Converter For Hybrid Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Ripple and Passive Components Reduction on All SiC Multi-Device Interleaved Boost Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Due to a smaller environmental footprint than conventional vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs) may help in the fight against climate change. In spite of their many advantages, especially those in maintenance, disadvantages such as less traveling range, long recharging time and the high price tag - compared to gas-powered vehicles - are essential barriers to extensive usage of EVs. The forenamed limitations can be partly overcome by advancing electrical equipment in terms of efficiency, weight and compactness. The development of novel materials for circuit components and improvements in circuit design have been the primary focus of advancement with regard to DC/DC converters, one of the fundamental building blocks of electrical equipment. Therefore, this paper proposes an All-SiC-based multi-device interleaved boost converter (MDIBC) to replace the Silicon insulated gate bipolar transistors (Si IGBT)-based BC topology in Toyota Prius. To achieve high efficiency from the proposed converter, the power efficiency is examined with respect to the input current ripple values. The obtained results disclose the best efficiency is achieved for a 10% input current ripple with a 50% decrease in output voltage ripple. Additionally, for these ripple values, other decisive parameters are determined and compared to the benchmark converters. The outcomes reveal that (at 70 kHz switching frequency), the best values of inductor and capacitor with reduction in their values of 83.55% and 96.45%, respectively – are achieved. This considerable decline not only results in downsizing the passive components but also leads to a higher power density that has a crucial importance for power efficiency.

Fuel cell‐based topologies and multi‐input DC–DC power converters for hybrid electric vehicles: A comprehensive review

In the last few decades, the utilization of fuel cells (FCs) in the automotive industry has created much attention due to easy use, modular structure, and higher efficacy. In the future, technological evolutions reveal that FC driven electric vehicles (EVs) will grow at a rapid pace and will become an excellent alternative to conventional vehicles. This paper discusses a detailed topological classification of the FC-based hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV). In these FCHEVs, one of the critical elements is the DC–DC power converter unit. The hybridization of FCs with the other power sources requires more converter units that make the system complex. A multi-input DC–DC power converter is used to connect more than one energy source to reduce the system's complexity and improve the overall system efficacy. In this survey, numerous articles have been considered and examined vividly. An assessment of present and future scenarios of FCs based power source topologies and multi-input DC–DC power converter topologies used in HEV is presented. This survey provides a deep insight into the topic for the researchers and engineers working in this field.

Modelling and simulation of dual sourced front-end converter for hybrid electric vehicles

The paper is concerned with Modelling and simulation of dual sourced front end converter for Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). In this research work with the help of the renewable multilevel integrated SRM drive converter, different operating conditions are obtained by changing the ON-OFF positions of the front-end switches and the performance of HEV is observed based on the power interface between the battery and the fuel cell. To provide the phase voltage, a battery bank is used for fast demagnetisation and excitation in fuel cell driving mode. The function of 4-level converter is to generate multi-level output voltages while the battery acts as a source. An additional capacitor is introduced to enhance the torque capacity of a capacitor. During driving mode, the proposed converter integrates battery and fuel cells with a smaller number of power switches and without energy storage devices. Due to its flexible energy conversion, the proposed converter is easy to manufacture and replace owing to its modularised structure. The converter speed and efficiency remain the same even when the converter is integrated with the battery and fuel cell. Simulation on a three-phase SRM confirms the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

FPGA based Hybrid Resonant Switching DC/DC converter for Electric Vehicles

A hybrid switching DC-DC converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicle with reduced on state conduction losses, voltage stress and switching losses of the power semiconductor devices is presented in this paper. Zero current switching and zero voltage switching is achieved for the leading and lagging legs of the inverter by using bipolar switching method. This reduces the circulatory losses in the transformer primary. Additionally it aids in exploiting the leakage inductance of the transformer to resonate with the output capacitor. Consequently this reduces the components count and the converter size. This results in efficient energy transfer as the inductive energy and capacitive energy acquired by the output inductor and resonant capacitor are simultaneously transferred to the load during the freewheeling interval. This boosts the converter efficiency when compared to the conventional converter. During active intervals, inductor is charged and the increased capacitor voltage is offered to the load. The bipolar circuit voltage is clamped during the freewheeling interval and reduces the peak voltage overshoots that crop up during the diode reverse bias period. Simulation for the DC-DC converter is rendered with PSpice software and the experimental results shows the desired output is achieved with reduced losses under variable load conditions.

Development and Analysis of Switched Capacitor Four Quadrant DC-DC Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Background/Objectives: The main objective of this research is to develop a bi-directional four quadrant DC-DC converter for an energy efficient electric vehicle. Methods/Analysis: The model of electric vehicle is designed using MATLAB software. The results confirm that the proposed DC-DC converter structure is highly reliable, lighter in weight, smaller in volume, with good efficiency, less electromagnetic interference and lower current or voltage ripple. Findings: The issues on global warming and fossil fuels depletion have created opportunities to Electric Vehicle (EV). The main characteristics of Energy storage system in vehicles include energy density, power density, lifetime, cost and maintenance. Most of the electric and hybrid electric configurations use two energy storage devices, one with high energy storage capacity, called the Main Energy System (MES) and the other with high power capacity called the Auxiliary Energy Storage System (AESS). Other challenge in electric vehicle is to maintain the state of charge within the allowable limits and sharing of energy between the storage devices. For proper sharing of energy between the storage devices, DC-DC converter plays a crucial role. Novelty/Improvement: A novel Switched Capacitor DC-DC power converter and their controllers are investigated.

Synthesis and Implementation of a Multi-Port DC/DC Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

A non-isolated Multiple Input Converter (MIC) with an input port, two storage ports and a load port is proposed. The synthesis of the proposed four port converter with its switch realization is presented. A steady state analysis of each operating mode with a small-signal model is derived, and a stability analysis is done. A mode selection controller is proposed to automatically choose a specific operating mode based on the voltage levels of the different source and storage units. In addition, a voltage control loop is used to regulate the output voltage. A 200W prototype is built with a TMS320F28027 DSP controller to test the feasibility of the operating modes. Simulation and experimental results show the ability of the proposed converter to handle multiple inputs either individually or simultaneously.

An Indirect Space-vector Modulated Three-phase AC-DC Matrix Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

This paper presents a bi-directional AC-DC matrix converter for the power supply systems of hybrid electric vehicles. Compared to conventional PWM rectifier and associated DC-DC converter, large DC bus capacitor banks are eliminated. The converter converts three-phase AC power into the desired DC output with higher energy density via a single power stage. A closed-loop control strategy based on indirect space vector modulation is proposed and the validity has been verified. The strategy ensures that the output voltage can be regulated tightly against different loads and wide input variation and high-quality input current can be achieved.

Comprehensive Efficiency, Weight, and Volume Comparison of SiC- and Si-Based Bidirectional DC–DC Converters for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Silicon carbide (SiC)-based switching devices provide significant performance improvements in many aspects, including lower power dissipation, higher operating temperatures, and faster switching, compared with conventional Si devices. However, tradeoffs in efficiency, size, and weight between Si- and SiC-based converters are still unclear in the literature. In this paper, a bidirectional dc-dc converter that is suitable for hybrid or electric vehicle application is studied based on three sets of device combinations, e.g., all-silicon [conventional silicon insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and silicon PN diodes], hybrid (silicon IGBTs with SiC Schottky diodes), and all-SiC (SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with SiC Schottky diodes). At the switching frequency of 20 kHz, comparative analyses regarding the power loss reduction of power devices and efficiency improvements are carried out for the converters. Possible size and weight reduction is also investigated by increasing the operating frequencies of hybrid and all-SiC converters while reducing the capacitance and inductance values.

Parasitic Resistance Analysis in a Novel High Step-Up Interleaved Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Parasitic Resistance Analysis in a Novel High Step-Up Interleaved Converter for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

A NOVEL MULTIPHASE BIDIRECTIONAL FLY-BACK CONVERTER TOPOLOGY IS APPLIED TO INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is an emerging technology in the modern world because of the fact that it mitigates environmental pollutions and at the same time increases fuel efficiency of the vehicles. Bi-directional Fly – back Converter controls electric drive of HEV of high power and enhances its performance which is the reflection of the fact that it can generate Constant voltages. For hybrid electric vehicles, the batteries and the drive dc link may be at different voltages. The batteries are at low voltage to obtain higher volumetric efficiencies, and the dc link is at higher voltage to have higher efficiency on the motor side. Therefore, a power interface between the batteries and the drive’s dc link is essential. This power interface should handle power flow from battery to motor, motor to battery, external gen-set to battery, and grid to battery. This paper proposes a multi-power-port topology which is capable of handling multiple power sources and still maintains simplicity and features like obtaining high gain, wide load variations, lower output-current ripple, and capability of parallel-battery energy due to the modular structure. The scheme incorporates a transformer winding technique which drastically reduces the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor. The development and testing of a bidirectional fly-back dc–dc converter for hybrid electric vehicle is described in this paper. Simple hysteresis voltage control is used for dc-link voltage regulation. The simulation results are presented, and modeling the circuit by using MATLAB/SIMULINK Platform.

Interleaved ZVS Active-Clamped Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Interleaved ZVS Active-Clamped Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles

Efficient Propulsion Structure with an Axial Flux Rotary Converter for HEV Drive Unit

This paper describes an efficient axial flux arrangement of the four quadrant rotary converter for hybrid electric vehicles. The design of the axial flux wound stator and both axial flux squirrel cage rotors is based on the arrangement of radial air gap induction motor and permanent magnet synchronous motor. The method of constant magnetic circuit volume is utilized for dimensions conversion, which results into basic dimensions of stator and rotor discs in axial flux conception. This allows the creation of real 3D models in the CAD application. Finally, the finite element simulation of magnetic flux density and magnetic flux vector map in the area of axial flux stator pack are presented in the concluding part of this paper.

PEN/Si3N4 bilayer film for dc bus capacitors in power converters in hybrid electric vehicles

High performance hybrid bilayer capacitor film has been developed by controlled deposition of silicon nitride (Si3N4) on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). It was found that silicon nitride prepared with plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition can significantly increase the dielectric constant (K) and energy density of PEN by more than 20% and 50%, respectively. Moreover, the PEN/Si3N4 bilayer hybrid film also exhibits appropriate mechanical and thermal properties for capacitor winding. The high operating temperature and energy density of the PEN/Si3N4 bilayer dielectric film are very attractive for dc bus capacitors used in power inverters or converters found in hybrid electric vehicles, wind turbine generators, grid-tied photovoltaics, and smart grid, as well as pulsed power systems.

Optimization of Powder Core Inductors of Buck-Boost Converters for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

In the present paper, the characteristics of Mega-Flux ® , JNEX-Core ® , amorphous and ferrite cores are compared to the inductor of buck-boost converters for Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Core losses are analyzed at the condition of 10 ㎑ sine wave excitations, and permeability fluctuations vs. temperature and magnetizing force will be analyzed and discussed. Under the specifications of the buck-boost converter for 20 ㎾ THS-Ⅱ, the power inductor will be designed with Mega-Flux ® and JNEX-Core ® , and informative simulation results will be provided with respect to dc bias characteristics, core and copper losses.

Multiphase Bidirectional Flyback Converter Topology for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

For hybrid electric vehicles, the batteries and the drive dc link may be at different voltages. The batteries are at low voltage to obtain higher volumetric efficiencies, and the dc link is at higher voltage to have higher efficiency on the motor side. Therefore, a power interface between the batteries and the drive's dc link is essential. This power interface should handle power flow from battery to motor, motor to battery, external genset to battery, and grid to battery. This paper proposes a multi-power-port topology which is capable of handling multiple power sources and still maintains simplicity and features like obtaining high gain, wide load variations, lower output-current ripple, and capability of parallel-battery energy due to the modular structure. The scheme incorporates a transformer winding technique which drastically reduces the leakage inductance of the coupled inductor. The development and testing of a bidirectional flyback dc-dc converter for hybrid electric vehicle is described in this paper. Simple hysteresis voltage control is used for dc-link voltage regulation. The experimental results are presented to show the working of the proposed converter.