by 55.5%, 3.5% and 19.1% respectively than diesel at full load. However, for the same CR and 240 bar, advancing from 24.5°CAbTDC to 26°CAbTDC resulted in a poor performance.

The effect of Zinc Oxide on Operation of Compression Ignition Engine with EGR fueled with Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel

Nanoparticles are being used increasingly along with second and third generation biofuels. One major advantage of nanoparticles is its surface to volume ratio and also the number of active surfaces it possess which make it ideal for application as a catalyst in a chemical reaction or in biodiesel’s case an additive. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) has been employed in the current experimentation as an additive because it improves the properties such as the flash and fire point of the fuel in which it is blended in. Also, ZnO disperses well in fluid and provides advanced theoretical density along with not getting clogged in the fuel pump. In the present work Biodiesel derived from Waste cooking oil-Waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) has been used along with ZnO nanoparticle and the amount of ZnO used is 80 ppm. The engine is also fitted with hot Exhaust Gas Recirculation system in order to decrease the Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission. Combustion properties such as Heat Release Rate and P-θ diagram have been thoroughly studied. The performance parameters like Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Break Thermal Efficiency are also calculated and plotted on graphs for evaluation. Exhaust gases from the engine are measured and the results have been plotted on graphs for comparison. The properties of exhaust gases considered are % of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen oxides, Unburnt Hydrocarbons & Smoke Opacity. From the results it was revealed that all 3 parameters: Performance, Combustion & Emissions of the engine was improved by using ZnO as additive.

Modelling of biodiesel blend using optimised deep belief network: blending waste cooking oil methyl ester with tyre pyrolysis oil

This study introduces a new biodiesel blend as an alternative for diesel using waste cooking oil methyl ester by adding tyre pyrolysis oil and cerium oxide. Despite the conventional biodiesel blending models, this study made an effort to efficiently measure the prediction rate of these blended fuels by modelling through the deep belief network (DBN). To attain the accurate prediction, this study moves on with the new logic of optimal tuning of the count of hidden neurons in DBN. The optimal selection is carried out by introducing a new algorithm named lioness updated crow search algorithm (LCSA), which hybrids the concept of the lion algorithm (LA) and crow search algorithm (CSA). Finally, the proposed work is analysed and compared over other conventional models with respect to emission analysis and error analysis. From the analysis, the proposed model in terms of mean deviation (MD) measure has gained betterment and is 75.57, 17.71, 85.55, and 74.19% better than grey wolf optimiser (GWO), whale optimisation algorithm (WOA), LA, and CSA, respectively. For the mean absolute error measure, the implemented model is 42.38, 24.42, 43.53 and 36.72% improved than GWO, WOA, LA, and CSA, respectively.

Emission Measurement of Buses Fueled with Biodiesel Blends during On-Road Testing

Increasing the biodiesel content of diesel fuels is encouraged because of its reduced carbon footprint. Pure rapeseed methyl ester (RME)and used cooking oil methyl ester (UCOME) are characterised by well-to-tank greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions of 54% and 88% compared to pure B0 petrodiesel, respectively. Captive fleets such as public transport buses could benefit from these GHG reductions by increasing the biodiesel content of their fuel because they have a consequent yearly fuel consumption. The aim of this paper is to compare on-road tailpipe emissions of a diesel bus when increasing the biodiesel concentration in the fuel. The tests were carried out on a standard city bus belonging to the Euro V EEV emission standard that was equipped with a portable emission measurement system measuring NO, NO2, PN, CO and CO2 at the tailpipe. The bus followed the SORT which is representative of urban bus driving. The heavy urban on-road measurements indicated increased NOx emissions (24–26%), decreased PN emissions (43–45%) and slightly decreasing CO emissions for B30 RME and UCOME compared to B7. A measurement uncertainty analysis showed that the CO emissions were less reliable. Similar conclusions were drawn for the easy urban on-road bus emission measurements with smaller differences between B7 and B30 RME and UCOME.

Artificial neural networks modelling for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The objective of the present work is to develop models inculcating the effect of operating conditions of waste cooking oil methyl esters production in the reactive distillation column, namely waste cooking oil (WCO) flow rate, methanol/WCO molar ratio, reboiler heat duty and feed inlet temperature on the estimation of parameters like the biodiesel conversion by using Artificial Neural Networks technique. In our study, at the maximum biodiesel conversion of 99.48% and at steady state time of 1.69 hour were determined as WCO flow rate of 2.90 ml/min, methanol/oil molar ratio of 8.19 and reboiler heat duty of 0.419 kW. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and the results obtained were used to develop the ANN model using MATLAB. The developed model was in good agreement with the experimental values.

Exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses of a CI engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel blends containing various metal-oxide nanoparticles

Comprehensive exergetic and exergoeconomic analyses of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, naturally aspirated compression ignition (CI) diesel engine were conducted in the present paper. Exergy-based sustainability indicators were also determined in the study. The test engine was fueled with diesel fuel (D100), %90 diesel+10% waste cooking oil methyl ester blend (D90B10), D90B10 with Al2O3 nanoparticle of 100 ppm (D90B10Al2O3), D90B10 with TiO2 nanoparticle of 100 ppm (D90B10TiO2), and D90B10 with SiO2 nanoparticle of 100 ppm (D90B10SiO2) nanofuels, separately. The tests were performed at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm and at varying engine loads from 2.5 to 10 Nm with an increment of 2.5 Nm. As a result, the exergy efficiencies of the test engine for D90B10 and D90B10Al2O3 were determined to be 25.57% and 28.12%, respectively. The lowest cost flow rate of crankshaft work was found to be 0.4247 US$/h at 2.5 Nm, 0.5154 US$/h at 5 Nm for D90B10Al2O3, and 0.6029 US$/h at 7.5 Nm, 0.7253 US$/h at 10 Nm for D90B10SiO2. At 10 Nm, the highest and lowest sustainability index values were determined to be 1.391 for D90B10Al2O3 and 1.344 for D90B10, respectively. From the perspective of exergy and sustainability, D90B10Al2O3 had the best results. Besides, from the perspective of exergoeconomics, D90B10Al2O3 had the best results at lower engine loads. As a conclusion, it can be said that nanofuels showed better performances compared to neat diesel fuel and diesel-biodiesel blend in the terms of in terms of exergy, exergoeconomics, and sustainability analyzes. Considering all analyses together, it is noticed that Al2O3-doped nanofuel is the best test fuel for this study, and then it is followed by SiO2 and TiO2-doped nanofuels, respectively.

Characteristics of stable biodiesel emulsion fuel with the aid of lipophilic surfactant, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR)

ABSTRACT Biodiesel emulsion fuel is reported as one of the most feasible options capable of generating lower NOx emission than that from fossil fuels. However, oil and water in the emulsion fuel are easily separated and unstable. The aim of the present study is to consider the production and stability of biodiesel emulsion fuel by using tetraglycerin ester (CR-310), i.e., one of lipophilic surfactant, polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and biodiesel, i.e., Waste cooking Oil Methyl Ester (WOME) produced based on waste cooking oil. The corresponding heat rate, water content, and viscosity are measured. Emphasis is placed on the effects of water content and surfactant on biodiesel emulsions. It is found that: (i) stable emulsion fuel is obtained by adding at least 2.0% of CR-310 and is maintained over 1 month, (ii) there is no effect of water content on stable emulsion fuel if CR-310 is used over 2.0%, and (iii) the viscosity of emulsion fuels is higher than that of the biodiesel fuel and is gradually increased with an increase in the water content.

Performance, Emissions, Combustion and Vibration Analysis of a CI Engine Fueled with Coconut and Used Palm Cooking Oil Methyl Ester

Biodiesels from coconut and palm cooking oil are viable alternatives to diesel fuel due to their environmental sustainability and similar physicochemical properties compared to diesel. In the present study, these fuels were tested separately in a diesel engine by blending with fossil diesel in proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by volume. Experiments were conducted under a constant brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 400 kPa and at 2000 rpm. The results revealed similarities in engine performance, emissions, combustion and engine block vibration for used palm cooking oil methyl ester (UPME) fuel blends and coconut methyl ester (CME) fuel blends. Most blends resulted in slight improvements in brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). A maximum reduction of 54%, 89% and 16.8% in pollutant emissions of brake specific hydrocarbons (BSHC), brake specific carbon monoxide (BSCO) and brake specific nitrogen oxides (BSNOx), respectively, was observed with UPME and CME in the blends. The cylinder pressure profiles when UPME-diesel and CME-diesel blends were used were comparable to a standard diesel pressure trace, however, some deviations in peak pressure were also noticed. It was also apparent from the results that engine vibration was influenced by the type of methyl ester used and its blend composition. Notably, the rate of pressure increase was maintained within an acceptable limit when the engine was fueled with both of the methyl ester blends.

Effect of nozzle opening pressure on combustion, performance, and emission analyses of a dual fuel diesel engine

ABSTRACT In this study, a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, direct injection (DI) diesel engine developing a power of 4.4 kW at a constant speed of 1500rpm was modified to operate on a dual fuel mode running on raw biogas–Waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME); where, WCOME was used as a pilot fuel to initiate combustion, while biogas was used as a primary fuel which proceeded throughout the engine operation. For the dual fuel operation, the effect of nozzle opening pressure of the fuel injector was varied from the original nozzle opening pressure of 200 bar to 280 bar at a regular interval of 20 intervals. Also, the engine load in terms of power output was varied from 0 to 4 kW in steps of 1 kW. The combustion, performance, and emission analyses of the engine run on the dual fuel operation at different nozzle opening pressure were compared with those of the normal diesel operation at different loads. The test results indicated that, thermal efficiency increased by about 4.6% for 240 bar at full load. In the dual fuel operation, NO emission increased with the increase in the nozzle opening pressure, however, NO emission was still lesser than that of the diesel operation. From the obtained results, it is suggested that, a nozzle opening pressure of 240 bar can be considered as an optimum condition for the tested engine which was run biogas-WCOME on a dual fuel mode.

Effect of anisole addition to waste cooking oil methyl ester on combustion, emission and performance characteristics of a DI diesel engine without any modifications

Energy recovery and utilization from waste presents an attractive alternative solution to compensate fossil fuel demands and reduces the risk of environmental hazards. The present study aims to investigate, the effect of increasing anisole fraction in the biodiesel extracted from waste cooking oil in a diesel engine. Tests were performed by blending anisole with waste cooking oil methyl ester up to 30% vol. and the results were compared with baseline diesel and biodiesel operation. The results reveal that, increasing the anisole content in biodiesel prolongs the ignition delay period. The in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate increase with higher anisole fraction. Among the test fuels, W90A10 blend shown 1.6% better BTE than biodiesel. The NOx emission was lowest when the engine is operated with W90A10 blend, at peak load, it decreased by 17% and 11% against diesel and biodiesel operation. The smoke opacity for neat biodiesel was highest and the addition of anisole suppressed the soot formation tendency of the biodiesel significantly. HC and CO emissions are generally high when the engine is operated with biodiesel. Blending anisole with biodiesel had a positive effect on both HC and CO emissions. From the findings, it is concluded that waste cooking oil methyl ester blended with 10% by vol. of anisole can be effectively utilized in diesel engine applications with lower emissions.

Microturbine characteristics and emissions using biofuel blends

The performance and emission levels of a 160 N (35 lbs) thrust gas micro-turbine, running on blends of kerosene and waste cooking oil (methyl ester), were investigated over the take-off, cruise and idle phases of a typical flight profile. We considered three blends with biofuel volume fractions of 15%V (B15), 30%V (B30) and 90%V (B90). Relevant quantities such the thrust, the specific fuel consumption (SFC), the exhaust gas temperature (EGT), the unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and the production of O2, CO, CO2, NOx, were analyzed. Their time-weighted behavior was then plotted as a function of the blend type. It was found that an optimal fuel blend may be approximately defined by the equilibrium between two main contending factors: a) the production of thrust, and b) the amount of gas emissions. Also, it was observed that low blends (e.g. B15) produced thrust and SFC levels similar to those of kerosene, while high blends (e.g. B90) significantly reduced the gas emission levels at the expense of thrust production.

Production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas mixed with waste cooking oil assisted by ultrasound

Jatropha curcas oil has a high amount of free fatty acid, while waste cooking oil has a low amount of free fatty acid content. The purpose of this study was to investigate the production of biodiesel from a mixture of Jatropha curcas and waste cooking. The highest biodiesel yields from the mixture of Jatropha curcas and waste cooking was obtained at 99.3%. The result shows that the physicochemical properties of mixed Jatropha curcas and waste cooking oil methyl ester met the standard requirements laid in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214.

Impact of various metal-oxide based nanoparticles and biodiesel blends on the combustion, performance, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of a CI engine

With the burning of 1 L of diesel fuel, approximately 3 kg of greenhouse gas is released into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is of great importance to reduce emissions with some additives in diesel engines. This study deals with the impacts of blends of waste cooking oil methyl ester and various metal-oxide based nanoparticles on the emission, combustion, performance, vibration and noise characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The test engine was loaded at different engine loads of 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 Nm and a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm. In this investigation, various fuels [called as reference diesel (D100), 10 vol% of waste cooking oil methyl ester (B10), and finally the mass fractions of 100 ppm aluminium oxide (B10Al2O3), titanium oxide (B10TiO2) and silicon oxide (B10SiO2) into the B10, separately] were tested. The addition of metal-oxide based nanoparticles has firstly increased the viscosity, cetane number, and heating value of biodiesel. Higher oxygen atoms in biodiesel-nanoparticles blends have improved the quality of the combustion process. Higher peak point in CPmax and HRRmax could be reached in these nano fuels due to their lower cetane numbers than that of D100. CO, HC and NOx emissions were significantly reduced with the blending of nanoparticles and biodiesel in comparison with those of D100. The addition of nanoparticles highly improved engine performance. B10 had the lowest thermal efficiency due to its heating value, but its efficiency was converted to the highest one with the addition of nanoparticle. In conclusion, this study is suggesting that the addition of metal-oxide based nanoparticles into biodiesel blends can give better results than using biodiesel alone for diesel engines.