Fuel Gas Research Articles

PREMIER combustion of Dual Fuel Gas Engine with light oil ignition

PREMIER combustion of Dual Fuel Gas Engine with light oil ignition

Topology characteristics of liquid ammonia swirl spray flame

The utilization of liquid ammonia in gas turbines can reduce energy loss and start-up time. However, the flash boiling phenomenon and the high latent heat of liquid ammonia make the spray flame difficult to stabilize. Increasing the preheated air temperature or adding a small amount of hydrogen as a piloted fuel are considered as effective methods to enhance the stability. To understand the flame topological structure, simultaneous Mie scattering and planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF) techniques were used to visualize the liquid ammonia spray structure and flame region information. Results show that the liquid ammonia swirl spray flame exhibits the flame topological structure of distinct zoning characteristics, including the droplet zone, the mixing zone, and the flame zone. Increasing the preheated air temperature accelerates the evaporation of liquid ammonia, leading to an increase in the local equivalence ratio and radial flame splitting. At lower air temperature conditions, increasing the hydrogen blending ratio has minimal impact on the flame topological structure. However, at higher temperature conditions, hydrogen blending significantly promotes reaction intensity upstream and reduces the flame lift-off height, which makes the mixing zone smaller. In general, to achieve a better flame stability effect, the two factors need to be reasonably matched, which has important reference value for the development of liquid ammonia fueled gas turbine combustors.

РАЗРАБОТКА ОРГАНИЗАЦИОННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ РЕШЕНИЙ ПО ПОВЫШЕНИЮ КАЧЕСТВА ПРОЦЕССОВ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ГАЗОМОТОРНОГО ТОПЛИВА ДЛЯ ОБСЛУЖИВАЮЩИХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВ

The article is devoted to the current problem of improving resource-saving processes in service industries of industrial enterprises. With the development of the practice of switching industrial vehicles to gas engine fuel, the issue of accounting for supplied gas becomes relevant. The purpose of the article is to develop organizational and technical solutions to improve the quality of gas engine fuel distribution processes for supporting subsystems of industrial enterprises in terms of metrological support for accounting for resource consumption. The main research methods are the analysis of normative and regulatory documents, a comparative analysis of methods and methods for organizing gas distribution processes, a method of system design for measuring resource consumption. As a means of measuring the amount of supplied resources, Coriolis mass meters are used, where mass flow and density are measured by the direct method, and volume flow by the recalculation method. The article substantiates the feasibility of switching the service subsystems of industrial enterprises to gas engine fuel due to its lower cost, the presence of main and distribution gas pipelines, reducing the impact on the environment, and increasing the service life of the motor engine. Disadvantages of known methods for checking gas dispensers have been identified, namely the need to bleed gas from cylinders into the atmosphere after each operation of filling and weighing cylinders, the need to deliver heavy cylinders and scales to gas pressure stations, as well as the need to decommission gas dispensers during verification of filling cylinders. . A model of a mobile automobile gas refueling station has been proposed, which differs from the existing ones in that a reference meter block is installed directly after the refueling unit, with the help of which the commercial metering system of the gas filling station is verified. This method of organizing the process of distribution of gas motor fuel within the gas filling infrastructure of an industrial enterprise can significantly improve the quality of work of transport subsystems of enterprises: increase the accuracy of gas consumption control, eliminate downtime of industrial transport, and provide the ability to take into account the seasonality of fuel consumption.

PIAȚA ROMÂNEASCĂ A PELETELOR DIN BIOMASĂ - ANALIZĂ TEHNICOECONOMICĂ

Biomass is currently the most widespread form of renewable energy, and its exploitation is constantly increasing due to concerns about the major impact of fossil fuel consumption, in terms of climate change, global warming and their negative impact on the human factor. Biomass can be transformed using modern technologies into solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. One of the most widely used biomass biofuels is wood pellets. Pellets obtained from woody biomass represent a very successful renewable energy source, due to their characteristics that include high density, high calorific value, low moisture content, but also ease of storage and transport. Romania's biomass pellet industry has recorded significant growth due to the increasing demand for green energy. Investment in modern technology improves production efficiency and enhances competitiveness in international markets. However, fluctuations in raw material prices such as biomass transportation costs and moisture content often affect profit margins. Improving infrastructure and continued investment in research and development are crucial to strengthening Romania’s position in the global renewable energy market. In this context, the purpose of the article is to present an analysis for Romanian pellet market industry.

Green and Sustainable Pyrolysis: Conversion of Plastic Solid Waste into Liquid Fuel

Excessive use of fossil fuel like gasoline and increasing number of automobiles has led to extensive scientific research in the field of alternative fuel sources. Also due to the vast range of uses of plastics across many industries, Plastic Waste in landfills and global production of plastic increased over time. The conversion of Waste plastic into liquid and gaseous fuels and value-added chemicals by pyrolysis followed by fractional distillation is explained as a practical and sustainable solution for recycling plastics because the calorific value of plastic is almost identical to that of hydrocarbon fuel. This research work is focused on converting high density plastic into liquid fuel by pyrolysis at temperature 200-400℃. The obtained liquid fuel was subjected to distillation at different temperature ranges. The density and viscosity of distilled sample was measured and was found to be close to that of petrol.

CERCETĂRI EXPERIMENTALE PRIVIND RECOLTAREA STUFULUI CU AMBARCAȚIUNEA ELECTRICĂ “ERBA”

The article presents the results obtained from experimental research conducted with an electric equipment (a watercraft) for harvesting aquatic biomass (reed, cattail, water lily, etc.), remote controlled, symbolized as ERBA. This equipment was designed and built in Romania by researchers from INMA Bucharest and ICPE-CA, at the level of experimental model. The purpose of this equipment is to develop a national system of machines for cleaning lakes, navigable canals, and specific areas of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve from excess biomass that needs to be removed for the proper functioning of aquatic ecosystems. The harvested biomass is used as raw material for the production of liquid and gaseous fuels, as well as biofertilizers, which can be utilized as inputs in the bioeconomy. The phenological characteristics of the harvested biomass, the structural and functional characteristics of the vessel, the laboratory experimental records, the nautical indices, the exploitation indices, and the energy consumption were measured under different working conditions and regimes, and with different types of biomass.

Development and Evaluation of a Batch–Reactor for Catalytic Depolymerization of Polymeric Waste for Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Production

Development and Evaluation of a Batch–Reactor for Catalytic Depolymerization of Polymeric Waste for Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Production

Flat Sheet Polybenzimidazole Membranes for Fuel Cell, Gas Separation and Organic Solvent Nanofiltration: A Review

Flat Sheet Polybenzimidazole Membranes for Fuel Cell, Gas Separation and Organic Solvent Nanofiltration: A Review

Investigation into the Effect of H2-Enriched Conditions on the Structure and Stability of Flames in a Low-Swirl Combustor Derived from Aero-Engine Design

This study introduces an innovative approach involving the injection of hydrogen into a low-swirl, non-premixed flame, which operates with gaseous fuels derived from an air-blast atomizer designed for aero-engine applications. The aim is to characterize how hydrogen enrichment influences flame structures while maintaining a constant thermal output of 4.6 kW. Using high-speed chemiluminescence imaging, three fueling conditions were compared: the first involved pure methane/air, while the second and third conditions introduced varying levels of hydrogen to an air–methane mixture. The results reveal significant effects of hydrogen enrichment on flame characteristics, including a slightly shorter length and a wider angle attributed to heightened expansion within the Combustion Recirculation Zone. Moreover, the emission of UV light underwent considerable changes, resulting in a shifted luminosity zone and reduced variance. To delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms, the researchers employed Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (SPOD) analyses, showing coherent structures and energetic modes within the flames. Hydrogen enrichment led to the development of smaller structures near the nozzle exit, accompanied by longitudinal oscillations and vortex shedding phenomena. These findings contribute to an advanced understanding of hydrogen’s impact on flame characteristics, thereby propelling efforts toward improved flame stability. Additionally, these insights hold significance in the exploration of hydrogen as an alternative energy source with potential environmental benefits.

Methods and devices for researching the energy value of food products

Rational nutrition is the main factor in ensuring optimal physical and mental health of a person. The balanced diet development requires reliable information about the nutritional and energy value of raw materials, semi-finished products, and ready-made food products and dishes. Determining the energy value of food products is carried out in several ways: chemical, taking into account the caloric content of individual components, the amount of which requires preliminary determination, calculation, and tabulation according to normative and technical averaged parameters, and experimental method of direct calorimetry. This paper shows that experimental studies of the energy value of food products can be carried out using specialized combustion calorimeters designed for measuring the calorific value of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels. The standard procedure for determining the combustion heat of fuels has been analyzed and the expediency of using it for studies of the caloricity of other organic substances, in particular, food products, has been proven. Two main types of combustion bomb calorimeters used for laboratory research in Ukraine are considered – a liquid enthalpy calorimeter and a more modern aneroid conductive calorimeter, their design features and principle of operation are described, and advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Approbation of the products energy value measuring technique using a liquid calorimeter is carried out on samples of sausage products developed according to an experimental recipe. The results of the research, processed according to the author's algorithm, showed the adequacy of the obtained caloricity values within 8-10% in comparison with known indicators. It should be noted that the research procedure is quite complicated, and the final results have low accuracy due to significant heat losses and energy dissipation. However, although liquid calorimeters are considered morally and physically obsolete, this device can be recommended for calorimetric studies of products and recipes in educational laboratories. Using an anhydrous conductive calorimeter does not require distilled water preparation and the maintenance of constant normal conditions in the laboratory room, automation of measurement processes and processing of results excludes possible subjective errors of the operator. The results of studies of practically pure carbohydrate-sugar showed convergence with the reference data within the device measurement error ±3%. Direct calorimetric studies on the newest metrologically certified aneroid combustion calorimeter allow us to determine the energy value of innovative food products, developed according to new recipes or with the addition of atypical ingredients, with high accuracy, which is an undeniable advantage and a necessary condition for scientific research.

Self-regulation of bed temperature field of the fixed-bed reactor unit by composite-filled oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion of methane

Fixed-bed reactors (FBRs) are suitable for chemical looping combustion (CLC) of gaseous fuels. However, the non-uniform temperature field such as the formation of hotpots can easily lead to the deactivation of oxygen carriers (OCs), ultimately leading to the degradation of the CLC performance and the durability of the OCs. This work systematically investigates the effect of individual CuO/SiO2 and Fe2O3/Al2O3 OC-filled FBR units on the bed temperature field using a self-built experimental setup to monitor the real-time bed temperature evolution. In addition, a strategy for self-regulating the bed temperature field by composite OCs-filled FBR units is proposed based on the differences in the thermodynamic properties of different OCs, including CuO/SiO2, Fe2O3/Al2O3, Mn2O3/ZrO2 and NiO/ZrO2. It has been found that the radial bed temperature of a single CuO/SiO2 OC-filled FBR unit is significantly higher than that at the central axis, and the bed temperature fluctuates within a range of ± 50 °C throughout the CLC process. The bed temperature of a single Fe2O3/Al2O3 OC-filled FBR unit fluctuated within a range of ± 25 °C during the reduction stage, but the bed temperature increased by nearly 100 °C due to the strong exothermic reaction of the oxidative regeneration of the reduced Fe2O3/Al2O3 OCs. The use of composite OCs-filled FBR units not only improves the CH4 conversion and CO2 selectivity, but also maintains a stable bed temperature fluctuates within a range of ± 15 ℃ during the different reaction stages of the CLC process. The synergistic effect between the OCs contributes to the bed temperature field remaining in a relatively stable state. The results indicate that the rational distribution of composite-filled OCs in FBRs can achieve self-regulation of the bed temperature field to some extent by exploiting the OCs’ endothermic and exothermic properties.

Study of the electromagnetic system of holding the mine in the barrel channel of the gas detonation mortar

The paper presents the results of the study of the electromagnetic system of holding the mine in the bore of the gas detonation mortar. To reduce the time from the detection of the target to its destruction, the use of a gas detonation mortar with a semi-automatic guidance system in the direct line of sight of the target is proposed. This type of mortar will reduce the total time of hitting the target to 2-3 minutes. An analysis of the influence of the magnetic holding of the mine on the operation of the gas detonation mortar was carried out. Holding the mine in the bore during the formation of the gaseous propellant charge allows you to fix the volume of the charge. The electromagnetic mine holding system consists of an electromagnetic coil, a magnetic circuit, a DC source with a commutator. The switch on of the electromagnetic system is carried out immediately before the shot to reduce the heating of the coil. The mine holding force was calculated, on the basis of which the parameters of the mine holding electromagnetic system were substantiated. Based on the results of experimental studies, the dependence of the holding force of the mine on the power supply current of the electromagnetic system was determined. The developed dynamometric measurement system consisted of a piezoelectric force meter with a spring, an electric cylinder and a cable clutch. The pressure when the mine detaches from the electromagnet in the barrel of the gas detonation mortar is estimated. It was found that the power consumed by the electromagnetic system is about 15 W, and with holding forces of 930-980 N, mine extraction will begin at the overpressure of the compressed gas charge, equal to 0.15-0.2 MPa.

Size-distribution and driving factors of aerosol oxidative potential in rural kitchen microenvironments of northeastern India

This study reports size-resolved dithiothreitol (DTT)-based oxidative potential (OP: total and water-soluble) in rural kitchens using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), firewood (FW), and mixed biomass (MB) fuels in northeastern (NE) India. In comparison to LPG, volume-normalized total OP (OPtotal(v)DTT) was enhanced by a factor of ∼5 in biomass-using kitchens (74 ± 35 to 78 ± 42 nmol min−1 m−3); however, mass-normalized total OP (OPtotal(m)DTT) was similar between LPG and FW users and higher by a factor of 2 in MB-using kitchens. The water-insoluble OP (OPwi(v, m)DTT) fraction in OPtotal(v, m)DTT was greater than 50% across kitchens. Size distributions across kitchens and OPDTT categories ranged from unimodal to trimodal. OPws(v)DTT was driven by metals as well as organics across size fractions while OPwi(v)DTT was majorly constrained by metals with an increasing importance of organics in fine particles of biomass-using kitchens. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Cu and Ba explained 71% of the OPtotal(v)DTT variability in LPG-using kitchens, while water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and Ba were responsible for 44% variability in FW-using kitchens. Finally, the high internal dose of OPtotal(v)DTT (28–31 nmol min−1 m−3) in biomass-using kitchens established the severity of oxidative stress on the exposed population.

Perceptions of Innovation Characteristics Converter Kit Machine and Its Influence on Fishermen's Income in Palembang City

The Oil to Gas Fuel Conversion Program is an energy diversification policy carried out by the government to reduce fishing communities' dependence on oil fuel, by assisting in the form of converter kit engines. The converter kit engine innovation is believed to be more efficient and effective than the ordinary boat propulsion engines previously used by fishermen. This research aims to identify the socio-economic characteristics of fishermen, analyze fishermen's perceptions of the characteristics of converter kit engine innovation, and analyze the relationship between perceptions and fishermen's income. The method in this research is a survey method. The research subjects consisted of 51 fishermen who received converter kit engines. Data was collected using a questionnaire designed using a Likert scale. The research results showed that the achievement value of fishermen's perception of the characteristics of converter kit engine innovation was 92.03% (very high). The correlation test results between the variables of fishermen's perceptions of the characteristics of converter kit engine innovation and fishermen's income have a fragile and insignificant relationship with a negative correlation coefficient or in the opposite direction of -0.185.Keywords: gas; innovation; conversion; converter kit; perception.

PROCESSING OF LIQUID HIGH-ENERGY PRODUCTS WITH THE PRODUCTION OF GAS MIXTURES OF A GIVEN COMPOSITION

The article considers the problem of using waste as an energy resource. The possibility of processing liquid carbon-containing waste, which is formed during the processing of agricultural products, the use of fats in the food industry and oils in transport, is analyzed. An analysis of the volumes of such waste is presented. It is shown that sunflower processing is accompanied by the formation of about 7,000 tons/year of liquid carbon-containing waste. Technological processes of food industry generate about 1,000 tons of such waste per year. A significant source of waste generation is motor vehicle companies, the total resource of which for the introduction of competitive processing technology is currently about 100,000 tons of olives. A promising resource source for the proposed technology is the process of thermal destruction of used automobile tires, of which 250–300 thousand tons are generated annually in Ukraine. Possibilities of introducing the technology of thermal decomposition of liquid carbon-containing substances of various origins, as components of waste, to create gaseous products of a given composition with further use in the chemical industry and replacement of natural gas are considered. The thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons with stabilization of the process due to the introduction of a high-temperature plasma discharge source into it is among the most promising methods of performing such a task. The results of the development of the methodology for the analytical study of the composition of gaseous fuels are presented. The concept and schematic diagram of the experimental stand are presented. The results of test studies are presented. Bibl. 15, Fig. 5, Tabl. 5.

Critical review on the formations and exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the conventional hydrocarbon-based fuels: Prevention and control strategies

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely present in the atmosphere and primarily originate from the incomplete burning of fossil fuels and biofuels. Exposure to PAHs leads to harmful effects on human health and the environment. Diesel engines are a major source of PAH production in the transportation sector. Various approaches have been employed to reduce PAH emissions from diesel engines, including the use of biodiesel, green gaseous fuels, exhaust gas recirculation, exhaust after-treatment, and genetically modifying biodiesel with nanoparticles. This review focuses on PAH emissions from different generations of fuels and examines the remedial control actions taken to mitigate PAH formation. The study underscores the necessity for effective regulation of emissions from diesel engines, especially in developing countries where the reliance on fossil fuels is significant. Biodiesel has shown promise in reducing PAHs and carcinogenic pollutants, with higher biodiesel concentrations resulting in lower PAH formation. Replacing diesel with biodiesel and optimizing engine operating conditions are feasible methods to reduce PAH levels in the atmosphere. The use of nanoparticles in fuel blends and higher oxygen content in combustion chambers are also considered potential strategies for pollutant reduction. Additionally, the utilization of hydrogen and ammonia as secondary fuels has been explored as promising alternatives to fossil fuels. The study highlights the importance of further research on the presence of residual PAHs in the atmosphere and the implementation of strategies to curtail vehicular emissions.

Adsorbed Gas Storage Digital Twin

One possibility for energy storage are fuels. With gaseous fuels like hydrogen or methane, significant efforts are necessary for a feasible storage in terms of compression or liquefaction. This is of particular importance in the mobility sector. An alternative to high-pressure or cryogenic gas storage is the storage by adsorption in porous media using nano-carbons, metal–organic frameworks, or metal hydrides as adsorbents. In order to assess the performance of the charging and discharging of adsorption tanks, the mass and energy balance as well as the phase equilibrium (adsorption isotherm) and, if present, the spatial distribution of properties has to be considered. In order to simplify the analysis and prediction of these models, an attempt is made to develop digital twins based on machine learning. Neural networks and Gaussian process regression are applied to replace the system of coupled nonlinear and differential equations. The data basis used is generated by simulations. Thus, it is possible to easily predict the performance of a storage tank for different gases or to determine an optimum storage device (material selection and tank design).

Before dinner: The health value of gaseous fuels

In this paper, we study the impact of gaseous fuels used for cooking on the middle-aged and elderly's health in China. By using 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we find that gaseous fuel use reduces the probability of respiratory disease in middle-aged and elderly adults. Health effects are stronger for the people aged between 45 and 79, female, high-income, urban, and gas-importing province groups. The quantification of health benefits allows to find that from 2010 to 2018, the reduction in the number of respiratory illnesses due to gaseous fuel use ranges from 22.905 to 23.721 million people, resulting in treatment cost savings of between 9.29 and 14.47 billion RMB ($26.4 - $34.2 billion). The monetary valuation of indoor clean air according to self-rated health find that for each additional unit of indoor clean air, middle-aged and elderly adults are willing to pay a price of 4.5 RMB ($1.06). We provide new evidence of the considerable health and welfare effects of gaseous fuels.

Analysis of O2 Sensor Troubleshooting on Exhaust Gas Emissions and Fuel Consumption at Piksi Ganesha Indonesia Polytechnic

This research aims to analyze O2 sensor troubleshooting on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. The research method is comparative. Research steps by analyzing exhaust emissions and fuel consumption without an O2 sensor and with an O2 sensor at idle, 1000, 1500, and 2000 rpm. Research results: 1. comparison of exhaust emissions without O2 sensor and with O2 sensor, namely: idle rotation, CO = 7.41>3.33%, HC = 489 <497%, CO2 = 9.7 <12.5%, O2 = 13.44>0%, 1000 rpm, CO = 7.35>1.52%, HC = 686>538 ppm, CO2 = 9.7>11.8%, O2 = 10.91>2.20%, 1500 rpm, CO= 5.43>1.32%, HC= 666>472 ppm, CO2= 6.7>12.4%, O2= 13.25>4.95%, 2000 rpm, CO= 7.10>0.37%, HC= 499>272 ppm, CO2= 10.1<13.0%, O2= 11.24>9.03. 2. comparison of fuel consumption without o2 sensor and with o2 sensor, namely: idle rotation: 35=35ml, 1000 rpm: 15=15ml, 1500 rpm: 25>15ml, 2000 rpm: 15=15ml.

Production of Cooking Gas through Electrochemical Decomposition of Organic Matter

In recent decades, the use of electrochemistry has increased exponentially. Electrochemistry has demonstrated their effectiveness in the cleaning of manufactured effluents and the decomposition of complex hydrological compounds for water treatment. Looking at the efficiency of the technology in the decomposition of organic matter, one wonders if it is not capable of doing more than just the de-pollution and treatment of water. Of course, there are other uses of electrochemistry, but in the literature, it is understood that it is used more for water treatment and de-pollution. This work is a review of the literature to identify the major works in electrochemical decomposition of organic matter to see to what extent this technology can be used for methane production (cooking gas) using pasty organic matter. The list of works appearing in this review is not exhaustive, but it is sufficient to give a clear idea of the technology, its progress and, above all, the challenges it faces. This review opens the way to other applications of electrochemical decomposition to meet today's energy challenges.