Conversion Of Waste Cooking Oil Research Articles

Eco-benign biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using eggshell derived MM-CaO catalyst and condition optimization using RSM approach

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was produced from waste cooking oil (WCO) utilizing eggshells derived solid base catalyst. Eggshells derived multi modal CaO (MM-CaO) also provides a cost-effective way for the preparation of green fuel. The nano-scaled MM-CaO was prepared using ball milling followed by calcination at 800 °C for 2 h form eggshells powder. The characterization of calcined powder was executed by XRD, EDX, SEM and FTIR techniques. Diffractogram of MM-CaO showed cubic crystal structure and presence of calcium, carbon and oxygen was confirmed by EDX. The morphology of MM-CaO was revealed by SEM having bandgap energy (3.02 eV) which declared MM-CaO as photoactive in solar range. Catalytic transesterification process furnished 75.2% yield, whereas in photocatalytic process, 86.8% yield was obtained at optimum conditions (temperature 50 °C, reaction time 180 min and 1.5 g catalyst dose). The FAME formation was monitored by GC and FTIR analysis. Physiochemical properties of produced biodiesel were also determined and equated with standards. Results depicted that MM-CaO is highly efficient for conversion of WCO to biodiesel.

Opportunities for utilizing waste cooking oil in crude to petrochemical process: Novel process design, optimal strategy, techno-economic analysis and life cycle society-environment assessment

The efficient utilization of waste cooking oil (WCO) in petrochemical and high-quality gasoline production could reduce food safety issues and boost the new energy industry's sustainable development. The co-processing of WCO, vacuum gas oil, and light cycle oil (LCO) by the fluid catalytic cracking unit could achieve process integration, which exhibits promising economic prospects for manufacturing large amounts of low-cost petrochemicals. Herein, we proposed a novel process, i.e., hierarchical LCO hydrotreating combined with two-stage riser catalytic cracking processes (HTMP-plus). Based on industrial test data, the process model of HTMP-plus was first developed on the Aspen HYSYS Petroleum Refining platform and optimized operating parameters were conducted. In this novel process, lighter LCO fractions were directly recycled to the second riser reactor, and heavier LCO fractions were fed into the selective hydrotreating unit. This strategy intensified the conversion of WCO and LCO, reduced hydrogen consumption, and improved the economic benefit. Furthermore, the life cycle society-environment evaluation was performed. Compared with the conventional HTMP process, the HTMP-plus process could produce 5% more propylene and high-quality gasoline for every ton of mixed feedstock and provide up to a 31% increase in net present value. Moreover, the HTMP-plus process consumes approximately 5% less non-renewable energy and discharges 2% less CO2 equivalent and 16% less wastewater based on one-million-USD dollars total output value.

Conversion of waste cooking oil into value-added emulsion liquid membrane for enhanced extraction of lead: Performance evaluation and optimization

This research study investigated the synthesis of environmentally benign green emulsion liquid membrane (GELM) employing waste cooking oil (WCO) as diluent. The emulsion was prepared using D2EHPA as the carrier, Span 80 as surfactant, and sulphuric acid as internal/stripping agent. The influence of nine operating variables namely, Span 80 concentration, D2EHPA concentration, shaking time, shaking speed, pH of the feed, treat ratio (TR), H2SO4 concentration, lead concentration in feed, and volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase (O/A) on the performance of lead extraction was studied. Plackett Burman design (PBD), was employed for the screening of variables. The Pareto analysis shows that six variables were the most significant variables at the confidence level of 95%. The selected variables were then screened applying Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimum values of the variables were: D2EHPA concentration – 4.6 (v/v%), Span 80 concentration – 2.14 (v/v%), pH of the feed – 4.4, internal phase (H2SO4) concentration – 2 M, initial lead concentration – 173 ppm, phase ratio (O/A) – 1.3. At these optimum conditions, a maximum lead extraction of 97.39% was obtained. The mechanism for the extraction of lead was analyzed. Reuse and recycling of membrane phase show that the GELM can be recycled for 7 cycles without reduction in lead extraction efficiency. Kinetic analysis of lead extraction was performed using zero, first, and second-order model at optimum condition. The experimental data fitted well with first-order (R2 – 0.9653). Thermodynamic studies indicated that the extraction procedure is endothermic, spontaneous in nature.

Retraction Note to: Effect of Metal Oxides on the Catalytic Activities of Sulfonated Graphene Oxide for the Esterification of Oleic Acid and Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

Nanocomposites of metal oxides with graphene oxide and other carbon materials have shown superior catalytic activities in many important chemical reactions. A systematic investigation of the effect of oxides of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, on the catalytic activities of sulfonated graphene oxides (GO) is detailed in the present paper. The nanocomposites of GO with the metal oxides were prepared under carefully chosen conditions so that the metal content in the nanocomposites remains similar. The nanocomposites were sulfonated and used as solid acid catalysts in the esterification of oleic acid and trans-esterification of waste cooking oil. Paramagnetic transition metal oxides showed superior catalytic activities over non-magnetic ones with the nanocomposite containing iron oxide being the most active. The so called ‘super acidic’ acid sites on the paramagnetic metal oxides could be the reason for enhanced catalytic activities of their nanocomposites.

Effect of Ni/Malaysian dolomite catalyst synthesis technique on deoxygenation reaction activity of waste cooking oil

Local carbonate mineral, Malaysian dolomite has the potential as a deoxygenation catalyst due to its high capacity of CaO–MgO which enhances oxygen compound removal and produces high-quality green fuel with desirable lighter hydrocarbon. In this work, the performance of Ni-doped-calcined Malaysian dolomite (Ni/CMD900) catalyst with different catalyst synthesis techniques (precipitation, impregnation, and co-precipitation) were compared on the deoxygenation of waste cooking oil (WCO) process for green fuel production. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized catalyst were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmette-Teller surface area, temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide, X-ray fluorescence, scanning emission microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis while the liquid products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Evidently from the result of the observation, the preparation technique plays an important role in determining the physicochemical properties of the catalyst for deoxygenation reaction of WCO in which precipitation technique outperformed other methods. Synthesized Ni-Malaysian dolomite-based catalyst, PRE/Ni/CMD900 catalyst was found to be superior in deoxygenation reaction activity as compared to other catalysts with high conversion of WCO (68.0%), high yield of pyrolysis oil (36.4%), and less coke formation (32.0%).

A Single Step Transesterification Process to Produce Biodiesel from The Spent Cooking Oil

A direct process of transesterification has been carried out to produce high yields of biodiesel. Conversion of waste cooking oil to methyl esters was performed using potassium hydroxide-glycerol (KOH-Gly) as a catalyst. KOH-Gly was produced by mixing KOH and glycerol at a mass ratio of 1:20 at a temperature of 80 °C for 120 minutes. The process of transesterification was performed at a reaction temperature of 60 °C, a molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:6, 2% wt KOH-Gly catalytic loading for 30 minutes. This process resulted in a waste cooking oil conversion yield of about 97-98% to biodiesel using KOH-Gly as a catalyst. The two layers of the product were produced without the formation of soap, which facilitated the separation and purification process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the chemical content of biodiesel.

A robust statistical model for optimising biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using non-synthetic caustic potash

A Response Surface Methodology was applied as predictive tool for biodiesel optimisation from remediated Waste Cooking Oil (WCO). Caustic potash was synthesised from plantain peels and used for WCO conversion into biodiesel. Four process variables, temperature, time, alcohol to oil molar ratio and catalyst concentration, were considered in thirty experimental runs using a Central Composite design. Optimal conditions for biodiesel yield from WCO transesterification were determined using numerical optimisation. Highest biodiesel yield of 93.6% was produced at 65°C temperature, 90 min' time, alcohol to oil molar ratio of 9:1 and catalyst concentration of 2%. At probability level of 5%, the RSM model was established to be significant with R-squared value of 0.9966 and Adequate Precision of 52.802. From analysis, optimum biodiesel condition of 93.06% was predicted at reaction conditions of 62.07°C temperature, reaction time of 92.82 min, alcohol to oil ratio of 8.31, and catalyst concentration of 1.85%.

The Influence of Metal Loading Amount on Ni/Mesoporous Silica Extracted from Lapindo Mud Templated by CTAB for Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil into Biofuel

The synthesis and characterization of Ni/mesoporous silica (Ni/MS) catalysts from Lapindo mud with various metal loading for the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into biofuel has been conducted. The MS was synthesized by the hydrothermal method using CTAB as a template. The nickel-metal of 4, 6, and 8 wt% was loaded into the MS using salt precursors of Ni(NO3)2.6H2O via wet impregnation, produced the Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts, respectively. The materials produced were then characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), and Absorption Atomic Spectrophotometry (AAS). The catalytic activity test was carried out for hydrocracking of waste cooking oil and the resulted liquid product was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the specific surface area of Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts are 63.08, 91.45, and 120.45 m2/g, respectively. The liquid products of the hydrocracking using Ni(4)/MS, Ni(6)/MS, and Ni(8)/MS catalysts were 80.57, 74.63, and 75.77 wt%, where the total biofuel produced was 55.46, 50.93, and 54.05 wt%, respectively. Based on these results, Ni(4)/MS material was successfully used as the most potent catalyst in the hydrocracking of waste cooking oil into the biofuel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil Using Bone and Eggshell Mixture as a Catalyst

Reuse of waste such as eggshells and animal bones as a catalyst to convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel fuel was investigated. A mixture of bone and eggshell waste (50:50) was used as a catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Different calcination temperatures have been investigated for the catalyst and the highest production of biodiesel was found at 900°C. The experimental results showed that a methanol/oil ratio of 15:1, a mixture of bone and eggshell catalyst (900°C, 2 h) of 12 wt.%, a reaction temperature of 60°C gave a biodiesel yield of 94% at 4 h. The effects of calcination temperature and catalyst leaching were examined. The catalysts were characterized by x-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption-desorption, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry.

Catalyzed production of different grade biofuels using metal ions modified activated carbon of cellulosic wastes

This work aims to convert waste cooking oil (WCO) into biofuel through a catalytic cracking process. The process of catalytic cracking was catalyzed using activated carbon loaded with iron and manganese ions. Cellulosic waste, as an eco-friendly, cheap, and renewable resource, was used to prepare the activated carbon. FTIR, XRD, TGA, differential thermal analysis, and N2-adsorption/desorption investigations were applied to characterize the prepared catalysts. Characterization of the obtained biofuels was established according to ASTM standard specifications. The engine tests of the different blends of biofuels-traditional diesel were performed. The obtained data confirmed that the biofuel blend contained 10% biofuel (B10) decreased the brake-specific fuel consumption from 651 g/kw.h for regular diesel to 554 g/kw, and raised the thermal brake efficiency from 15% to 17.4%. Therefore, a biofuel-petroleum fuel blend at 10% of biofuel can be presented as a promising fuel blend for the petroleum diesel.

Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol\u2013ethanol using enhanced eggshell-derived CaO nano-catalyst

In this report, the utilization of mixed methanol–ethanol system for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using enhanced eggshell-derived calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst was investigated. CaO nano-catalyst was produced by calcination of eggshell powder at 900 °C and followed by hydration-dehydration treatment to improve its catalytic activity. The particle size, morphology, and elemental composition of a catalyst were characterized by using XRD, SEM, and EDX techniques, respectively. After hydration-dehydration the shape of a catalyst was changed from a rod-like to honeycomb-like porous microstructure. Likewise, average particle size was reduced from 21.30 to 13.53 nm, as a result, its surface area increases. The main factors affecting the biodiesel yield were investigated, accordingly, an optimal biodiesel yield of 94% was obtained at 1:12 oil to methanol molar ratio, 2.5 wt% catalyst loading, 60 °C, and 120-min reaction time. A biodiesel yield of 88% was obtained using 6:6 equimolar ratio of methanol to ethanol, the yield even increased to 91% by increasing the catalyst loading to 3.5 wt%. Moreover, by slightly increasing the share of methanol in the mixture, at 8:4 ratio, the maximum biodiesel yield could reach 92%. Therefore, we suggest the utilization of methanol–ethanol mixture as a reactant and eggshell-derived CaO as a catalyst for enhanced conversion of WCO into biodiesel. It is a very promising approach for the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly technology. Properties of the biodiesel were also found in good agreement with the American (ASTM D6571) fuel standards.

RISK ANALYSIS IN JAKARTA’S WASTE COOKING OIL TO BIODIESEL GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN USING GROUP AHP APPROACH

The Jakarta regulation for waste cooking oil (WCO) shows the desired WCO to Biodiesel supply chain through the DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation Number 167 the Year 2016. Still, the implementation of said regulation proved inefficient. The study aims to analyze the risks in the supply chain because the WCO to Biodiesel supply chain is vulnerable to different risks than the typical supply chain and the green supply chain. The method used in this research is the group analytical hierarchy process (G-AHP) approach to create a consensus model between actors of the supply chain. Deep interviews were conducted with six experts to identify the risks and the normal scale was used to quantify their preference. Then, the PriEst software assisted the risk weight calculation, AHP matrix validation, and consensus modelling. The findings show the supply chain is vulnerable to 23 risks, categorized into six risk categories. The three risks that cause the most uncertainties in the supply chain are supply chain design risk, key supplier risk, and financial source risk. Technology risks and asset failure risks are the least concern because most WCO conversion is not done in Indonesia. These findings would be useful for the government to focus its effort on the most critical risks.

High-efficiency production of bisabolene from waste cooking oil by metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica.

SummaryThe natural plant product bisabolene serves as a precursor for the production of a wide range of industrially relevant chemicals. However, the low abundance of bisabolene in plants renders its isolation from plant sources non‐economically viable. Therefore, creation of microbial cell factories for bisabolene production supported by synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies presents a more competitive and environmentally sustainable method for industrial production of bisabolene. In this proof‐of‐principle study, for the first time, we engineered the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce α‐bisabolene, β‐bisabolene and γ‐bisabolene through heterologous expression of the α‐bisabolene synthase from Abies grandis, the β‐bisabolene synthase gene from Zingiber officinale and the γ‐bisabolene synthase gene from Helianthus annuus respectively. Subsequently, two metabolic engineering approaches, including overexpression of the endogenous mevalonate pathway genes and introduction of heterologous multidrug efflux transporters, were employed in order to improve bisabolene production. Furthermore, the fermentation conditions were optimized to maximize bisabolene production by the engineered Y. lipolytica strains from glucose. Finally, we explored the potential of the engineered Y. lipolytica strains for bisabolene production from the waste cooking oil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bisabolene production in Y. lipolytica using metabolic engineering strategies. These findings provide valuable insights into the engineering of Y. lipolytica for a higher‐level production of bisabolene and its utilization in converting waste cooking oil into various industrially valuable products.

Optimized conversion of waste cooking oil into ecofriendly bio-based polymeric surfactant- A solution for enhanced oil recovery and green fuel compatibility

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is generally considered a global waste but with prospective for secondary use such as fuels or chemicals. In the present work, functionalizing of WCO to polymeric surfactants through a cleaner approach with high emulsification ability for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) of fossil crude and enhanced biocrudes solubility in petroleum crudes is proposed. The influence of synthesis conditions (temperature, time and concentration of reactants) on intermediates and the resulting polymeric surfactants was investigated. Products were characterized by UV–Vis, 1H NMR, FT-IR, and DLS technique, and particle stability and Zeta potential were evaluated. The results showed the high stability of the fossil crude-surfactant-brine emulsion. The affinity of the polymeric surfactant for EOR under Danish reservoir was also investigated. It was observed that the IFT of brine-surfactant emulsion (31.35 dyn/cm) was reduced to almost half compared to neat saline water (68.82 dyn/cm), and that the viscosity of fossil crude oil in presence of polymeric surfactant was significantly decreased. Finally, the polymeric surfactant was employed to assess compatibility of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and pyrolysis biocrudes with fossil refinery streams with an aim to promote their integration into existing refinery. Consequently, the correlation between compatibility and molecular structure was drawn based on the experimental investigation on miscibility studies. The results obtained during the phase behaviour and IFT studies showed the high emulsification ability of functionalized polymeric surfactant for the enhanced crude oil recovery at reservoir conditions. In conclusion, the study introduces the concept of reusing WCO as an ecofriendly polymeric surfactant for EOR and green fuel compatibility enhancer.

Converting waste cooking oil to biodiesel in China: Environmental impacts and economic feasibility

The sustainability of producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) needs to be thoroughly examined since it is a promising multiple-advantage solution to strengthening energy security, promoting a circular economy, minimizing waste and environmental pollution, and safeguarding food safety. In this study, we employed life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) modeling to evaluate the environmental impacts and economic competitiveness of biodiesel production from WCO in China. The endpoint impacts, including the damage to human health, ecosystem quality, and resource availability, and relevant midpoint impacts were examined. The results show that compared to conventional fossil diesel, the overall endpoint environmental impacts of WCO-based biodiesel are lower, particularly in terms of resource depletion. However, for the midpoint impacts, WCO-based biodiesel has higher impacts on climate change, particulate matter generation, photochemical oxidant formation, human toxicity, and water depletion. The majority of the environmental impacts are due to transesterification, except for water depletion, which is mainly derived from the transportation of the biodiesel fuel. The LCC of the biodiesel is estimated to be 6460 RMB per ton, which is about 31% higher than that of fossil diesel (4921 RMB per ton). The LCC of WCO-based biodiesel is mainly determined by the WCO collection, with a share of 83%. The high purchasing price of WCO feedstock and the fluctuations in international oil prices lead to difficulties in biodiesel industry development. Additionally, the multiple consumers of WCO, the low energy conversion rate, and the immature utilization of the by-products also hinder the massive deployment of WCO-based biodiesel in China.

Enhancement of Biodiesel Production from High-Acid-Value Waste Cooking Oil via a Microwave Reactor Using a Homogeneous Alkaline Catalyst

In this study, low quality oils (waste cooking oils) with high acid value (4.81 mg KOH/g) were utilized as the feedstocks for a transesterification reaction enhanced by additional microwave power and the use of an NaOH catalyst. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction under different reaction times and temperatures was studied. It was found that in the microwave-assisted transesterification reaction, the optimum conditions under a microwave power of 600 W were as follows: an NaOH catalyst of 0.8 wt %, a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, a reaction time of 2 min, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. The conversion of waste cooking oil into biodiesel reached 98.2% after this short reaction time. This result conformed to 96.5% of the standard value of Taiwan CNS 15072. In addition, with increases in the reaction temperature from 55 to 65 °C, the reaction rate constant increased from 0.635 to 2.396 min−1, and the activation energy required for the transesterification reaction was 123.14 kJ/mole.

Brazilian açaí berry seeds: an abundant waste applied in the synthesis of carbon-based acid catalysts for transesterification of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil.

Residues of açaí seeds (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) were a novel source for the synthesis of the acid heterogeneous catalyst applied in the conversion of low free fatty acid waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. Yield of activated carbon (AC) and catalyst (CAT), as well as density of SO3H groups and total acidity, was analyzed in an entirely random designed experiment using multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test. Time, temperature, dosage of KOH, and ratio of H2SO4/AC were the predictor variables with 3 levels each, at a significance level of α = .05. A significant yield variation portion of AC was explained by the experimental factors (R2 = .891, F (3, 23) = 62.9, p < .0001), as did the yield of CAT (R2 = .960, F (3, 23) = 185.7, p < .0001), density of SO3H (R2 = .969, F (3, 23) = 242.2, p < .0001), and total acidity (R2 = .973, F (3, 23) = 280.6, p < .0001). Levels of time (p = .001) and KOH dosage (p = .006) were significant to the yield of AC, and temperature levels were not influent on density of SO3H (p = .731) or total acidity (p = .762). CAT showed a SBET of 249m2g-1, Vpore of 0.104cm3g-1, low crystallinity, high thermal stability, and a mesoporous amorphous structure. Optimized catalytic tests resulted in 89% conversion of WCO and 11cycles of reuse, better than pure H2SO4 or pure KOH (p < .0001) and also better than many biomass-derived catalysts reported in the literature.

Conversion of waste cooking oil by rhodococcal lipase immobilized in gellan gum

Recently, the application of lipase enzyme as biocatalyst in the conversion of waste cooking oil (WCO) to free fatty acids and glycerol has been trending well. Therefore, the present study attempts to use WCO which is found in abundance in Malaysia as the substrate for halal microbial lipase conversion to glycerol which can be exploited in the food industry. The workability of free lipase for WCO conversion, however suffers severely due to potential denaturation of the enzyme and extended reaction time. Thus, this study embraced the immobilization method to encapsulate crude lipase extracted from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans strain UCC 0009 in gellan gum and calcium alginate, respectively and compared their ability for WCO conversion to free crude lipase. The gellan gum and calcium alginate-immobilized crude lipase evidently exhibited greater WCO conversion, demonstrating 2.18-fold and 1.61-fold enhanced lipase activity, respectively in comparison to free crude lipase. The repeated reuse of the gellan gum-immobilized crude lipase maintained reasonable lipase activity for 9 cycles, retaining an average 85 % WCO conversion for the first seven cycles and 67 % conversion in the subsequent batches. Thus, the immobilized halal lipase can be foreseen as a green substitute to chemical catalyst for WCO conversion which meets the worldwide demand for clean technologies.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Employing Natural Bentonite Supported Heterogeneous Catalyst: Waste to Biodiesel

This work describes the practicability of utilizing the bentonite clay as a cheap and raw support for heterogeneous catalyst development. In current research, ammonium persulphate impregnated bentonite heterogeneous catalyst was designed for the conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. The fabricated catalyst was analyzed by various instrumental techniques (FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM, XRD, and EDX) to study its various physiochemical properties. It was identified that the clay supported heterogeneous catalyst executed an excellent activity for waste cooking oil conversion as providing maximum 93% yield of biodiesel at optimal reaction conditions (reaction temperature 75 ◦C, oil/methanol molar ratio, 1:10; catalyst amount, 2.5 wt%; stirring rate, 600-rpm in 3.5 hr reaction time). GCMS analysis confirms the successful conversion to biodiesel. However, the various physiochemical characteristics of the synthesized biodiesel meet the international standard of American (ASTM6751) and European Union (EU-14214). Moreover, the designed acid catalyst showed catalytic activity upto eight consecutive runs demonstrate its good reusability.

Synthesis and Characterization of Waste Eggshell-Based Montmorillonite Clay Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

The depletion of resources and increase in demand for fossil fuel raise concerns as it is natural and non-renewable. Therefore, it will cause limitation on its availability and continuous reduction. This issue has led to the search for more economic, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternatives which is biodiesel. The major drawback that reduces the possibility of biodiesel commercialization is the high cost of oil feedstock as it covers 75% of its total production cost. The waste cooking oil is used as feedstock in continuous transesterification as it is the primary option to lower the cost of biodiesel production. Biodiesel can be prepared using waste cooking oil and catalyst through transesterification reaction. In this research, the focus is on the utilization of chicken and quail waste eggshell to synthesize highly active Calcium Oxide (CaO)-based heterogenous catalyst with montmorillonite clay to catalyze efficient conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel. The formation of CaO/montmorillonite catalyst was confirmed based on the outputs from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The physio-chemically characteristics of catalysts exhibited a BET surface area from the ranging from 9.2-9.5 m2/g and presence of around 87% of elemental calcium as constituent through XRF characterization. In addition to this, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis is used to determine the conversion of biodiesel using conventional and microwave heating method which revealed a maximum biodiesel production yield of 98%. This optimum biodiesel yield was obtained at reaction temperature, molar ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol, and catalyst amount of 60 ºC, 2 h, 1:12, 2.5 wt.% and 5 wt.% for both eggshells, respectively.